libbruce is a C++ library implementing an ordered key-value store that is designed to be used with remote unordered key-value stores (like Amazon's S3 and DynamoDB). The data is stored in B-tree form, where every page is a separate object in the remote store.

The tree also retains order statistics, which means it is quick searching to a specific offset in the tree. This makes libbruce very suitable for datasets that need pagination.

• libbruce, the linkable C++ library.
• awsbruce, storage backends for AWS' storage services.
• s3kv, a command-line tool for accessing a key-value store in S3.
• bstat, a tool for calculating storage efficiency statistics of a bruce tree.

Block engines.

edit_tree 

query_tree

To ensure fast seek behavior, bruce keeps a list of counts for every branch of internal tree nodes.

These counts need to be updated when changes are pushed down into those internal nodes, and we want to do this quickly and cheaply. There's a problem though: we can only know whether a particular change (such as a remove or upsert) would affect the item count in the tree when the change arrives at the leaf, because that's where the actual values are stored. Only then can we know whether the remove would actually remove a value, or the upsert would update an existing value instead of adding one.

To avoid having to go to a leaf node for every change, a consumer can promise that the change is 'guaranteed'. The client promises that the key already exists in the tree when making the change, so bruce can do the rank calculations optimistically and won't need to go to the leaves to apply the change.

Important: if you make a false guarantee, this will affect the seek() and rank() operations of the tree, NOT find() operations. If you do not care about rank operations, you can always guarantee all changes for maximum performance.

TODO

To keep updates to the tree quick, edits are queued up along the internal nodes in the tree, up to a certain amount of bytes. When the queue size is exceeded, the pending changes are pushed down until they finally reach the leaf nodes. Pushing changes down is also done on querying, so you are trading write vs. read performance using this setting.

Duplicates pose problems to a B-tree. Just storing the duplicates in the leaf nodes of the tree poses an algorithmic problem when a key can be found on either side of an internal node's branch. libbruce deals with this by introducing a new type of node, an 'overflow' node. This node comes into a play when there are more elements with the same key as the last key in a leaf node; the overflow nodes form a linked list after the leaf page, containing values for the last key in the leaf page.

Pages are immutable. This makes the data structure safe for concurrent (attempts at) modification. When mutating, only the pages on the root path to changed pages are modified and rewritten, while the rest of the pages are structure-shared with the previous version of the tree. Only after the ID of the new root page has been commited somewhere (or failed to have been committed somewhere, preferably using a compare-and-swap operation), the operation can be committed or rolled back, which means deleting either the obsoleted or added pages.

Bruce trees do not have 'next' pointers like B+-trees. Because pages are immutable, we'd have to rewrite the complete left half of the tree from a changed page to properly update the 'next' links (since changing the link would produce a new page and so that page's previous page would need to change, etc). Instead, efficient forward iteration is achieved by parallel fetching of entire tree levels at once.

Data in the serialized pages is stored in column order (i.e., first all keys are stored, then all values are stored) for maximum compression potential. Depending on the data, a compression ratio of 0.1 can be expected. Block sizes are specific pre-compression, so adjust block sizes accordingly.

Explain double-indirect classes.

Needs the aws-cpp-sdk. Also, it needs to be patched to export the aws-cpp-sdk-core and aws-cpp-sdk-s3 targets.

cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=DEBUG -DSTATIC_LINKING=1