int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) {
int cases, size;
int flag = 1;
scanf("%d", &cases);
while(cases--) {
scanf("%d", &size);
float data[size];
int i;
for(i = 0; i < size; i++)
scanf("%f", &data[i]);
double branch = (size - 1) * log(2);
float sum = 0.0;
for(i = 0; i < size; i++)
if(data[i] > 0)
sum += exp(log(data[i]) + log(binomial(size - 1, i)) - branch);
else
sum -= exp(log(-data[i]) + log(binomial(size - 1, i)) - branch);
printf("Case #%d: %.3f\n", flag, sum);
flag++;
}
return 0;
}
lower_binomial::lower_binomial(unsigned N,unsigned n)
{
/* Subtract the total binomial sum until n is smaller than it: */
n%=(1<<N);
/* Start summing binomials until their sum exceeds n: */
unsigned m=0;
unsigned k=0;
do
{
k+=binomial(N,m);
++m;
}
while(k<=n and m != N);
/* Subtract the last term again: */
k-=binomial(N,m-1);
/* Store the obtained integers in their respective data members: */
order=m-2;
binom=binomial(N,order);
binom_sum=k;
difference=n-binom_sum;
}
// A static function is not visible in other compilation units.
static long binomial(long n, long k) {
if (k == 0 || n == k) return 1;
if (n > k && k > 0) return binomial(n-1, k) + binomial(n-1, k-1);
return 0;
}
double binomial_prefactor(int s, int ia, int ib, double xpa, double xpb) {
int t;
double sum=0.;
for (t=0; t<s+1; t++)
if ((s-ia <= t) && (t <= ib))
sum += binomial(ia,s-t)*binomial(ib,t)*pow(xpa,ia-s+t)*pow(xpb,ib-t);
return sum;
}
int binomial(int N,int k)
{
if(knownBino[N][k]!=UNKNOWN)
return(knownBino[N][k]);
if(k==0 || N==k)
return(knownBino[N][k]=1);
return(knownBino[N][k]=binomial(N-1,k)+binomial(N-1,k-1));
}
static ex binomial_eval(const ex & x, const ex &y)
{
if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(y)) {
if (is_exactly_a<numeric>(x) && ex_to<numeric>(x).is_integer())
return binomial(ex_to<numeric>(x), ex_to<numeric>(y));
else
return binomial_sym(x, ex_to<numeric>(y));
} else
return binomial(x, y).hold();
}
int main() {
printf("%d\n", binomial(6, 3));
printf("%d\n", binomial(6, 8));
printf("%d\n", binomial(5, 5));
printf("%d\n", binomial(100, 5));
int a[100];
binomialCoefficient(7, a);
for (int i = 0; i <= 7; i++) printf("%d ", a[i]);
return 0;
}
ex row_mul::GetSum(int i, int nj) const
{
ex s = s_taylor;
if(nj == int(nops() - 1))
return op(nj).coeff(s, i);
ex res;
for(int j = 0; j <= i; j++)
res += binomial(j,0)*op(nj).coeff(s, j)*binomial(i, j)*GetSum(i - j, nj+1);
return res;
}
/** Changes the basis of p to be bernstein.
\param p the Symmetric basis polynomial
\returns the Bernstein basis polynomial
if the degree is even q is the order in the symmetrical power basis,
if the degree is odd q is the order + 1
n is always the polynomial degree, i. e. the Bezier order
sz is the number of bezier handles.
