static Spectrum L(const Scene *scene, const Renderer *renderer,
const Camera *camera, MemoryArena &arena, RNG &rng, int maxDepth,
bool ignoreDirect, const MLTSample &sample) {
// Generate camera ray from Metropolis sample
RayDifferential ray;
float cameraWeight = camera->GenerateRayDifferential(sample.cameraSample,
&ray);
Spectrum pathThroughput = cameraWeight, L = 0.;
bool specularBounce = false, allSpecular = true;
for (int pathLength = 0; pathLength < maxDepth; ++pathLength) {
// Find next intersection in Metropolis light path
Intersection isect;
if (!scene->Intersect(ray, &isect)) {
bool includeLe = ignoreDirect ? (specularBounce && !allSpecular) :
(pathLength == 0 || specularBounce);
if (includeLe)
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < scene->lights.size(); ++i)
L += pathThroughput * scene->lights[i]->Le(ray);
break;
}
if (ignoreDirect ? (specularBounce && !allSpecular) :
(specularBounce || pathLength == 0))
L += pathThroughput * isect.Le(-ray.d);
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray, arena);
const Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
Vector wo = -ray.d;
const PathSample &ps = sample.pathSamples[pathLength];
// Sample direct illumination for Metropolis path vertex
if (!ignoreDirect || pathLength > 0) {
LightSample lightSample(ps.lightDir0, ps.lightDir1, ps.lightNum0);
BSDFSample bsdfSample(ps.bsdfLightDir0, ps.bsdfLightDir1,
ps.bsdfLightComponent);
uint32_t lightNum = Floor2Int(ps.lightNum1 * scene->lights.size());
lightNum = min(lightNum, (uint32_t)(scene->lights.size()-1));
const Light *light = scene->lights[lightNum];
L += pathThroughput *
EstimateDirect(scene, renderer, arena, light, p, n, wo,
isect.rayEpsilon, sample.cameraSample.time, bsdf, rng,
lightSample, bsdfSample);
}
// Sample direction for outgoing Metropolis path direction
BSDFSample outgoingBSDFSample(ps.bsdfDir0, ps.bsdfDir1,
ps.bsdfComponent);
Vector wi;
float pdf;
BxDFType flags;
Spectrum f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, outgoingBSDFSample,
&pdf, BSDF_ALL, &flags);
if (f.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.)
break;
specularBounce = (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0;
allSpecular &= specularBounce;
pathThroughput *= f * AbsDot(wi, n) / pdf;
ray = RayDifferential(p, wi, ray, isect.rayEpsilon);
//pathThroughput *= renderer->Transmittance(scene, ray, NULL, rng, arena);
}
return L;
}
// Metropolis Method Definitions
static uint32_t GeneratePath(const RayDifferential &r,
const Spectrum &a, const Scene *scene, MemoryArena &arena,
const vector<PathSample> &samples, PathVertex *path,
RayDifferential *escapedRay, Spectrum *escapedAlpha) {
PBRT_MLT_STARTED_GENERATE_PATH();
RayDifferential ray = r;
Spectrum alpha = a;
if (escapedAlpha) *escapedAlpha = 0.f;
uint32_t length = 0;
for (; length < samples.size(); ++length) {
// Try to generate next vertex of ray path
PathVertex &v = path[length];
if (!scene->Intersect(ray, &v.isect)) {
// Handle ray that leaves the scene during path generation
if (escapedAlpha) *escapedAlpha = alpha;
if (escapedRay) *escapedRay = ray;
break;
}
// Record information for current path vertex
v.alpha = alpha;
BSDF *bsdf = v.isect.GetBSDF(ray, arena);
v.bsdf = bsdf;
v.wPrev = -ray.d;
// Sample direction for outgoing Metropolis path direction
float pdf;
BxDFType flags;
Spectrum f = bsdf->Sample_f(-ray.d, &v.wNext, samples[length].bsdfSample,
&pdf, BSDF_ALL, &flags);
v.specularBounce = (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0;
v.nSpecularComponents = bsdf->NumComponents(BxDFType(BSDF_SPECULAR |
BSDF_REFLECTION | BSDF_TRANSMISSION));
if (f.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.f)
{
PBRT_MLT_FINISHED_GENERATE_PATH();
return length+1;
}
// Terminate path with RR or prepare for finding next vertex
const Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
Spectrum pathScale = f * AbsDot(v.wNext, n) / pdf;
float rrSurviveProb = min(1.f, pathScale.y());
if (samples[length].rrSample > rrSurviveProb)
{
PBRT_MLT_FINISHED_GENERATE_PATH();
return length+1;
}
alpha *= pathScale / rrSurviveProb;
//alpha *= renderer->Transmittance(scene, ray, NULL, rng, arena);
ray = RayDifferential(p, v.wNext, ray, v.isect.rayEpsilon);
}
PBRT_MLT_FINISHED_GENERATE_PATH();
return length;
}
Spectrum IrradianceCacheIntegrator::pathL(Ray &r, const Scene *scene,
const Renderer *renderer, const Sample *sample, MemoryArena &arena) const {
Spectrum L(0.f);
Spectrum pathThroughput = 1.;
RayDifferential ray(r);
bool specularBounce = false;
for (int pathLength = 0; ; ++pathLength) {
// Find next vertex of path
Intersection isect;
if (!scene->Intersect(ray, &isect))
break;
if (pathLength == 0)
r.maxt = ray.maxt;
else if (pathLength == 1)
pathThroughput *= renderer->Transmittance(scene, ray, sample, arena, NULL);
else
pathThroughput *= renderer->Transmittance(scene, ray, NULL, arena, sample->rng);
// Possibly add emitted light at path vertex
if (specularBounce)
L += pathThroughput * isect.Le(-ray.d);
// Evaluate BSDF at hit point
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray, arena);
// Sample illumination from lights to find path contribution
const Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
Vector wo = -ray.d;
L += pathThroughput *
UniformSampleOneLight(scene, renderer, arena, p, n, wo, isect.rayEpsilon,
bsdf, sample);
if (pathLength+1 == maxIndirectDepth) break;
// Sample BSDF to get new path direction
// Get random numbers for sampling new direction, \mono{bs1}, \mono{bs2}, and \mono{bcs}
Vector wi;
float pdf;
BxDFType flags;
Spectrum f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, BSDFSample(*sample->rng),
&pdf, BSDF_ALL, &flags);
if (f.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.)
break;
specularBounce = (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0;
pathThroughput *= f * AbsDot(wi, n) / pdf;
ray = RayDifferential(p, wi, ray, isect.rayEpsilon);
// Possibly terminate the path
if (pathLength > 2) {
float rrProb = min(1.f, pathThroughput.y());
if (sample->rng->RandomFloat() > rrProb)
break;
pathThroughput /= rrProb;
}
}
return L;
}
Spectrum PhotonIntegrator::Li(const Scene *scene, const Renderer *renderer,
const RayDifferential &ray, const Intersection &isect,
const Sample *sample, RNG &rng, MemoryArena &arena) const {
Spectrum L(0.);
Vector wo = -ray.d;
// Compute emitted light if ray hit an area light source
L += isect.Le(wo);
// Evaluate BSDF at hit pbrt::Point
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray, arena);
const pbrt::Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
L += UniformSampleAllLights(scene, renderer, arena, p, n,
wo, isect.rayEpsilon, ray.time, bsdf, sample, rng,
lightSampleOffsets, bsdfSampleOffsets);
// Compute caustic lighting for photon map integrator
ClosePhoton *lookupBuf = arena.Alloc<ClosePhoton>(nLookup);
L += LPhoton(causticMap, nCausticPaths, nLookup, lookupBuf, bsdf,
rng, isect, wo, maxDistSquared);
// Compute indirect lighting for photon map integrator
if (finalGather && indirectMap != NULL) {
#if 1
// Do one-bounce final gather for photon map
BxDFType nonSpecular = BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION |
BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_DIFFUSE | BSDF_GLOSSY);
if (bsdf->NumComponents(nonSpecular) > 0) {
// Find indirect photons around point for importance sampling
const uint32_t nIndirSamplePhotons = 50;
PhotonProcess proc(nIndirSamplePhotons,
arena.Alloc<ClosePhoton>(nIndirSamplePhotons));
float searchDist2 = maxDistSquared;
while (proc.nFound < nIndirSamplePhotons) {
float md2 = searchDist2;
proc.nFound = 0;
indirectMap->Lookup(p, proc, md2);
searchDist2 *= 2.f;
}
// Copy photon directions to local array
Vector *photonDirs = arena.Alloc<Vector>(nIndirSamplePhotons);
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nIndirSamplePhotons; ++i)
photonDirs[i] = proc.photons[i].photon->wi;
// Use BSDF to do final gathering
Spectrum Li = 0.;
for (int i = 0; i < gatherSamples; ++i) {
// Sample random direction from BSDF for final gather ray
Vector wi;
float pdf;
BSDFSample bsdfSample(sample, bsdfGatherSampleOffsets, i);
Spectrum fr = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, bsdfSample,
&pdf, BxDFType(BSDF_ALL & ~BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (fr.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.f) continue;
Assert(pdf >= 0.f);
// Trace BSDF final gather ray and accumulate radiance
RayDifferential bounceRay(p, wi, ray, isect.rayEpsilon);
Intersection gatherIsect;
if (scene->Intersect(bounceRay, &gatherIsect)) {
// Compute exitant radiance _Lindir_ using radiance photons
Spectrum Lindir = 0.f;
Normal nGather = gatherIsect.dg.nn;
nGather = Faceforward(nGather, -bounceRay.d);
RadiancePhotonProcess proc(nGather);
float md2 = INFINITY;
radianceMap->Lookup(gatherIsect.dg.p, proc, md2);
if (proc.photon != NULL)
Lindir = proc.photon->Lo;
Lindir *= renderer->Transmittance(scene, bounceRay, NULL, rng, arena);
// Compute MIS weight for BSDF-sampled gather ray
// Compute PDF for photon-sampling of direction _wi_
float photonPdf = 0.f;
float conePdf = UniformConePdf(cosGatherAngle);
for (uint32_t j = 0; j < nIndirSamplePhotons; ++j)
if (Dot(photonDirs[j], wi) > .999f * cosGatherAngle)
photonPdf += conePdf;
photonPdf /= nIndirSamplePhotons;
float wt = PowerHeuristic(gatherSamples, pdf, gatherSamples, photonPdf);
Li += fr * Lindir * (AbsDot(wi, n) * wt / pdf);
}
}
L += Li / gatherSamples;
// Use nearby photons to do final gathering
Li = 0.;
for (int i = 0; i < gatherSamples; ++i) {
// Sample random direction using photons for final gather ray
BSDFSample gatherSample(sample, indirGatherSampleOffsets, i);
int photonNum = min((int)nIndirSamplePhotons - 1,
Floor2Int(gatherSample.uComponent * nIndirSamplePhotons));
// Sample gather ray direction from _photonNum_
Vector vx, vy;
CoordinateSystem(photonDirs[photonNum], &vx, &vy);
Vector wi = UniformSampleCone(gatherSample.uDir[0], gatherSample.uDir[1],
cosGatherAngle, vx, vy, photonDirs[photonNum]);
// Trace photon-sampled final gather ray and accumulate radiance
Spectrum fr = bsdf->f(wo, wi);
if (fr.IsBlack()) continue;
