Foam::tmp<Foam::volVectorField>
Foam::wallLubricationModels::TomiyamaWallLubrication::Fi() const
{
volVectorField Ur(pair_.Ur());
const volVectorField& n(nWall());
const volScalarField& y(yWall());
volScalarField Eo(pair_.Eo());
return
(
pos(Eo - 1.0)*neg(Eo - 5.0)*exp(-0.933*Eo + 0.179)
+ pos(Eo - 5.0)*neg(Eo - 33.0)*(0.00599*Eo - 0.0187)
+ pos(Eo - 33.0)*0.179
)
*0.5
*pair_.dispersed().d()
*(
1/sqr(y)
- 1/sqr(D_ - y)
)
*pair_.continuous().rho()
*magSqr(Ur - (Ur & n)*n)
*n;
}
Foam::tmp<Foam::fvScalarMatrix>
Foam::diameterModels::IATEsources::wakeEntrainmentCoalescence::R
(
const volScalarField& alphai,
volScalarField& kappai
) const
{
return -fvm::SuSp(12*phi()*Cwe_*cbrt(CD())*iate_.a()*Ur(), kappai);
}
void Foam::relativeVelocityModel::update()
{
tmp<volVectorField> URel(Ur());
tmp<volScalarField> betaC(alphaC_*rhoC_);
tmp<volScalarField> betaD(alphaD_*rhoD_);
tmp<volScalarField> rhoM(betaC() + betaD());
tmp<volVectorField> Udm = URel()*betaC()/rhoM;
tmp<volVectorField> Ucm = Udm() - URel;
Udm_ = Udm();
tau_ = betaD*sqr(Udm) + betaC*sqr(Ucm);
}
void virtualMassForce::setForce() const
{
reAllocArrays();
scalar dt = U_.mesh().time().deltaT().value();
vector position(0,0,0);
vector Ufluid(0,0,0);
vector Ur(0,0,0);
vector DDtU(0,0,0);
//Compute extra vfields in case it is needed
volVectorField DDtU_(0.0*U_/U_.mesh().time().deltaT());
if(splitUrelCalculation_)
DDtU_ = fvc::ddt(U_) + fvc::div(phi_, U_); //Total Derivative of fluid velocity
interpolationCellPoint<vector> UInterpolator_( U_);
interpolationCellPoint<vector> DDtUInterpolator_(DDtU_);
#include "setupProbeModel.H"
bool haveUrelOld_(false);
for(int index = 0; index < particleCloud_.numberOfParticles(); index++)
{
vector virtualMassForce(0,0,0);
label cellI = particleCloud_.cellIDs()[index][0];
if (cellI > -1) // particle Found
{
if(forceSubM(0).interpolation())
{
position = particleCloud_.position(index);
Ufluid = UInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
}
else
{
Ufluid = U_[cellI];
}
if(splitUrelCalculation_) //if split, just use total derivative of fluid velocity
if(forceSubM(0).interpolation())
{
DDtU = DDtUInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
}
else
{
DDtU = DDtU_[cellI];
}
else
{
vector Us = particleCloud_.velocity(index);
Ur = Ufluid - Us;
}
//Check of particle was on this CPU the last step
if(UrelOld_[index][0]==NOTONCPU) //use 1. element to indicate that particle was on this CPU the last time step
haveUrelOld_ = false;
else
haveUrelOld_ = true;
vector UrelOld(0.,0.,0.);
vector ddtUrel(0.,0.,0.);
for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
{
UrelOld[j] = UrelOld_[index][j];
UrelOld_[index][j] = Ur[j];
}
if(haveUrelOld_ ) //only compute force if we have old (relative) velocity
ddtUrel = (Ur-UrelOld)/dt;
if(splitUrelCalculation_) //we can always compute the total derivative in case we split
ddtUrel = DDtU;
scalar ds = 2*particleCloud_.radius(index);
scalar Vs = ds*ds*ds*M_PI/6;
scalar rho = forceSubM(0).rhoField()[cellI];
virtualMassForce = Cadd_ * rho * Vs * ddtUrel;
if( forceSubM(0).verbose() ) //&& index>100 && index < 105)
{
Pout << "index / cellI = " << index << tab << cellI << endl;
Pout << "position = " << particleCloud_.position(index) << endl;
}
//Set value fields and write the probe
if(probeIt_)
{
#include "setupProbeModelfields.H"
vValues.append(virtualMassForce); //first entry must the be the force
vValues.append(Ur);
vValues.append(UrelOld);
vValues.append(ddtUrel);
sValues.append(Vs);
sValues.append(rho);
particleCloud_.probeM().writeProbe(index, sValues, vValues);
}
}
else //particle not on this CPU
UrelOld_[index][0]=NOTONCPU;
// write particle based data to global array
forceSubM(0).partToArray(index,virtualMassForce,vector::zero);
}
}