*/
void sbasis_to_bezier (Bezier & bz, SBasis const& sb, size_t sz)
{
if (sb.size() == 0) {
THROW_RANGEERROR("size of sb is too small");
}
size_t q, n;
bool even;
if (sz == 0)
{
q = sb.size();
if (sb[q-1][0] == sb[q-1][1])
{
even = true;
--q;
n = 2*q;
}
else
{
even = false;
n = 2*q-1;
}
}
else
{
q = (sz > 2*sb.size()-1) ? sb.size() : (sz+1)/2;
n = sz-1;
even = false;
}
bz.clear();
bz.resize(n+1);
double Tjk;
for (size_t k = 0; k < q; ++k)
{
for (size_t j = k; j < n-k; ++j) // j <= n-k-1
{
Tjk = binomial(n-2*k-1, j-k);
bz[j] += (Tjk * sb[k][0]);
bz[n-j] += (Tjk * sb[k][1]); // n-k <-> [k][1]
}
}
if (even)
{
bz[q] += sb[q][0];
}
// the resulting coefficients are with respect to the scaled Bernstein
// basis so we need to divide them by (n, j) binomial coefficient
for (size_t j = 1; j < n; ++j)
{
bz[j] /= binomial(n, j);
}
bz[0] = sb[0][0];
bz[n] = sb[0][1];
}
ex row_power::GetSum(int i, int nj) const
{
ex s = s_taylor;
if(!is_exactly_a<numeric>(op(1).evalf()))
ERROR_15(op(1), op(0))
if(nj == int(ex_to<numeric>(op(1).eval()).to_int() - 1))
return op(0).coeff(s, i);
ex res;
for(int j = 0; j <= i; j++)
res += binomial(j,0)*op(0).coeff(s, j)*binomial(i, j)*GetSum(i - j, nj+1);
return res;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Real LossDist::binomialProbabilityOfAtLeastNEvents(int n, vector<Real>& p) {
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CumulativeBinomialDistribution binomial(p[0], p.size());
return 1.0 - binomial(n-1);
/*
Real defp = 0;
for (Size i = n; i <= p.size(); i++)
defp += binomialProbabilityOfNEvents (i, p);
return defp;
*/
}
bool
ImageBufAlgo::make_kernel (ImageBuf &dst, string_view name,
float width, float height, float depth,
bool normalize)
{
int w = std::max (1, (int)ceilf(width));
int h = std::max (1, (int)ceilf(height));
int d = std::max (1, (int)ceilf(depth));
// Round up size to odd
w |= 1;
h |= 1;
d |= 1;
ImageSpec spec (w, h, 1 /*channels*/, TypeDesc::FLOAT);
spec.depth = d;
spec.x = -w/2;
spec.y = -h/2;
spec.z = -d/2;
spec.full_x = spec.x;
spec.full_y = spec.y;
spec.full_z = spec.z;
spec.full_width = spec.width;
spec.full_height = spec.height;
spec.full_depth = spec.depth;
dst.reset (spec);
if (Filter2D *filter = Filter2D::create (name, width, height)) {
// Named continuous filter from filter.h
for (ImageBuf::Iterator<float> p (dst); ! p.done(); ++p)
p[0] = (*filter)((float)p.x(), (float)p.y());
delete filter;
} else if (name == "binomial") {
// Binomial filter
float *wfilter = ALLOCA (float, width);
for (int i = 0; i < width; ++i)
wfilter[i] = binomial (width-1, i);
float *hfilter = (height == width) ? wfilter : ALLOCA (float, height);
if (height != width)
for (int i = 0; i < height; ++i)
hfilter[i] = binomial (height-1, i);
float *dfilter = ALLOCA (float, depth);
if (depth == 1)
dfilter[0] = 1;
else
for (int i = 0; i < depth; ++i)
dfilter[i] = binomial (depth-1, i);
for (ImageBuf::Iterator<float> p (dst); ! p.done(); ++p)
p[0] = wfilter[p.x()-spec.x] * hfilter[p.y()-spec.y] * dfilter[p.z()-spec.z];
} else {
int main() {
int n, k;
scanf("%d %d", &n, &k);
printf("%d\n", ( k < 0 || k > n )? 0 : binomial(n, k));
}
// A static function is not visible in other compilation units.