RayDifferential bounceRay(p, wi, ray, isect.rayEpsilon);
Intersection gatherIsect;
PBRT_PHOTON_MAP_STARTED_GATHER_RAY(&bounceRay);
if (scene->Intersect(bounceRay, &gatherIsect)) {
// Compute exitant radiance _Lindir_ using radiance photons
Spectrum Lindir = 0.f;
Normal nGather = gatherIsect.dg.nn;
nGather = Faceforward(nGather, -bounceRay.d);
RadiancePhotonProcess proc(nGather);
float md2 = INFINITY;
radianceMap->Lookup(gatherIsect.dg.p, proc, md2);
if (proc.photon != NULL)
Lindir = proc.photon->Lo;
Lindir *= renderer->Transmittance(scene, bounceRay, NULL, rng, arena);
// Compute PDF for photon-sampling of direction _wi_
float photonPdf = 0.f;
float conePdf = UniformConePdf(cosGatherAngle);
for (uint32_t j = 0; j < nIndirSamplePhotons; ++j)
if (Dot(photonDirs[j], wi) > .999f * cosGatherAngle)
photonPdf += conePdf;
photonPdf /= nIndirSamplePhotons;
// Compute MIS weight for photon-sampled gather ray
float bsdfPdf = bsdf->Pdf(wo, wi);
float wt = PowerHeuristic(gatherSamples, photonPdf, gatherSamples, bsdfPdf);
Li += fr * Lindir * AbsDot(wi, n) * wt / photonPdf;
}
PBRT_PHOTON_MAP_FINISHED_GATHER_RAY(&bounceRay);
}
L += Li / gatherSamples;
}
#else
// for debugging / examples: use the photon map directly
Normal nn = Faceforward(n, -ray.d);
RadiancePhotonProcess proc(nn);
float md2 = INFINITY;
radianceMap->Lookup(p, proc, md2);
if (proc.photon)
L += proc.photon->Lo;
#endif
}
else
L += LPhoton(indirectMap, nIndirectPaths, nLookup, lookupBuf,
bsdf, rng, isect, wo, maxDistSquared);
if (ray.depth+1 < maxSpecularDepth) {
Vector wi;
// Trace rays for specular reflection and refraction
L += SpecularReflect(ray, bsdf, rng, isect, renderer, scene, sample,
arena);
L += SpecularTransmit(ray, bsdf, rng, isect, renderer, scene, sample,
arena);
}
return L;
}
void PhotonShootingTask::Run() {
// Declare local variables for _PhotonShootingTask_
MemoryArena arena;
RNG rng(31 * taskNum);
vector<Photon> localDirectPhotons, localIndirectPhotons, localCausticPhotons;
vector<RadiancePhoton> localRadiancePhotons;
uint32_t totalPaths = 0;
bool causticDone = (integrator->nCausticPhotonsWanted == 0);
bool indirectDone = (integrator->nIndirectPhotonsWanted == 0);
PermutedHalton halton(6, rng);
vector<Spectrum> localRpReflectances, localRpTransmittances;
while (true) {
// Follow photon paths for a block of samples
const uint32_t blockSize = 4096;
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < blockSize; ++i) {
float u[6];
halton.Sample(++totalPaths, u);
// Choose light to shoot photon from
float lightPdf;
int lightNum = lightDistribution->SampleDiscrete(u[0], &lightPdf);
const Light *light = scene->lights[lightNum];
// Generate _photonRay_ from light source and initialize _alpha_
RayDifferential photonRay;
float pdf;
LightSample ls(u[1], u[2], u[3]);
Normal Nl;
Spectrum Le = light->Sample_L(scene, ls, u[4], u[5],
time, &photonRay, &Nl, &pdf);
if (pdf == 0.f || Le.IsBlack()) continue;
Spectrum alpha = (AbsDot(Nl, photonRay.d) * Le) / (pdf * lightPdf);
if (!alpha.IsBlack()) {
// Follow photon path through scene and record intersections
PBRT_PHOTON_MAP_STARTED_RAY_PATH(&photonRay, &alpha);
bool specularPath = true;
Intersection photonIsect;
int nIntersections = 0;
while (scene->Intersect(photonRay, &photonIsect)) {
++nIntersections;
// Handle photon/surface intersection
alpha *= renderer->Transmittance(scene, photonRay, NULL, rng, arena);
BSDF *photonBSDF = photonIsect.GetBSDF(photonRay, arena);
BxDFType specularType = BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION |
BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_SPECULAR);
bool hasNonSpecular = (photonBSDF->NumComponents() >
photonBSDF->NumComponents(specularType));
Vector wo = -photonRay.d;
if (hasNonSpecular) {
// Deposit photon at surface
Photon photon(photonIsect.dg.p, alpha, wo);
bool depositedPhoton = false;
if (specularPath && nIntersections > 1) {
if (!causticDone) {
PBRT_PHOTON_MAP_DEPOSITED_CAUSTIC_PHOTON(&photonIsect.dg, &alpha, &wo);
depositedPhoton = true;
localCausticPhotons.push_back(photon);
}
}
else {
// Deposit either direct or indirect photon
// stop depositing direct photons once indirectDone is true; don't
// want to waste memory storing too many if we're going a long time
// trying to get enough caustic photons desposited.
if (nIntersections == 1 && !indirectDone && integrator->finalGather) {
PBRT_PHOTON_MAP_DEPOSITED_DIRECT_PHOTON(&photonIsect.dg, &alpha, &wo);
depositedPhoton = true;
localDirectPhotons.push_back(photon);
}
else if (nIntersections > 1 && !indirectDone) {
PBRT_PHOTON_MAP_DEPOSITED_INDIRECT_PHOTON(&photonIsect.dg, &alpha, &wo);
depositedPhoton = true;
localIndirectPhotons.push_back(photon);
}
}
// Possibly create radiance photon at photon intersection point
if (depositedPhoton && integrator->finalGather &&
rng.RandomFloat() < .125f) {
Normal n = photonIsect.dg.nn;
n = Faceforward(n, -photonRay.d);
localRadiancePhotons.push_back(RadiancePhoton(photonIsect.dg.p, n));
Spectrum rho_r = photonBSDF->rho(rng, BSDF_ALL_REFLECTION);
localRpReflectances.push_back(rho_r);
Spectrum rho_t = photonBSDF->rho(rng, BSDF_ALL_TRANSMISSION);
localRpTransmittances.push_back(rho_t);
}
}
if (nIntersections >= integrator->maxPhotonDepth) break;
// Sample new photon ray direction
Vector wi;
float pdf;
BxDFType flags;
Spectrum fr = photonBSDF->Sample_f(wo, &wi, BSDFSample(rng),
&pdf, BSDF_ALL, &flags);
if (fr.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.f) break;
Spectrum anew = alpha * fr *
AbsDot(wi, photonBSDF->dgShading.nn) / pdf;
// Possibly terminate photon path with Russian roulette
float continueProb = min(1.f, anew.y() / alpha.y());
if (rng.RandomFloat() > continueProb)
break;
alpha = anew / continueProb;
specularPath &= ((flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0);
if (indirectDone && !specularPath) break;
photonRay = RayDifferential(photonIsect.dg.p, wi, photonRay,
photonIsect.rayEpsilon);
}
PBRT_PHOTON_MAP_FINISHED_RAY_PATH(&photonRay, &alpha);
}
arena.FreeAll();
}
// Merge local photon data with data in _PhotonIntegrator_
{ MutexLock lock(mutex);
// Give up if we're not storing enough photons
if (abortTasks)
return;
if (nshot > 500000 &&
(unsuccessful(integrator->nCausticPhotonsWanted,
causticPhotons.size(), blockSize) ||
unsuccessful(integrator->nIndirectPhotonsWanted,
indirectPhotons.size(), blockSize))) {
Error("Unable to store enough photons. Giving up.\n");
causticPhotons.erase(causticPhotons.begin(), causticPhotons.end());
indirectPhotons.erase(indirectPhotons.begin(), indirectPhotons.end());
radiancePhotons.erase(radiancePhotons.begin(), radiancePhotons.end());
abortTasks = true;
return;
}
progress.Update(localIndirectPhotons.size() + localCausticPhotons.size());
nshot += blockSize;
// Merge indirect photons into shared array
if (!indirectDone) {
integrator->nIndirectPaths += blockSize;
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < localIndirectPhotons.size(); ++i)
indirectPhotons.push_back(localIndirectPhotons[i]);
localIndirectPhotons.erase(localIndirectPhotons.begin(),
localIndirectPhotons.end());
if (indirectPhotons.size() >= integrator->nIndirectPhotonsWanted)
indirectDone = true;
nDirectPaths += blockSize;
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < localDirectPhotons.size(); ++i)
directPhotons.push_back(localDirectPhotons[i]);
localDirectPhotons.erase(localDirectPhotons.begin(),
localDirectPhotons.end());
}
// Merge direct, caustic, and radiance photons into shared array
if (!causticDone) {
integrator->nCausticPaths += blockSize;
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < localCausticPhotons.size(); ++i)
causticPhotons.push_back(localCausticPhotons[i]);
localCausticPhotons.erase(localCausticPhotons.begin(), localCausticPhotons.end());
if (causticPhotons.size() >= integrator->nCausticPhotonsWanted)
causticDone = true;
}
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < localRadiancePhotons.size(); ++i)
radiancePhotons.push_back(localRadiancePhotons[i]);
localRadiancePhotons.erase(localRadiancePhotons.begin(), localRadiancePhotons.end());
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < localRpReflectances.size(); ++i)
rpReflectances.push_back(localRpReflectances[i]);
localRpReflectances.erase(localRpReflectances.begin(), localRpReflectances.end());
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < localRpTransmittances.size(); ++i)
rpTransmittances.push_back(localRpTransmittances[i]);
localRpTransmittances.erase(localRpTransmittances.begin(), localRpTransmittances.end());
}
// Exit task if enough photons have been found
if (indirectDone && causticDone)
break;
}
}
Spectrum PathIntegrator::Li(const Scene *scene, const Renderer *renderer,
const RayDifferential &r, const Intersection &isect,
const Sample *sample, MemoryArena &arena) const {
// Declare common path integration variables
Spectrum pathThroughput = 1., L = 0.;
RayDifferential ray(r);
bool specularBounce = false;
Intersection localIsect;
const Intersection *isectp = &isect;
for (int pathLength = 0; ; ++pathLength) {
// Possibly add emitted light at path vertex
if (pathLength == 0 || specularBounce)
L += pathThroughput * isectp->Le(-ray.d);
// Sample illumination from lights to find path contribution
BSDF *bsdf = isectp->GetBSDF(ray, arena);
const Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
Vector wo = -ray.d;
if (pathLength < SAMPLE_DEPTH)
L += pathThroughput *
UniformSampleOneLight(scene, renderer, arena, p, n, wo,
isectp->RayEpsilon, bsdf, sample, lightNumOffset[pathLength],
&lightSampleOffsets[pathLength], &bsdfSampleOffsets[pathLength]);
else
L += pathThroughput *
UniformSampleOneLight(scene, renderer, arena, p, n, wo,
isectp->RayEpsilon, bsdf, sample);
// Sample BSDF to get new path direction
// Get _outgoingBSDFSample_ for sampling new path direction
BSDFSample outgoingBSDFSample;
if (pathLength < SAMPLE_DEPTH)
outgoingBSDFSample = BSDFSample(sample, pathSampleOffsets[pathLength], 0);
else
outgoingBSDFSample = BSDFSample(*sample->rng);
Vector wi;
float pdf;
BxDFType flags;
Spectrum f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, outgoingBSDFSample,
&pdf, BSDF_ALL, &flags);
if (f.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.)
break;
specularBounce = (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0;
pathThroughput *= f * AbsDot(wi, n) / pdf;
ray = RayDifferential(p, wi, ray, isectp->RayEpsilon);
// Possibly terminate the path
if (pathLength > 3) {
float continueProbability = min(.5f, pathThroughput.y());
if (sample->rng->RandomFloat() > continueProbability)
break;
pathThroughput /= continueProbability;
}
if (pathLength == maxDepth)
break;
// Find next vertex of path
if (!scene->Intersect(ray, &localIsect)) {
if (specularBounce) {
for (u_int i = 0; i < scene->lights.size(); ++i)
L += pathThroughput * scene->lights[i]->Le(ray);
}
break;
}
if (pathLength > 1)
pathThroughput *= renderer->Transmittance(scene, ray, NULL, arena, sample->rng);
isectp = &localIsect;
}
return L;
}
// WhittedIntegrator Method Definitions
Spectrum WhittedIntegrator::Li(const Scene *scene,
const RayDifferential &ray, const Sample *sample,
float *alpha) const {
Intersection isect;
Spectrum L(0.);
bool hitSomething;
// Search for ray-primitive intersection
hitSomething = scene->Intersect(ray, &isect);
if (!hitSomething) {
// Handle ray with no intersection
if (alpha) *alpha = 0.;
for (u_int i = 0; i < scene->lights.size(); ++i)
L += scene->lights[i]->Le(ray);
if (alpha && !L.Black()) *alpha = 1.;
return L;
}
else {
// Initialize _alpha_ for ray hit
if (alpha) *alpha = 1.;
// Compute emitted and reflected light at ray intersection point
// Evaluate BSDF at hit point
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray);
// Initialize common variables for Whitted integrator
const Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
Vector wo = -ray.d;
// Compute emitted light if ray hit an area light source
L += isect.Le(wo);
// Add contribution of each light source
Vector wi;
for (u_int i = 0; i < scene->lights.size(); ++i) {
VisibilityTester visibility;
Spectrum Li = scene->lights[i]->Sample_L(p, &wi, &visibility);
if (Li.Black()) continue;
Spectrum f = bsdf->f(wo, wi);
if (!f.Black() && visibility.Unoccluded(scene))
L += f * Li * AbsDot(wi, n) * visibility.Transmittance(scene);
}
if (rayDepth++ < maxDepth) {
// Trace rays for specular reflection and refraction
Spectrum f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi,
BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.Black() && AbsDot(wi, n) > 0.f) {
// Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular reflection
RayDifferential rd(p, wi);
rd.hasDifferentials = true;
rd.rx.o = p + isect.dg.dpdx;
rd.ry.o = p + isect.dg.dpdy;
// Compute differential reflected directions
Normal dndx = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudx +
bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdx;
Normal dndy = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudy +
bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdy;
Vector dwodx = -ray.rx.d - wo, dwody = -ray.ry.d - wo;
float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, n) + Dot(wo, dndx);
float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, n) + Dot(wo, dndy);
rd.rx.d = wi -
dwodx + 2 * Vector(Dot(wo, n) * dndx +
dDNdx * n);
rd.ry.d = wi -
dwody + 2 * Vector(Dot(wo, n) * dndy +
dDNdy * n);
L += scene->Li(rd, sample) * f * AbsDot(wi, n);
}
f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi,
BxDFType(BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.Black() && AbsDot(wi, n) > 0.f) {
// Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular transmission
RayDifferential rd(p, wi);
rd.hasDifferentials = true;
rd.rx.o = p + isect.dg.dpdx;
rd.ry.o = p + isect.dg.dpdy;
float eta = bsdf->eta;
Vector w = -wo;
if (Dot(wo, n) < 0) eta = 1.f / eta;
Normal dndx = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudx + bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdx;
Normal dndy = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudy + bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdy;
Vector dwodx = -ray.rx.d - wo, dwody = -ray.ry.d - wo;
float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, n) + Dot(wo, dndx);
float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, n) + Dot(wo, dndy);
float mu = eta * Dot(w, n) - Dot(wi, n);
float dmudx = (eta - (eta*eta*Dot(w,n))/Dot(wi, n)) * dDNdx;
float dmudy = (eta - (eta*eta*Dot(w,n))/Dot(wi, n)) * dDNdy;
rd.rx.d = wi + eta * dwodx - Vector(mu * dndx + dmudx * n);
rd.ry.d = wi + eta * dwody - Vector(mu * dndy + dmudy * n);
L += scene->Li(rd, sample) * f * AbsDot(wi, n);
}
}
--rayDepth;
}
return L;
}
Spectrum IGIIntegrator::Li(const Scene *scene, const Renderer *renderer,
const RayDifferential &ray, const Intersection &isect,
const Sample *sample, RNG &rng, MemoryArena &arena) const {
Spectrum L(0.);
Vector wo = -ray.d;
// Compute emitted light if ray hit an area light source
L += isect.Le(wo);
// Evaluate BSDF at hit point
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray, arena);
const Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
L += UniformSampleAllLights(scene, renderer, arena, p, n,
wo, isect.rayEpsilon, ray.time, bsdf, sample, rng,
lightSampleOffsets, bsdfSampleOffsets);
// Compute indirect illumination with virtual lights
uint32_t lSet = min(uint32_t(sample->oneD[vlSetOffset][0] * nLightSets),
nLightSets-1);
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < virtualLights[lSet].size(); ++i) {
const VirtualLight &vl = virtualLights[lSet][i];
// Compute virtual light's tentative contribution _Llight_
float d2 = DistanceSquared(p, vl.p);
Vector wi = Normalize(vl.p - p);
float G = AbsDot(wi, n) * AbsDot(wi, vl.n) / d2;
G = min(G, gLimit);
Spectrum f = bsdf->f(wo, wi);
if (G == 0.f || f.IsBlack()) continue;
Spectrum Llight = f * G * vl.pathContrib / nLightPaths;
RayDifferential connectRay(p, wi, ray, isect.rayEpsilon,
sqrtf(d2) * (1.f - vl.rayEpsilon));
Llight *= renderer->Transmittance(scene, connectRay, NULL, rng, arena);
// Possibly skip virtual light shadow ray with Russian roulette
if (Llight.y() < rrThreshold) {
float continueProbability = .1f;
if (rng.RandomFloat() > continueProbability)
continue;
Llight /= continueProbability;
}
// Add contribution from _VirtualLight_ _vl_
if (!scene->IntersectP(connectRay))
L += Llight;
}
if (ray.depth < maxSpecularDepth) {
// Do bias compensation for bounding geometry term
int nSamples = (ray.depth == 0) ? nGatherSamples : 1;
for (int i = 0; i < nSamples; ++i) {
Vector wi;
float pdf;
BSDFSample bsdfSample = (ray.depth == 0) ?