static long binomial(long n, long k) {
if (k == 0 || n == k) return 1;
if (n > k && k > 0) return binomial(n, k-1)*(n-k+1)/k;
return 0;
}
void test_some_math()
{
// GCD tests
assert(gcd(54,24) == gcd(12,90) && gcd(13,11) == 1);
// LCM tests
assert(lcm(114920, 14300) == 6320600);
// Binomial coefficient test
assert(binomial(10,2) == 45);
// Test add
assert(add(3,5) == 8 && add(7,3) == 10);
// Test odd or even numbers
assert(!is_even(1) && is_even(2) && !is_even(77) && is_even(500));
// Test if bit n is set
assert(!isbitNset(22, 3) && isbitNset(22,4));
// Test set bit
assert(setbitN(22,3) == 30 && setbitN(2,0) == 3);
// Test unset bit
assert(unsetbitN(30,3) == 22 && unsetbitN(3,0) == 2);
// Test toggle
assert(togglebitN(togglebitN(22,3),3) == 22);
// Test modulo (power of two)
assert(modulo(7,2) == 1 && modulo(6666,2) == 0 && modulo(64,8) == 0);
// Test negate nibbles
assert(neg_nibbles(173,0) == 160 && neg_nibbles(429,1) == 256);;
// Test powX
assert(powX(7,11) == 1977326743 && pow(2,8) == 256 && pow(123123,0) == 1);
}
static void allocPools( BigInt n ){
nToTheThird = (BigInt)pow(n, 1.0 / 3);
logn = (BigInt)(log(pow(n, 2.00001 / 3)) / log(2.0)) + 1;
factorsMultiplied = new BigInt[nToTheThird];
totalFactors = new BigInt[nToTheThird];
factors = new BigInt[nToTheThird * logn];
numPrimeBases = new BigInt[nToTheThird];
DPrime = new BigInt[(nToTheThird + 1) * logn];
binomials = new BigInt[128*128+ 128];
for (BigInt j = 0; j < 128; j++)
for (BigInt k = 0; k <= j; k++)
binomials[j * 128 + k]= binomial(j, k);
for (BigInt j = 0; j < logn; j++) DPrime[j] = 0;
curBlockBase = 0;
t = n - 1;
nToTheHalf = (BigInt)pow(n, 1.0 / 2);
numDPowers = (BigInt)(log(pow(n, 2.00001 / 3)) / log(2.0)) + 1;
dPrime = new double[(nToTheThird + 1) * (numDPowers + 1)];
S1Val = 1;
S1Mode = 0;
S3Vals = new BigInt[nToTheThird + 1];
S3Modes = new BigInt[nToTheThird + 1];
ended = false;
maxSieveValue = (BigInt)(pow(n, 2.00001 / 3));
for (BigInt j = 2; j < nToTheThird + 1; j++){
S3Modes[j] = 0;
S3Vals[j] = 1;
}
}
/*
* binomial probability for n or more successes
* out of N tries
* with p sucess rate in each try.
*/
double binomial2(double p, int n, int N) {
double b = 0;
for (int i = n; i <= N; i++) {
b += binomial(p, n, N);
}
return b;
}
vector<vector<double> > Perseus::binomial(int maxOrder){
try {
vector<vector<double> > binomial(maxOrder+1);
for(int i=0;i<=maxOrder;i++){
binomial[i].resize(maxOrder+1);
binomial[i][0]=1;
binomial[0][i]=0;
}
binomial[0][0]=1;
binomial[1][0]=1;
binomial[1][1]=1;
for(int i=2;i<=maxOrder;i++){
binomial[1][i]=0;
}
for(int i=2;i<=maxOrder;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=maxOrder;j++){
if(i==j){ binomial[i][j]=1; }
if(j>i) { binomial[i][j]=0; }
else { binomial[i][j]=binomial[i-1][j-1]+binomial[i-1][j]; }
}
}
return binomial;
}
catch(exception& e) {
m->errorOut(e, "Perseus", "binomial");
exit(1);
}
}
const Polynomial&
CoordinateChange::forwardTriangle_() {
std::map< TriangleAddress, Polynomial >::const_iterator iterFIJ;
const size_t wSize(wI_.size());
for (Power j = 1; j <= currentGrade_ - 1; ++j) {
for (Power i = 0; i <= currentGrade_ - 1 - j; ++i) {