BSDFSample(sample, gatherSampleOffset, i) : BSDFSample(rng);
Spectrum f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, bsdfSample,
&pdf, BxDFType(BSDF_ALL & ~BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.IsBlack() && pdf > 0.f) {
// Trace ray for bias compensation gather sample
float maxDist = sqrtf(AbsDot(wi, n) / gLimit);
RayDifferential gatherRay(p, wi, ray, isect.rayEpsilon, maxDist);
Intersection gatherIsect;
Spectrum Li = renderer->Li(scene, gatherRay, sample, rng, arena,
&gatherIsect);
if (Li.IsBlack()) continue;
// Add bias compensation ray contribution to radiance sum
float Ggather = AbsDot(wi, n) * AbsDot(-wi, gatherIsect.dg.nn) /
DistanceSquared(p, gatherIsect.dg.p);
if (Ggather - gLimit > 0.f && !isinf(Ggather)) {
float gs = (Ggather - gLimit) / Ggather;
L += f * Li * (AbsDot(wi, n) * gs / (nSamples * pdf));
}
}
}
}
if (ray.depth + 1 < maxSpecularDepth) {
Vector wi;
// Trace rays for specular reflection and refraction
L += SpecularReflect(ray, bsdf, rng, isect, renderer, scene, sample,
arena);
L += SpecularTransmit(ray, bsdf, rng, isect, renderer, scene, sample,
arena);
}
return L;
}
Spectrum ExPhotonIntegrator::Li(const Scene *scene,
const RayDifferential &ray, const Sample *sample,
float *alpha) const {
// Compute reflected radiance with photon map
Spectrum L(0.);
Intersection isect;
if (scene->Intersect(ray, &isect)) {
if (alpha) *alpha = 1.;
Vector wo = -ray.d;
// Compute emitted light if ray hit an area light source
L += isect.Le(wo);
// Evaluate BSDF at hit point
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray);
const Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
L += UniformSampleAllLights(scene, p, n,
wo, bsdf, sample,
lightSampleOffset, bsdfSampleOffset,
bsdfComponentOffset);
// Compute indirect lighting for photon map integrator
L += LPhoton(causticMap, nCausticPaths, nLookup, bsdf,
isect, wo, maxDistSquared);
if (finalGather) {
#if 1
// Do one-bounce final gather for photon map
BxDFType nonSpecular = BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION |
BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_DIFFUSE | BSDF_GLOSSY);
if (bsdf->NumComponents(nonSpecular) > 0) {
// Find indirect photons around point for importance sampling
u_int nIndirSamplePhotons = 50;
PhotonProcess proc(nIndirSamplePhotons, p);
proc.photons = (ClosePhoton *)alloca(nIndirSamplePhotons *
sizeof(ClosePhoton));
float searchDist2 = maxDistSquared;
while (proc.foundPhotons < nIndirSamplePhotons) {
float md2 = searchDist2;
proc.foundPhotons = 0;
indirectMap->Lookup(p, proc, md2);
searchDist2 *= 2.f;
}
// Copy photon directions to local array
Vector *photonDirs = (Vector *)alloca(nIndirSamplePhotons *
sizeof(Vector));
for (u_int i = 0; i < nIndirSamplePhotons; ++i)
photonDirs[i] = proc.photons[i].photon->wi;
// Use BSDF to do final gathering
Spectrum Li = 0.;
static StatsCounter gatherRays("Photon Map", // NOBOOK
"Final gather rays traced"); // NOBOOK
for (int i = 0; i < gatherSamples; ++i) {
// Sample random direction from BSDF for final gather ray
Vector wi;
float u1 = sample->twoD[gatherSampleOffset[0]][2*i];
float u2 = sample->twoD[gatherSampleOffset[0]][2*i+1];
float u3 = sample->oneD[gatherComponentOffset[0]][i];
float pdf;
Spectrum fr = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, u1, u2, u3,
&pdf, BxDFType(BSDF_ALL & (~BSDF_SPECULAR)));
if (fr.Black() || pdf == 0.f) continue;
// Trace BSDF final gather ray and accumulate radiance
RayDifferential bounceRay(p, wi);
++gatherRays; // NOBOOK
Intersection gatherIsect;
if (scene->Intersect(bounceRay, &gatherIsect)) {
// Compute exitant radiance using precomputed irradiance
Spectrum Lindir = 0.f;
Normal n = gatherIsect.dg.nn;
if (Dot(n, bounceRay.d) > 0) n = -n;
RadiancePhotonProcess proc(gatherIsect.dg.p, n);
float md2 = INFINITY;
radianceMap->Lookup(gatherIsect.dg.p, proc, md2);
if (proc.photon)
Lindir = proc.photon->Lo;
Lindir *= scene->Transmittance(bounceRay);
// Compute MIS weight for BSDF-sampled gather ray
// Compute PDF for photon-sampling of direction _wi_
float photonPdf = 0.f;
float conePdf = UniformConePdf(cosGatherAngle);
for (u_int j = 0; j < nIndirSamplePhotons; ++j)
if (Dot(photonDirs[j], wi) > .999f * cosGatherAngle)
photonPdf += conePdf;
photonPdf /= nIndirSamplePhotons;
float wt = PowerHeuristic(gatherSamples, pdf,
gatherSamples, photonPdf);
Li += fr * Lindir * AbsDot(wi, n) * wt / pdf;
}
}
L += Li / gatherSamples;
// Use nearby photons to do final gathering
Li = 0.;
for (int i = 0; i < gatherSamples; ++i) {
// Sample random direction using photons for final gather ray
float u1 = sample->oneD[gatherComponentOffset[1]][i];
float u2 = sample->twoD[gatherSampleOffset[1]][2*i];
float u3 = sample->twoD[gatherSampleOffset[1]][2*i+1];
int photonNum = min((int)nIndirSamplePhotons - 1,
Floor2Int(u1 * nIndirSamplePhotons));
// Sample gather ray direction from _photonNum_
Vector vx, vy;
CoordinateSystem(photonDirs[photonNum], &vx, &vy);
Vector wi = UniformSampleCone(u2, u3, cosGatherAngle, vx, vy,
photonDirs[photonNum]);
// Trace photon-sampled final gather ray and accumulate radiance
Spectrum fr = bsdf->f(wo, wi);
if (fr.Black()) continue;
// Compute PDF for photon-sampling of direction _wi_
float photonPdf = 0.f;
float conePdf = UniformConePdf(cosGatherAngle);
for (u_int j = 0; j < nIndirSamplePhotons; ++j)
if (Dot(photonDirs[j], wi) > .999f * cosGatherAngle)
photonPdf += conePdf;
photonPdf /= nIndirSamplePhotons;
RayDifferential bounceRay(p, wi);
++gatherRays; // NOBOOK
Intersection gatherIsect;
if (scene->Intersect(bounceRay, &gatherIsect)) {
// Compute exitant radiance using precomputed irradiance
Spectrum Lindir = 0.f;
Normal n = gatherIsect.dg.nn;
if (Dot(n, bounceRay.d) > 0) n = -n;
RadiancePhotonProcess proc(gatherIsect.dg.p, n);
float md2 = INFINITY;
radianceMap->Lookup(gatherIsect.dg.p, proc, md2);
if (proc.photon)
Lindir = proc.photon->Lo;
Lindir *= scene->Transmittance(bounceRay);
// Compute MIS weight for photon-sampled gather ray
float bsdfPdf = bsdf->Pdf(wo, wi);
float wt = PowerHeuristic(gatherSamples, photonPdf,
gatherSamples, bsdfPdf);
Li += fr * Lindir * AbsDot(wi, n) * wt / photonPdf;
}
}
L += Li / gatherSamples;
}
#else
// look at radiance map directly..
Normal nn = n;
if (Dot(nn, ray.d) > 0.) nn = -n;
RadiancePhotonProcess proc(p, nn);
float md2 = INFINITY;
radianceMap->Lookup(p, proc, md2);
if (proc.photon)
L += proc.photon->Lo;
#endif
}
else {
L += LPhoton(indirectMap, nIndirectPaths, nLookup,
bsdf, isect, wo, maxDistSquared);
}
if (specularDepth++ < maxSpecularDepth) {
Vector wi;
// Trace rays for specular reflection and refraction
Spectrum f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi,
BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.Black()) {
// Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular reflection
RayDifferential rd(p, wi);
rd.hasDifferentials = true;
rd.rx.o = p + isect.dg.dpdx;
rd.ry.o = p + isect.dg.dpdy;
// Compute differential reflected directions
Normal dndx = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudx +
bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdx;
Normal dndy = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudy +
bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdy;
Vector dwodx = -ray.rx.d - wo, dwody = -ray.ry.d - wo;
float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, n) + Dot(wo, dndx);
float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, n) + Dot(wo, dndy);
rd.rx.d = wi -
dwodx + 2 * Vector(Dot(wo, n) * dndx +
dDNdx * n);
rd.ry.d = wi -
dwody + 2 * Vector(Dot(wo, n) * dndy +
dDNdy * n);
L += scene->Li(rd, sample) * f * AbsDot(wi, n);
}
f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi,
BxDFType(BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.Black()) {
// Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular transmission
RayDifferential rd(p, wi);
rd.hasDifferentials = true;
rd.rx.o = p + isect.dg.dpdx;
rd.ry.o = p + isect.dg.dpdy;
float eta = bsdf->eta;
Vector w = -wo;
if (Dot(wo, n) < 0) eta = 1.f / eta;
Normal dndx = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudx + bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdx;
Normal dndy = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudy + bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdy;
Vector dwodx = -ray.rx.d - wo, dwody = -ray.ry.d - wo;
float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, n) + Dot(wo, dndx);
float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, n) + Dot(wo, dndy);
float mu = eta * Dot(w, n) - Dot(wi, n);
float dmudx = (eta - (eta*eta*Dot(w,n))/Dot(wi, n)) * dDNdx;
float dmudy = (eta - (eta*eta*Dot(w,n))/Dot(wi, n)) * dDNdy;
rd.rx.d = wi + eta * dwodx - Vector(mu * dndx + dmudx * n);
rd.ry.d = wi + eta * dwody - Vector(mu * dndy + dmudy * n);
L += scene->Li(rd, sample) * f * AbsDot(wi, n);
}
}
--specularDepth;
}
else {
// Handle ray with no intersection
if (alpha) *alpha = 0.;
for (u_int i = 0; i < scene->lights.size(); ++i)
L += scene->lights[i]->Le(ray);
if (alpha && !L.Black()) *alpha = 1.;
return L;
}
return L;
}
void IGIIntegrator::Preprocess(const Scene *scene) {
if (scene->lights.size() == 0) return;
// Compute samples for emitted rays from lights
float *lightNum = new float[nLightPaths * nLightSets];
float *lightSamp0 = new float[2 * nLightPaths * nLightSets];
float *lightSamp1 = new float[2 * nLightPaths * nLightSets];
LDShuffleScrambled1D(nLightPaths, nLightSets, lightNum);
LDShuffleScrambled2D(nLightPaths, nLightSets, lightSamp0);
LDShuffleScrambled2D(nLightPaths, nLightSets, lightSamp1);
// Precompute information for light sampling densities
int nLights = int(scene->lights.size());
float *lightPower = (float *)alloca(nLights * sizeof(float));
float *lightCDF = (float *)alloca((nLights+1) * sizeof(float));
for (int i = 0; i < nLights; ++i)
lightPower[i] = scene->lights[i]->Power(scene).y();
float totalPower;
ComputeStep1dCDF(lightPower, nLights, &totalPower, lightCDF);
for (u_int s = 0; s < nLightSets; ++s) {
for (u_int i = 0; i < nLightPaths; ++i) {
// Follow path _i_ from light to create virtual lights
int sampOffset = s*nLightPaths + i;
// Choose light source to trace path from
float lightPdf;
int lNum = Floor2Int(SampleStep1d(lightPower, lightCDF,
totalPower, nLights, lightNum[sampOffset], &lightPdf) * nLights);
// fprintf(stderr, "samp %f -> num %d\n", lightNum[sampOffset], lNum);
Light *light = scene->lights[lNum];
// Sample ray leaving light source
RayDifferential ray;
float pdf;
Spectrum alpha =
light->Sample_L(scene, lightSamp0[2*sampOffset],
lightSamp0[2*sampOffset+1],
lightSamp1[2*sampOffset],
lightSamp1[2*sampOffset+1],
&ray, &pdf);
if (pdf == 0.f || alpha.Black()) continue;
alpha /= pdf * lightPdf;
// fprintf(stderr, "initial alpha %f, light # %d\n", alpha.y(), lNum);
Intersection isect;
int nIntersections = 0;
while (scene->Intersect(ray, &isect) && !alpha.Black()) {
++nIntersections;
alpha *= scene->Transmittance(ray);
Vector wo = -ray.d;
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray);
// Create virtual light at ray intersection point
static StatsCounter vls("IGI Integrator", "Virtual Lights Created"); //NOBOOK
++vls; //NOBOOK
Spectrum Le = alpha * bsdf->rho(wo) / M_PI;
// fprintf(stderr, "\tmade light with le y %f\n", Le.y());
virtualLights[s].push_back(VirtualLight(isect.dg.p, isect.dg.nn, Le));
// Sample new ray direction and update weight
Vector wi;
float pdf;
BxDFType flags;
Spectrum fr = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, RandomFloat(),
RandomFloat(), RandomFloat(),
&pdf, BSDF_ALL, &flags);
if (fr.Black() || pdf == 0.f)
break;
Spectrum anew = alpha * fr * AbsDot(wi, bsdf->dgShading.nn) / pdf;
float r = anew.y() / alpha.y();
// fprintf(stderr, "\tr = %f\n", r);
if (RandomFloat() > r)
break;
alpha = anew / r;
// fprintf(stderr, "\tnew alpha %f\n", alpha.y());
ray = RayDifferential(isect.dg.p, wi);
}
BSDF::FreeAll();
}
}
delete[] lightNum; // NOBOOK
delete[] lightSamp0; // NOBOOK
delete[] lightSamp1; // NOBOOK
}
void ExPhotonIntegrator::Preprocess(const Scene *scene) {
if (scene->lights.size() == 0) return;
ProgressReporter progress(nCausticPhotons+ // NOBOOK
nIndirectPhotons, "Shooting photons"); // NOBOOK
vector<Photon> causticPhotons;
vector<Photon> indirectPhotons;
vector<Photon> directPhotons;
vector<RadiancePhoton> radiancePhotons;
causticPhotons.reserve(nCausticPhotons); // NOBOOK
indirectPhotons.reserve(nIndirectPhotons); // NOBOOK
// Initialize photon shooting statistics
static StatsCounter nshot("Photon Map",
"Number of photons shot from lights");
bool causticDone = (nCausticPhotons == 0);
bool indirectDone = (nIndirectPhotons == 0);
// Compute light power CDF for photon shooting
int nLights = int(scene->lights.size());
float *lightPower = (float *)alloca(nLights * sizeof(float));
float *lightCDF = (float *)alloca((nLights+1) * sizeof(float));
for (int i = 0; i < nLights; ++i)
lightPower[i] = scene->lights[i]->Power(scene).y();
float totalPower;
ComputeStep1dCDF(lightPower, nLights, &totalPower, lightCDF);
// Declare radiance photon reflectance arrays
vector<Spectrum> rpReflectances, rpTransmittances;
while (!causticDone || !indirectDone) {
++nshot;
// Give up if we're not storing enough photons
if (nshot > 500000 &&
(unsuccessful(nCausticPhotons,
causticPhotons.size(),
nshot) ||
unsuccessful(nIndirectPhotons,
indirectPhotons.size(),
nshot))) {
Error("Unable to store enough photons. Giving up.\n");
return;
}
// Trace a photon path and store contribution
// Choose 4D sample values for photon
float u[4];
u[0] = RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 2);
u[1] = RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 3);
u[2] = RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 5);
u[3] = RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 7);
// Choose light to shoot photon from
float lightPdf;
float uln = RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 11);
int lightNum = Floor2Int(SampleStep1d(lightPower, lightCDF,
totalPower, nLights, uln, &lightPdf) * nLights);
lightNum = min(lightNum, nLights-1);
const Light *light = scene->lights[lightNum];
// Generate _photonRay_ from light source and initialize _alpha_
RayDifferential photonRay;
float pdf;
Spectrum alpha = light->Sample_L(scene, u[0], u[1], u[2], u[3],
&photonRay, &pdf);
if (pdf == 0.f || alpha.Black()) continue;
alpha /= pdf * lightPdf;
if (!alpha.Black()) {
// Follow photon path through scene and record intersections
bool specularPath = false;
Intersection photonIsect;
int nIntersections = 0;
while (scene->Intersect(photonRay, &photonIsect)) {
++nIntersections;
// Handle photon/surface intersection
alpha *= scene->Transmittance(photonRay);
Vector wo = -photonRay.d;
BSDF *photonBSDF = photonIsect.GetBSDF(photonRay);
BxDFType specularType = BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION |
BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_SPECULAR);
bool hasNonSpecular = (photonBSDF->NumComponents() >
photonBSDF->NumComponents(specularType));
if (hasNonSpecular) {
// Deposit photon at surface
Photon photon(photonIsect.dg.p, alpha, wo);
if (nIntersections == 1) {
// Deposit direct photon
directPhotons.push_back(photon);
}
else {
// Deposit either caustic or indirect photon
if (specularPath) {
// Process caustic photon intersection
if (!causticDone) {
causticPhotons.push_back(photon);
if (causticPhotons.size() == nCausticPhotons) {
causticDone = true;
nCausticPaths = (int)nshot;
causticMap = new KdTree<Photon, PhotonProcess>(causticPhotons);
}
progress.Update();
}
}
else {
// Process indirect lighting photon intersection
if (!indirectDone) {
indirectPhotons.push_back(photon);
if (indirectPhotons.size() == nIndirectPhotons) {
indirectDone = true;
nIndirectPaths = (int)nshot;
indirectMap = new KdTree<Photon, PhotonProcess>(indirectPhotons);
}
progress.Update();
}
}
}
if (finalGather && RandomFloat() < .125f) {
// Store data for radiance photon
static StatsCounter rp("Photon Map", "Radiance photons created"); // NOBOOK
++rp; // NOBOOK
Normal n = photonIsect.dg.nn;
if (Dot(n, photonRay.d) > 0.f) n = -n;
radiancePhotons.push_back(RadiancePhoton(photonIsect.dg.p, n));
Spectrum rho_r = photonBSDF->rho(BSDF_ALL_REFLECTION);
rpReflectances.push_back(rho_r);
Spectrum rho_t = photonBSDF->rho(BSDF_ALL_TRANSMISSION);
rpTransmittances.push_back(rho_t);
}
}
// Sample new photon ray direction
Vector wi;
float pdf;
BxDFType flags;
// Get random numbers for sampling outgoing photon direction
float u1, u2, u3;
if (nIntersections == 1) {
u1 = RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 13);
u2 = RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 17);
u3 = RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 19);
}
else {
u1 = RandomFloat();
u2 = RandomFloat();
u3 = RandomFloat();
}
// Compute new photon weight and possibly terminate with RR
Spectrum fr = photonBSDF->Sample_f(wo, &wi, u1, u2, u3,
&pdf, BSDF_ALL, &flags);
if (fr.Black() || pdf == 0.f)
break;
Spectrum anew = alpha * fr *
AbsDot(wi, photonBSDF->dgShading.nn) / pdf;
float continueProb = min(1.f, anew.y() / alpha.y());
if (RandomFloat() > continueProb || nIntersections > 10)
break;
alpha = anew / continueProb;
specularPath = (nIntersections == 1 || specularPath) &&
((flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0);
photonRay = RayDifferential(photonIsect.dg.p, wi);
}
}
BSDF::FreeAll();
}
progress.Done(); // NOBOOK
// Precompute radiance at a subset of the photons
KdTree<Photon, PhotonProcess> directMap(directPhotons);
int nDirectPaths = nshot;
if (finalGather) {
ProgressReporter p2(radiancePhotons.size(), "Computing photon radiances"); // NOBOOK
for (u_int i = 0; i < radiancePhotons.size(); ++i) {
// Compute radiance for radiance photon _i_
RadiancePhoton &rp = radiancePhotons[i];
const Spectrum &rho_r = rpReflectances[i];
const Spectrum &rho_t = rpTransmittances[i];
Spectrum E;
Point p = rp.p;
Normal n = rp.n;
if (!rho_r.Black()) {
E = estimateE(&directMap, nDirectPaths, p, n) +
estimateE(indirectMap, nIndirectPaths, p, n) +
estimateE(causticMap, nCausticPaths, p, n);
rp.Lo += E * INV_PI * rho_r;
}
if (!rho_t.Black()) {
E = estimateE(&directMap, nDirectPaths, p, -n) +
estimateE(indirectMap, nIndirectPaths, p, -n) +
estimateE(causticMap, nCausticPaths, p, -n);
rp.Lo += E * INV_PI * rho_t;
}
p2.Update(); // NOBOOK
}
radianceMap = new KdTree<RadiancePhoton,
RadiancePhotonProcess>(radiancePhotons);
p2.Done(); // NOBOOK
}
}
Spectrum IGIIntegrator::Li(const Scene *scene,
const RayDifferential &ray, const Sample *sample,
float *alpha) const {
Spectrum L(0.);
Intersection isect;
if (scene->Intersect(ray, &isect)) {
if (alpha) *alpha = 1.;
Vector wo = -ray.d;
// Compute emitted light if ray hit an area light source
L += isect.Le(wo);
// Evaluate BSDF at hit point
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray);
const Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
L += UniformSampleAllLights(scene, p, n,
wo, bsdf, sample,
lightSampleOffset, bsdfSampleOffset,
bsdfComponentOffset);
// Compute indirect illumination with virtual lights
u_int lSet = min(u_int(sample->oneD[vlSetOffset][0] * nLightSets),
nLightSets-1);
for (u_int i = 0; i < virtualLights[lSet].size(); ++i) {
const VirtualLight &vl = virtualLights[lSet][i];
// Add contribution from _VirtualLight_ _vl_
// Ignore light if it's too close to current point
float d2 = DistanceSquared(p, vl.p);
//if (d2 < .8 * minDist2) continue;
float distScale = SmoothStep(.8 * minDist2, 1.2 * minDist2, d2);
// Compute virtual light's tentative contribution _Llight_
Vector wi = Normalize(vl.p - p);
Spectrum f = distScale * bsdf->f(wo, wi);
if (f.Black()) continue;
float G = AbsDot(wi, n) * AbsDot(wi, vl.n) / d2;
Spectrum Llight = indirectScale * f * G * vl.Le /
virtualLights[lSet].size();
Llight *= scene->Transmittance(Ray(p, vl.p - p));
// Possibly skip shadow ray with Russian roulette
if (Llight.y() < rrThreshold) {
float continueProbability = .1f;
if (RandomFloat() > continueProbability)
continue;
Llight /= continueProbability;
}
static StatsCounter vlsr("IGI Integrator", "Shadow Rays to Virtual Lights"); //NOBOOK
++vlsr; //NOBOOK