iterFIJ = fIJ_.find(TriangleAddress(i, j));
if (iterFIJ == fIJ_.end()) {
iterFIJ = fIJ_.find(TriangleAddress(i + 1, j - 1));
assert(iterFIJ != fIJ_.end());
Polynomial temp(iterFIJ->second);
for (Power k = 0; k <= i; ++k) {
assert((i + 1 - k) < wSize);
const Polynomial& wTerm(wI_.at(i + 1 - k));
iterFIJ = fIJ_.find(TriangleAddress(k, j - 1));
assert(iterFIJ != fIJ_.end());
const Polynomial& inner(iterFIJ->second);
checkGrades_(i, j, inner, wTerm);
temp += Coeff(binomial(i, k)) * algebra_.lieBracket(inner, wTerm);
}
fIJ_.insert(std::map< TriangleAddress, Polynomial >::value_type(TriangleAddress(i, j), temp));
}
}
}
iterFIJ = fIJ_.find(TriangleAddress(0, currentGrade_ - 1));
assert(iterFIJ != fIJ_.end());
return (iterFIJ->second);
}
void RNG::multinom(uint size, const double* probs, uint num_probs, uint* samp)
{
if (num_probs == 0) return;
for (uint i = 0; i < num_probs; i++) samp[i] = 0;
if (size == 0) return;
vector<double> fixed_probs(num_probs);
double total_prob = 0.;
for (uint i = 0; i < num_probs; i++) {
const double pp = probs[i];
//if (std::isfinite(pp) && pp >= 0)
if ((pp == pp) && pp >= 0)
total_prob += (fixed_probs[i] = pp);
}
if (total_prob == 0.) return;
for (uint i = 0; i < num_probs-1; i++) {
if (fixed_probs[i] > 0.) {
samp[i] = binomial(fixed_probs[i] / total_prob, size);
size -= samp[i];
}
if (size == 0) return;
total_prob -= fixed_probs[i];
}
samp[num_probs - 1] = size;
} // RNG::multinomial
/*
* NOTE: We call this on the root node, which will clear all the a of non-leaf
* nodes and builds the multipole moments (a) for every remainging cell in
* the tree.
*/
static void
accumulate_cell_multipoles(struct cell *this_)
{
if(this_ == 0)
return;
else if(this_->childs[0] != 0) {
/* NOTE: clear a to (0,0) if this is not a leaf node. */
for(uint32_t i = 0; i < data.num_coeffs; i++) {
this_->a[i] = V2(0, 0);
}
}
for(uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
accumulate_cell_multipoles(this_->childs[i]);
}
/* do the actual work */
if(this_->parent != 0) {
this_->parent->a[0] += this_->a[0];
v2 z = this_->parent->center - this_->center;
for(uint32_t k = 1; k < data.num_coeffs; k++) {
this_->parent->a[k] -= (this_->a[0]/k) * pow(z, k);
for(uint32_t l = 1; l <= k; l++) {
this_->parent->a[k] += binomial(k - 1, l - 1) *
this_->a[l] * pow(z, k - l);
}
}
}
}
void MixMod::CalcMat()
{
int i,j;
for(j=0;j<k;j++)
{
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
switch (dens)
{
case 0: // normal density
{
xf[i][j]=normal (x[i][0],t[j],x[i][3]);
break;
}
case 1: // poisson density
{
xf[i][j]=poisson(x[i][0],t[j]*x[i][2]);
break;
}
case 2: // binomial density
{
xf[i][j]=binomial (x[i][0],x[i][2],t[j]);
break;
}
} // end of switch
} // end of i-loop
} // end if j-loop
//
}
void undifference(double* series, unsigned int size, unsigned int d, double* pre_sample_series){
unsigned int i, j;
double* data;
data = (double*)malloc((size+d)*sizeof(double));
memcpy(data,series,size*sizeof(double));
memcpy(data+size,pre_sample_series,d*sizeof(double));
for(i=0;i<size;i++){
int sign = 1;
for(j=1;j<=d;j++){
data[size-i-1] += sign*binomial(d,j)*data[size-i-j+1];