if (!scene->IntersectP(Ray(p, vl.p - p, RAY_EPSILON,
1.f - RAY_EPSILON)))
L += Llight;
}
// Trace rays for specular reflection and refraction
if (specularDepth++ < maxSpecularDepth) {
Vector wi;
// Trace rays for specular reflection and refraction
Spectrum f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi,
BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.Black()) {
// Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular reflection
RayDifferential rd(p, wi);
rd.hasDifferentials = true;
rd.rx.o = p + isect.dg.dpdx;
rd.ry.o = p + isect.dg.dpdy;
// Compute differential reflected directions
Normal dndx = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudx +
bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdx;
Normal dndy = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudy +
bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdy;
Vector dwodx = -ray.rx.d - wo, dwody = -ray.ry.d - wo;
float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, n) + Dot(wo, dndx);
float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, n) + Dot(wo, dndy);
rd.rx.d = wi -
dwodx + 2 * Vector(Dot(wo, n) * dndx +
dDNdx * n);
rd.ry.d = wi -
dwody + 2 * Vector(Dot(wo, n) * dndy +
dDNdy * n);
L += scene->Li(rd, sample) * f * AbsDot(wi, n);
}
f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi,
BxDFType(BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.Black()) {
// Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular transmission
RayDifferential rd(p, wi);
rd.hasDifferentials = true;
rd.rx.o = p + isect.dg.dpdx;
rd.ry.o = p + isect.dg.dpdy;
float eta = bsdf->eta;
Vector w = -wo;
if (Dot(wo, n) < 0) eta = 1.f / eta;
Normal dndx = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudx + bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdx;
Normal dndy = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudy + bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdy;
Vector dwodx = -ray.rx.d - wo, dwody = -ray.ry.d - wo;
float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, n) + Dot(wo, dndx);
float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, n) + Dot(wo, dndy);
float mu = eta * Dot(w, n) - Dot(wi, n);
float dmudx = (eta - (eta*eta*Dot(w,n))/Dot(wi, n)) * dDNdx;
float dmudy = (eta - (eta*eta*Dot(w,n))/Dot(wi, n)) * dDNdy;
rd.rx.d = wi + eta * dwodx - Vector(mu * dndx + dmudx * n);
rd.ry.d = wi + eta * dwody - Vector(mu * dndy + dmudy * n);
L += scene->Li(rd, sample) * f * AbsDot(wi, n);
}
}
--specularDepth;
}
else {
// Handle ray with no intersection
if (alpha) *alpha = 0.;
for (u_int i = 0; i < scene->lights.size(); ++i)
L += scene->lights[i]->Le(ray);
if (alpha && !L.Black()) *alpha = 1.;
return L;
}
return L;
}
Spectrum PhotonIntegrator::Li(const Scene *scene,
const RayDifferential &ray, const Sample *sample,
float *alpha) const {
// Compute reflected radiance with photon map
Spectrum L(0.);
Intersection isect;
if (scene->Intersect(ray, &isect)) {
if (alpha) *alpha = 1.;
Vector wo = -ray.d;
// Compute emitted light if ray hit an area light source
L += isect.Le(wo);
// Evaluate BSDF at hit point
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray);
const Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
// Compute direct lighting for photon map integrator
if (directWithPhotons)
L += LPhoton(directMap, nDirectPaths, nLookup,
bsdf, isect, wo, maxDistSquared);
else
L += UniformSampleAllLights(scene, p, n,
wo, bsdf, sample,
lightSampleOffset, bsdfSampleOffset,
bsdfComponentOffset);
// Compute indirect lighting for photon map integrator
L += LPhoton(causticMap, nCausticPaths, nLookup, bsdf,
isect, wo, maxDistSquared);
if (finalGather) {
// Do one-bounce final gather for photon map
Spectrum Li(0.);
for (int i = 0; i < gatherSamples; ++i) {
// Sample random direction for final gather ray
Vector wi;
float u1 = sample->twoD[gatherSampleOffset][2*i];
float u2 = sample->twoD[gatherSampleOffset][2*i+1];
float u3 = sample->oneD[gatherComponentOffset][i];
float pdf;
Spectrum fr = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, u1, u2, u3,
&pdf, BxDFType(BSDF_ALL & (~BSDF_SPECULAR)));
if (fr.Black() || pdf == 0.f) continue;
RayDifferential bounceRay(p, wi);
static StatsCounter gatherRays("Photon Map", // NOBOOK
"Final gather rays traced"); // NOBOOK
++gatherRays; // NOBOOK
Intersection gatherIsect;
if (scene->Intersect(bounceRay, &gatherIsect)) {
// Compute exitant radiance at final gather intersection
BSDF *gatherBSDF = gatherIsect.GetBSDF(bounceRay);
Vector bounceWo = -bounceRay.d;
Spectrum Lindir =
LPhoton(directMap, nDirectPaths, nLookup,
gatherBSDF, gatherIsect, bounceWo, maxDistSquared) +
LPhoton(indirectMap, nIndirectPaths, nLookup,
gatherBSDF, gatherIsect, bounceWo, maxDistSquared) +
LPhoton(causticMap, nCausticPaths, nLookup,
gatherBSDF, gatherIsect, bounceWo, maxDistSquared);
Lindir *= scene->Transmittance(bounceRay);
Li += fr * Lindir * AbsDot(wi, n) / pdf;
}
}
L += Li / float(gatherSamples);
}
else
L += LPhoton(indirectMap, nIndirectPaths, nLookup,
bsdf, isect, wo, maxDistSquared);
if (specularDepth++ < maxSpecularDepth) {
Vector wi;
// Trace rays for specular reflection and refraction
Spectrum f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi,
BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.Black()) {
// Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular reflection
RayDifferential rd(p, wi);
rd.hasDifferentials = true;
rd.rx.o = p + isect.dg.dpdx;
rd.ry.o = p + isect.dg.dpdy;
// Compute differential reflected directions
Normal dndx = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudx +
bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdx;
Normal dndy = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudy +
bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdy;
Vector dwodx = -ray.rx.d - wo, dwody = -ray.ry.d - wo;
float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, n) + Dot(wo, dndx);
float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, n) + Dot(wo, dndy);
rd.rx.d = wi -
dwodx + 2 * Vector(Dot(wo, n) * dndx +
dDNdx * n);
rd.ry.d = wi -
dwody + 2 * Vector(Dot(wo, n) * dndy +
dDNdy * n);
L += scene->Li(rd, sample) * f * AbsDot(wi, n);
}
f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi,
BxDFType(BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.Black()) {
// Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular transmission
RayDifferential rd(p, wi);
rd.hasDifferentials = true;
rd.rx.o = p + isect.dg.dpdx;
rd.ry.o = p + isect.dg.dpdy;
float eta = bsdf->eta;
Vector w = -wo;
if (Dot(wo, n) < 0) eta = 1.f / eta;
Normal dndx = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudx + bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdx;
Normal dndy = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudy + bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdy;
Vector dwodx = -ray.rx.d - wo, dwody = -ray.ry.d - wo;
float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, n) + Dot(wo, dndx);
float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, n) + Dot(wo, dndy);
float mu = eta * Dot(w, n) - Dot(wi, n);
float dmudx = (eta - (eta*eta*Dot(w,n))/Dot(wi, n)) * dDNdx;
float dmudy = (eta - (eta*eta*Dot(w,n))/Dot(wi, n)) * dDNdy;
rd.rx.d = wi + eta * dwodx - Vector(mu * dndx + dmudx * n);
rd.ry.d = wi + eta * dwody - Vector(mu * dndy + dmudy * n);
L += scene->Li(rd, sample) * f * AbsDot(wi, n);
}
}
--specularDepth;
}
else {
// Handle ray with no intersection
if (alpha) *alpha = 0.;
for (u_int i = 0; i < scene->lights.size(); ++i)
L += scene->lights[i]->Le(ray);
if (alpha && !L.Black()) *alpha = 1.;
return L;
}
return L;
}
void PhotonIntegrator::Preprocess(const Scene *scene) {
if (scene->lights.size() == 0) return;
ProgressReporter progress(nCausticPhotons+nDirectPhotons+ // NOBOOK
nIndirectPhotons, "Shooting photons"); // NOBOOK
vector<Photon> causticPhotons;
vector<Photon> directPhotons;
vector<Photon> indirectPhotons;
causticPhotons.reserve(nCausticPhotons); // NOBOOK
directPhotons.reserve(nDirectPhotons); // NOBOOK
indirectPhotons.reserve(nIndirectPhotons); // NOBOOK
// Initialize photon shooting statistics
static StatsCounter nshot("Photon Map",
"Number of photons shot from lights");
bool causticDone = (nCausticPhotons == 0);
bool directDone = (nDirectPhotons == 0);
bool indirectDone = (nIndirectPhotons == 0);
while (!causticDone || !directDone || !indirectDone) {
++nshot;
// Give up if we're not storing enough photons
if (nshot > 500000 &&
(unsuccessful(nCausticPhotons,
causticPhotons.size(),
nshot) ||
unsuccessful(nDirectPhotons,
directPhotons.size(),
nshot) ||
unsuccessful(nIndirectPhotons,
indirectPhotons.size(),
nshot))) {
Error("Unable to store enough photons. Giving up.\n");
return;
}
// Trace a photon path and store contribution
// Choose 4D sample values for photon
float u[4];
u[0] = (float)RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 2);
u[1] = (float)RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 3);
u[2] = (float)RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 5);
u[3] = (float)RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 7);
// Choose light to shoot photon from
int nLights = int(scene->lights.size());
int lightNum =
min(Floor2Int(nLights * (float)RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 11)),
nLights-1);
Light *light = scene->lights[lightNum];
float lightPdf = 1.f / nLights;
// Generate _photonRay_ from light source and initialize _alpha_
RayDifferential photonRay;
float pdf;
Spectrum alpha =
light->Sample_L(scene, u[0], u[1], u[2], u[3],
&photonRay, &pdf);
if (pdf == 0.f || alpha.Black()) continue;
alpha /= pdf * lightPdf;
if (!alpha.Black()) {
// Follow photon path through scene and record intersections
bool specularPath = false;
Intersection photonIsect;
int nIntersections = 0;
while (scene->Intersect(photonRay, &photonIsect)) {
++nIntersections;
// Handle photon/surface intersection
alpha *= scene->Transmittance(photonRay);
Vector wo = -photonRay.d;
BSDF *photonBSDF = photonIsect.GetBSDF(photonRay);
BxDFType specularType = BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION |
BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_SPECULAR);
bool hasNonSpecular = (photonBSDF->NumComponents() >
photonBSDF->NumComponents(specularType));
if (hasNonSpecular) {
// Deposit photon at surface
Photon photon(photonIsect.dg.p, alpha, wo);
if (nIntersections == 1) {
// Process direct lighting photon intersection
if (!directDone) {
directPhotons.push_back(photon);
if (directPhotons.size() == nDirectPhotons) {
directDone = true;
nDirectPaths = (int)nshot;
directMap =
new KdTree<Photon,
PhotonProcess>(directPhotons);
}
progress.Update(); // NOBOOK
}
}
else if (specularPath) {
// Process caustic photon intersection
if (!causticDone) {
causticPhotons.push_back(photon);
if (causticPhotons.size() == nCausticPhotons) {
causticDone = true;
nCausticPaths = (int)nshot;
causticMap =
new KdTree<Photon,
PhotonProcess>(causticPhotons);
}
progress.Update();
}
}
else {
// Process indirect lighting photon intersection
if (!indirectDone) {
indirectPhotons.push_back(photon);
if (indirectPhotons.size() == nIndirectPhotons) {
indirectDone = true;
nIndirectPaths = (int)nshot;
indirectMap =
new KdTree<Photon,
PhotonProcess>(indirectPhotons);
}
progress.Update();
}
}
}
// Sample new photon ray direction
Vector wi;
float pdf;
BxDFType flags;
// Get random numbers for sampling outgoing photon direction
float u1, u2, u3;
if (nIntersections == 1) {
u1 = (float)RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 13);
u2 = (float)RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 17);
u3 = (float)RadicalInverse((int)nshot+1, 19);
}
else {
u1 = RandomFloat();
u2 = RandomFloat();
u3 = RandomFloat();
}
Spectrum fr = photonBSDF->Sample_f(wo, &wi, u1, u2, u3,
&pdf, BSDF_ALL, &flags);
if (fr.Black() || pdf == 0.f)
break;
specularPath = (nIntersections == 1 || specularPath) &&
((flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0);
alpha *= fr * AbsDot(wi, photonBSDF->dgShading.nn) / pdf;
photonRay = RayDifferential(photonIsect.dg.p, wi);
// Possibly terminate photon path
if (nIntersections > 3) {
float continueProbability = .5f;
if (RandomFloat() > continueProbability)
break;
alpha /= continueProbability;
}
}
}
BSDF::FreeAll();
}
progress.Done(); // NOBOOK
}
Spectrum IrradianceCache::Li(const Scene *scene, const RayDifferential &ray,
const Sample *sample, float *alpha) const {
Intersection isect;
Spectrum L(0.);
if (scene->Intersect(ray, &isect)) {
if (alpha) *alpha = 1.;
// Evaluate BSDF at hit point
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray);
Vector wo = -ray.d;
const Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
// Compute direct lighting for irradiance cache
L += isect.Le(wo);
L += UniformSampleAllLights(scene, p, n, wo, bsdf, sample,
lightSampleOffset, bsdfSampleOffset,
bsdfComponentOffset);
// Compute indirect lighting for irradiance cache
if (specularDepth++ < maxSpecularDepth) {
Vector wi;
// Trace rays for specular reflection and refraction
Spectrum f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi,
BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.Black()) {
// Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular reflection
RayDifferential rd(p, wi);
rd.hasDifferentials = true;
rd.rx.o = p + isect.dg.dpdx;
rd.ry.o = p + isect.dg.dpdy;
// Compute differential reflected directions
Normal dndx = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudx +
bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdx;
Normal dndy = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudy +
bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdy;
Vector dwodx = -ray.rx.d - wo, dwody = -ray.ry.d - wo;
float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, n) + Dot(wo, dndx);
float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, n) + Dot(wo, dndy);
rd.rx.d = wi -
dwodx + 2 * Vector(Dot(wo, n) * dndx +
dDNdx * n);
rd.ry.d = wi -
dwody + 2 * Vector(Dot(wo, n) * dndy +
dDNdy * n);
L += scene->Li(rd, sample) * f * AbsDot(wi, n);
}
f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi,
BxDFType(BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.Black()) {
// Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular transmission
RayDifferential rd(p, wi);
rd.hasDifferentials = true;
rd.rx.o = p + isect.dg.dpdx;
rd.ry.o = p + isect.dg.dpdy;
float eta = bsdf->eta;
Vector w = -wo;
if (Dot(wo, n) < 0) eta = 1.f / eta;
Normal dndx = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudx + bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdx;
Normal dndy = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudy + bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdy;
Vector dwodx = -ray.rx.d - wo, dwody = -ray.ry.d - wo;
float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, n) + Dot(wo, dndx);
float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, n) + Dot(wo, dndy);
float mu = eta * Dot(w, n) - Dot(wi, n);
float dmudx = (eta - (eta*eta*Dot(w,n))/Dot(wi, n)) * dDNdx;
float dmudy = (eta - (eta*eta*Dot(w,n))/Dot(wi, n)) * dDNdy;
rd.rx.d = wi + eta * dwodx - Vector(mu * dndx + dmudx * n);
rd.ry.d = wi + eta * dwody - Vector(mu * dndy + dmudy * n);
L += scene->Li(rd, sample) * f * AbsDot(wi, n);
}
}
--specularDepth;
// Estimate indirect lighting with irradiance cache
Normal ng = isect.dg.nn;
if (Dot(wo, ng) < 0.f) ng = -ng;
BxDFType flags = BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION |
BSDF_DIFFUSE |
BSDF_GLOSSY);
L += IndirectLo(p, ng, wo, bsdf, flags, sample, scene);
flags = BxDFType(BSDF_TRANSMISSION |
BSDF_DIFFUSE |
BSDF_GLOSSY);
L += IndirectLo(p, -ng, wo, bsdf, flags, sample, scene);
}
else {
// Handle ray with no intersection
if (alpha) *alpha = 0.;
for (u_int i = 0; i < scene->lights.size(); ++i)
L += scene->lights[i]->Le(ray);
if (alpha && !L.Black()) *alpha = 1.;
return L;
}
return L;
}
Spectrum GlossyPRTIntegrator::Li(const Scene *scene, const Renderer *,
const RayDifferential &ray, const Intersection &isect,
const Sample *sample, RNG &rng, MemoryArena &arena) const {
Spectrum L = 0.f;
Vector wo = -ray.d;
// Compute emitted light if ray hit an area light source
L += isect.Le(wo);
// Evaluate BSDF at hit point
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray, arena);
const Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
// Compute reflected radiance with glossy PRT at point
// Compute SH radiance transfer matrix at point and SH coefficients
Spectrum *c_t = arena.Alloc<Spectrum>(SHTerms(lmax));
Spectrum *T = arena.Alloc<Spectrum>(SHTerms(lmax)*SHTerms(lmax));
SHComputeTransferMatrix(p, isect.rayEpsilon, scene, rng, nSamples,
lmax, T);
SHMatrixVectorMultiply(T, c_in, c_t, lmax);
// Rotate incident SH lighting to local coordinate frame
Vector r1 = bsdf->LocalToWorld(Vector(1,0,0));
Vector r2 = bsdf->LocalToWorld(Vector(0,1,0));
Normal nl = Normal(bsdf->LocalToWorld(Vector(0,0,1)));
Matrix4x4 rot(r1.x, r2.x, nl.x, 0,
r1.y, r2.y, nl.y, 0,
r1.z, r2.z, nl.z, 0,
0, 0, 0, 1);
Spectrum *c_l = arena.Alloc<Spectrum>(SHTerms(lmax));
SHRotate(c_t, c_l, rot, lmax, arena);
#if 0
// Sample BSDF and integrate against direct SH coefficients
float *Ylm = ALLOCA(float, SHTerms(lmax));
int ns = 1024;
for (int i = 0; i < ns; ++i) {
Vector wi;
float pdf;
Spectrum f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, BSDFSample(rng), &pdf);
if (pdf > 0.f && !f.IsBlack() && !scene->IntersectP(Ray(p, wi))) {
f *= fabsf(Dot(wi, n)) / (pdf * ns);
SHEvaluate(bsdf->WorldToLocal(wi), lmax, Ylm);
Spectrum Li = 0.f;
for (int j = 0; j < SHTerms(lmax); ++j)
Li += Ylm[j] * c_l[j] * f;
L += Li.Clamp();
}
}
#else
// Compute final coefficients _c\_o_ using BSDF matrix
Spectrum *c_o = arena.Alloc<Spectrum>(SHTerms(lmax));
SHMatrixVectorMultiply(B, c_l, c_o, lmax);
// Evaluate outgoing radiance function for $\wo$ and add to _L_
Vector woLocal = bsdf->WorldToLocal(wo);
float *Ylm = ALLOCA(float, SHTerms(lmax));
SHEvaluate(woLocal, lmax, Ylm);
Spectrum Li = 0.f;
for (int i = 0; i < SHTerms(lmax); ++i)
Li += Ylm[i] * c_o[i];
L += Li.Clamp();
#endif
return L;
}
Spectrum IrradianceCache::IndirectLo(const Point &p,
const Normal &n, const Vector &wo, BSDF *bsdf,
BxDFType flags, const Sample *sample,
const Scene *scene) const {
if (bsdf->NumComponents(flags) == 0)
return Spectrum(0.);
Spectrum E;
if (!InterpolateIrradiance(scene, p, n, &E)) {
// Compute irradiance at current point
u_int scramble[2] = { RandomUInt(), RandomUInt() };
float sumInvDists = 0.;
for (int i = 0; i < nSamples; ++i) {
// Trace ray to sample radiance for irradiance estimate
// Update irradiance statistics for rays traced
static StatsCounter nIrradiancePaths("Irradiance Cache",
"Paths followed for irradiance estimates");
++nIrradiancePaths;
float u[2];
Sample02(i, scramble, u);
Vector w = CosineSampleHemisphere(u[0], u[1]);
RayDifferential r(p, bsdf->LocalToWorld(w));
if (Dot(r.d, n) < 0) r.d = -r.d;
Spectrum L(0.);
// Do path tracing to compute radiance along ray for estimate
{
// Declare common path integration variables
Spectrum pathThroughput = 1.;
RayDifferential ray(r);
bool specularBounce = false;
for (int pathLength = 0; ; ++pathLength) {
// Find next vertex of path
Intersection isect;
if (!scene->Intersect(ray, &isect))
break;
if (pathLength == 0)
r.maxt = ray.maxt;
pathThroughput *= scene->Transmittance(ray);
// Possibly add emitted light at path vertex
if (specularBounce)
L += pathThroughput * isect.Le(-ray.d);
// Evaluate BSDF at hit point
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray);
// Sample illumination from lights to find path contribution
const Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
Vector wo = -ray.d;
L += pathThroughput *
UniformSampleOneLight(scene, p, n, wo, bsdf, sample);
if (pathLength+1 == maxIndirectDepth) break;
// Sample BSDF to get new path direction
// Get random numbers for sampling new direction, \mono{bs1}, \mono{bs2}, and \mono{bcs}
float bs1 = RandomFloat(), bs2 = RandomFloat(), bcs = RandomFloat();
Vector wi;
float pdf;
BxDFType flags;
Spectrum f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, bs1, bs2, bcs,
&pdf, BSDF_ALL, &flags);
if (f.Black() || pdf == 0.)