sign *= -1;
}
}
memcpy(series,data,size*sizeof(double));
free(data);
}
static gdouble f(gint i,gint l,gint m,gdouble A,gdouble B)
{
gint j,jmin,jmax;
gdouble sum=0.0;
jmin = 0;
if(jmin<i-m) jmin =i-m;
jmax = i;
if(jmax>l) jmax = l;
for( j=jmin;j<=jmax;j++)
{
sum += binomial(l,j)*binomial(m,i-j)*
dpn(-A,l-j)*dpn(-B,m-i+j);
}
return sum;
}
int RAIDProcess::msgDelay() {
RAIDProcessState *myState = (RAIDProcessState*) getState();
double ldelay;
// Hard coded for now... add to ssl later
sourcedist = UNIFORM;
first = 1;
second = 2;
switch (sourcedist) {
case UNIFORM: {
Uniform uniform(first, second, myState->getGen());
ldelay = uniform();
break;
}
case NORMAL: {
Normal normal(first, second, myState->getGen());
ldelay = normal();
break;
}
case BINOMIAL: {
Binomial binomial((int) first, second, myState->getGen());
ldelay = binomial();
break;
}
case POISSON: {
Poisson poisson(first, myState->getGen());
ldelay = poisson();
break;
}
case EXPONENTIAL: {
NegativeExpntl expo(first, myState->getGen());
ldelay = expo();
break;
}
case FIXED:
ldelay = (int) first;
break;
default:
ldelay = 0;
cerr << "Improper Distribution for a Source Object!!!" << "\n";
break;
}
return ((int) ldelay);
}
int multi_binomial(const MultiIndex<I, DIMENSION>& beta,
const MultiIndex<I, DIMENSION>& alpha)
{
int r(binomial(beta[0], alpha[0]));
for (unsigned int i(1); i < DIMENSION; i++)
r *= binomial(beta[i], alpha[i]);
return r;
}
void
eval_binomial(void)
{
push(cadr(p1));
eval();
push(caddr(p1));
eval();
binomial();
}
int
main (void)
{
int row, pos;
int r = scanf ("%i%i", &row, &pos);
assert (r == 2);
printf ("%i", binomial (row, pos));
return 0;
}
void binomial_test ( )
/******************************************************************************/
/*
Purpose:
BINOMIAL_TEST tests BINOMIAL.
Licensing:
This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
Modified:
18 February 2012
Author:
John Burkardt
*/
{
double c;
double e;
int m;
double r;
double s0;
double sigma;
double t1;
printf ( "\n" );
printf ( "BINOMIAL_TEST:\n" );
printf ( " A demonstration of the binomial method\n" );
printf ( " for option valuation.\n" );
s0 = 2.0;
e = 1.0;
r = 0.05;
sigma = 0.25;
t1 = 3.0;
m = 256;
printf ( "\n" );
printf ( " The asset price at time 0 S0 = %g\n", s0 );
printf ( " The exercise price E = %g\n", e );
printf ( " The interest rate R = %g\n", r );
printf ( " The asset volatility SIGMA = %g\n", sigma );
printf ( " The expiry date T1 = %g\n", t1 );
printf ( " The number of intervals M = %d\n", m );
c = binomial ( s0, e, r, sigma, t1, m );
printf ( "\n" );
printf ( " The option value is %g\n", c );
return;
}
ex row_power_z::GetSum(int i)
{
ex s = s_taylor;
if(op(0).coeff(s, 0).is_zero())
return 0;
if(i)
{
ex res;
for(int j = 0; j < i; j++)
{
// для более долгого, но более точного вычисления нужно раскомментировать первую строку. Иначе вторую...
//res += Tk[j]*op(0).coeff(s, i-j)*(binomial(i-1, j)*op(1) - binomial(i-1, j-1));
res += sym_tk(this, j)*op(0).coeff(s, i-j)*(binomial(i-1, j)*op(1) - binomial(i-1, j-1));
}
return (res/op(0).coeff(s, 0));
}
else
return pow(op(0).coeff(s, 0), op(1));
}