break;
specularBounce = (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0;
pathThroughput *= f * AbsDot(wi, n) / pdf;
ray = RayDifferential(p, wi);
// Possibly terminate the path
if (pathLength > 3) {
float continueProbability = .5f;
if (RandomFloat() > continueProbability)
break;
pathThroughput /= continueProbability;
}
}
}
E += L;
float dist = r.maxt * r.d.Length();
sumInvDists += 1.f / dist;
}
E *= M_PI / float(nSamples);
// Add computed irradiance value to cache
// Update statistics for new irradiance sample
static StatsCounter nSamplesComputed("Irradiance Cache",
"Irradiance estimates computed");
++nSamplesComputed;
// Compute bounding box of irradiance sample's contribution region
static float minMaxDist =
.001f * powf(scene->WorldBound().Volume(), 1.f/3.f);
static float maxMaxDist =
.125f * powf(scene->WorldBound().Volume(), 1.f/3.f);
float maxDist = nSamples / sumInvDists;
if (minMaxDist > 0.f)
maxDist = Clamp(maxDist, minMaxDist, maxMaxDist);
maxDist *= maxError;
BBox sampleExtent(p);
sampleExtent.Expand(maxDist);
octree->Add(IrradianceSample(E, p, n, maxDist),
sampleExtent);
}
return .5f * bsdf->rho(wo, flags) * E;
}
Spectrum DirectLighting::Li(const Scene *scene,
const RayDifferential &ray, const Sample *sample,
float *alpha) const {
Intersection isect;
Spectrum L(0.);
if (scene->Intersect(ray, &isect)) {
if (alpha) *alpha = 1.;
// Evaluate BSDF at hit point
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray);
Vector wo = -ray.d;
const Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
// Compute emitted light if ray hit an area light source
L += isect.Le(wo);
// Compute direct lighting for _DirectLighting_ integrator
if (scene->lights.size() > 0) {
// Apply direct lighting strategy
switch (strategy) {
case SAMPLE_ALL_UNIFORM:
L += UniformSampleAllLights(scene, p, n, wo, bsdf,
sample, lightSampleOffset, bsdfSampleOffset,
bsdfComponentOffset);
break;
case SAMPLE_ONE_UNIFORM:
L += UniformSampleOneLight(scene, p, n, wo, bsdf,
sample, lightSampleOffset[0], lightNumOffset,
bsdfSampleOffset[0], bsdfComponentOffset[0]);
break;
case SAMPLE_ONE_WEIGHTED:
L += WeightedSampleOneLight(scene, p, n, wo, bsdf,
sample, lightSampleOffset[0], lightNumOffset,
bsdfSampleOffset[0], bsdfComponentOffset[0], avgY,
avgYsample, cdf, overallAvgY);
break;
}
}
if (rayDepth++ < maxDepth) {
Vector wi;
// Trace rays for specular reflection and refraction
Spectrum f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi,
BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.Black()) {
// Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular reflection
RayDifferential rd(p, wi);
rd.hasDifferentials = true;
rd.rx.o = p + isect.dg.dpdx;
rd.ry.o = p + isect.dg.dpdy;
// Compute differential reflected directions
Normal dndx = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudx +
bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdx;
Normal dndy = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudy +
bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdy;
Vector dwodx = -ray.rx.d - wo, dwody = -ray.ry.d - wo;
float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, n) + Dot(wo, dndx);
float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, n) + Dot(wo, dndy);
rd.rx.d = wi -
dwodx + 2 * Vector(Dot(wo, n) * dndx +
dDNdx * n);
rd.ry.d = wi -
dwody + 2 * Vector(Dot(wo, n) * dndy +
dDNdy * n);
L += scene->Li(rd, sample) * f * AbsDot(wi, n);
}
f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi,
BxDFType(BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.Black()) {
// Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular transmission
RayDifferential rd(p, wi);
rd.hasDifferentials = true;
rd.rx.o = p + isect.dg.dpdx;
rd.ry.o = p + isect.dg.dpdy;
float eta = bsdf->eta;
Vector w = -wo;
if (Dot(wo, n) < 0) eta = 1.f / eta;
Normal dndx = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudx + bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdx;
Normal dndy = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudy + bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdy;
Vector dwodx = -ray.rx.d - wo, dwody = -ray.ry.d - wo;
float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, n) + Dot(wo, dndx);
float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, n) + Dot(wo, dndy);
float mu = eta * Dot(w, n) - Dot(wi, n);
float dmudx = (eta - (eta*eta*Dot(w,n))/Dot(wi, n)) * dDNdx;
float dmudy = (eta - (eta*eta*Dot(w,n))/Dot(wi, n)) * dDNdy;
rd.rx.d = wi + eta * dwodx - Vector(mu * dndx + dmudx * n);
rd.ry.d = wi + eta * dwody - Vector(mu * dndy + dmudy * n);
L += scene->Li(rd, sample) * f * AbsDot(wi, n);
}
}
--rayDepth;
}
else {
// Handle ray with no intersection
if (alpha) *alpha = 0.;
for (u_int i = 0; i < scene->lights.size(); ++i)
L += scene->lights[i]->Le(ray);
if (alpha && !L.Black()) *alpha = 1.;
return L;
}
return L;
}
void IGIIntegrator::Preprocess(const Scene *scene, const Camera *camera,
const Renderer *renderer) {
if (scene->lights.size() == 0) return;
MemoryArena arena;
RNG rng;
// Compute samples for emitted rays from lights
vector<float> lightNum(nLightPaths * nLightSets);
vector<float> lightSampPos(2 * nLightPaths * nLightSets, 0.f);
vector<float> lightSampComp(nLightPaths * nLightSets, 0.f);
vector<float> lightSampDir(2 * nLightPaths * nLightSets, 0.f);
LDShuffleScrambled1D(nLightPaths, nLightSets, &lightNum[0], rng);
LDShuffleScrambled2D(nLightPaths, nLightSets, &lightSampPos[0], rng);
LDShuffleScrambled1D(nLightPaths, nLightSets, &lightSampComp[0], rng);
LDShuffleScrambled2D(nLightPaths, nLightSets, &lightSampDir[0], rng);
// Precompute information for light sampling densities
Distribution1D *lightDistribution = ComputeLightSamplingCDF(scene);
for (uint32_t s = 0; s < nLightSets; ++s) {
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nLightPaths; ++i) {
// Follow path _i_ from light to create virtual lights
int sampOffset = s*nLightPaths + i;
// Choose light source to trace virtual light path from
float lightPdf;
int ln = lightDistribution->SampleDiscrete(lightNum[sampOffset],
&lightPdf);
Light *light = scene->lights[ln];
// Sample ray leaving light source for virtual light path
RayDifferential ray;
float pdf;
LightSample ls(lightSampPos[2*sampOffset], lightSampPos[2*sampOffset+1],
lightSampComp[sampOffset]);
Normal Nl;
Spectrum alpha = light->Sample_L(scene, ls, lightSampDir[2*sampOffset],
lightSampDir[2*sampOffset+1],
camera->shutterOpen, &ray, &Nl, &pdf);
if (pdf == 0.f || alpha.IsBlack()) continue;
alpha /= pdf * lightPdf;
Intersection isect;
while (scene->Intersect(ray, &isect) && !alpha.IsBlack()) {
// Create virtual light and sample new ray for path
alpha *= renderer->Transmittance(scene, RayDifferential(ray), NULL,
rng, arena);
Vector wo = -ray.d;
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray, arena);
// Create virtual light at ray intersection point
Spectrum contrib = alpha * bsdf->rho(wo, rng) / M_PI;
virtualLights[s].push_back(VirtualLight(isect.dg.p, isect.dg.nn, contrib,
isect.rayEpsilon));
// Sample new ray direction and update weight for virtual light path
Vector wi;
float pdf;
BSDFSample bsdfSample(rng);
Spectrum fr = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, bsdfSample, &pdf);
if (fr.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.f)
break;
Spectrum contribScale = fr * AbsDot(wi, bsdf->dgShading.nn) / pdf;
// Possibly terminate virtual light path with Russian roulette
float rrProb = min(1.f, contribScale.y());
if (rng.RandomFloat() > rrProb)
break;
alpha *= contribScale / rrProb;
ray = RayDifferential(isect.dg.p, wi, ray, isect.rayEpsilon);
}
arena.FreeAll();
}
}
delete lightDistribution;
}
void LightShootingTask::Run() {
// tady by mel byt kod z photon mappingu
MemoryArena arena;
uint32_t totalPaths = 0;
RNG rng(seed);
PermutedHalton halton(6, rng);
while (true) {
// Follow photon paths for a block of samples
const uint32_t blockSize = 4096;
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < blockSize; ++i) {
float u[6];
halton.Sample(++totalPaths, u);
// Choose light to shoot photon from
float lightPdf;
int lightNum = lightDistribution->SampleDiscrete(u[0], &lightPdf);
const Light *light = scene->lights[lightNum];
// Generate _photonRay_ from light source and initialize _alpha_
RayDifferential photonRay;
float pdf;
LightSample ls(u[1], u[2], u[3]);
Normal Nl;
Spectrum Le = light->Sample_L(scene, ls, u[4], u[5],time, &photonRay, &Nl, &pdf);
if (pdf == 0.f || Le.IsBlack()) continue;
Spectrum alpha = (AbsDot(Nl, photonRay.d) * Le) / (pdf * lightPdf);
if (!alpha.IsBlack()) {
// Follow photon path through scene and record intersections
PBRT_PHOTON_MAP_STARTED_RAY_PATH(&photonRay, &alpha);
bool specularPath = true;
Intersection photonIsect;
int nIntersections = 0;
while (scene->Intersect(photonRay, &photonIsect)) {
++nIntersections;
//MC tady by mel byt i kod pro volumetriku
// Handle photon/surface intersection
// alpha *= renderer->Transmittance(scene, photonRay, NULL, rng, arena);
BSDF *photonBSDF = photonIsect.GetBSDF(photonRay, arena);
Vector wo = -photonRay.d;
//MC tady se ukladaly photony takze tady bych mel ukladat samples do filmu kamery
// // Deposit photon at surface
//Photon photon(photonIsect.dg.p, alpha, wo);
//tuhle metodu chci pouzit
//filmAddSample()
if (nIntersections >= maxDepth) break;
// Sample new photon ray direction
Vector wi;
float pdf;
BxDFType flags;
Spectrum fr = photonBSDF->Sample_f(wo, &wi, BSDFSample(rng),
&pdf, BSDF_ALL, &flags);
if (fr.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.f) break;
Spectrum anew = alpha * fr *
AbsDot(wi, photonBSDF->dgShading.nn) / pdf;
// Possibly terminate photon path with Russian roulette
float continueProb = min(1.f, anew.y() / alpha.y());
if (rng.RandomFloat() > continueProb)
break;
alpha = anew / continueProb;
specularPath &= ((flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0);
photonRay = RayDifferential(photonIsect.dg.p, wi, photonRay,
photonIsect.rayEpsilon);
}
PBRT_PHOTON_MAP_FINISHED_RAY_PATH(&photonRay, &alpha);
}
arena.FreeAll();
}
//termination criteria ???
if (totalPaths==maxPathCount) {
break;
}
}
}