void MeiLift::setForce() const
{
const volScalarField& nufField = forceSubM(0).nuField();
const volScalarField& rhoField = forceSubM(0).rhoField();
vector position(0,0,0);
vector lift(0,0,0);
vector Us(0,0,0);
vector Ur(0,0,0);
scalar magUr(0);
scalar magVorticity(0);
scalar ds(0);
scalar dParcel(0);
scalar nuf(0);
scalar rho(0);
scalar voidfraction(1);
scalar Rep(0);
scalar Rew(0);
scalar Cl(0);
scalar Cl_star(0);
scalar J_star(0);
scalar Omega_eq(0);
scalar alphaStar(0);
scalar epsilon(0);
scalar omega_star(0);
vector vorticity(0,0,0);
volVectorField vorticity_ = fvc::curl(U_);
#include "resetVorticityInterpolator.H"
#include "resetUInterpolator.H"
#include "setupProbeModel.H"
for(int index = 0;index < particleCloud_.numberOfParticles(); index++)
{
//if(mask[index][0])
//{
lift = vector::zero;
label cellI = particleCloud_.cellIDs()[index][0];
if (cellI > -1) // particle Found
{
Us = particleCloud_.velocity(index);
if( forceSubM(0).interpolation() )
{
position = particleCloud_.position(index);
Ur = UInterpolator_().interpolate(position,cellI)
- Us;
vorticity = vorticityInterpolator_().interpolate(position,cellI);
}
else
{
Ur = U_[cellI]
- Us;
vorticity=vorticity_[cellI];
}
magUr = mag(Ur);
magVorticity = mag(vorticity);
if (magUr > 0 && magVorticity > 0)
{
ds = 2*particleCloud_.radius(index);
dParcel = ds;
forceSubM(0).scaleDia(ds,index); //caution: this fct will scale ds!
nuf = nufField[cellI];
rho = rhoField[cellI];
//Update any scalar or vector quantity
for (int iFSub=0;iFSub<nrForceSubModels();iFSub++)
forceSubM(iFSub).update( index,
cellI,
ds,
nuf,
rho,
forceSubM(0).verbose()
);
// calc dimensionless properties
Rep = ds*magUr/nuf;
Rew = magVorticity*ds*ds/nuf;
alphaStar = magVorticity*ds/magUr/2.0;
epsilon = sqrt(2.0*alphaStar /Rep );
omega_star=2.0*alphaStar;
//Basic model for the correction to the Saffman lift
//Based on McLaughlin (1991)
if(epsilon < 0.1)
{
J_star = -140 *epsilon*epsilon*epsilon*epsilon*epsilon
*log( 1./(epsilon*epsilon+SMALL) );
}
else if(epsilon > 20)
{
J_star = 1.0-0.287/(epsilon*epsilon+SMALL);
}
else
{
J_star = 0.3
*( 1.0
+tanh( 2.5 * log10(epsilon+0.191) )
)
*( 0.667
+tanh( 6.0 * (epsilon-0.32) )
);
}
Cl=J_star*4.11*epsilon; //multiply McLaughlin's correction to the basic Saffman model
//Second order terms given by Loth and Dorgan 2009
if(useSecondOrderTerms_)
{
Omega_eq = omega_star/2.0*(1.0-0.0075*Rew)*(1.0-0.062*sqrt(Rep)-0.001*Rep);
Cl_star=1.0-(0.675+0.15*(1.0+tanh(0.28*(omega_star/2.0-2.0))))*tanh(0.18*sqrt(Rep));
Cl += Omega_eq*Cl_star;
}
lift = 0.125*M_PI
*rho
*Cl
*magUr*Ur^vorticity/magVorticity
*ds*ds; //total force on all particles in parcel
forceSubM(0).scaleForce(lift,dParcel,index);
if (modelType_=="B")
{
voidfraction = particleCloud_.voidfraction(index);
lift /= voidfraction;
}
}
//**********************************
//SAMPLING AND VERBOSE OUTOUT
if( forceSubM(0).verbose() )
{
Pout << "index = " << index << endl;
Pout << "Us = " << Us << endl;
Pout << "Ur = " << Ur << endl;
Pout << "vorticity = " << vorticity << endl;
Pout << "dprim = " << ds << endl;
Pout << "rho = " << rho << endl;
Pout << "nuf = " << nuf << endl;
Pout << "Rep = " << Rep << endl;
Pout << "Rew = " << Rew << endl;
Pout << "alphaStar = " << alphaStar << endl;
Pout << "epsilon = " << epsilon << endl;
Pout << "J_star = " << J_star << endl;
Pout << "lift = " << lift << endl;
}
//Set value fields and write the probe
if(probeIt_)
{
#include "setupProbeModelfields.H"
// Note: for other than ext one could use vValues.append(x)
// instead of setSize
vValues.setSize(vValues.size()+1, lift); //first entry must the be the force
vValues.setSize(vValues.size()+1, Ur);
vValues.setSize(vValues.size()+1, vorticity);
sValues.setSize(sValues.size()+1, Rep);
sValues.setSize(sValues.size()+1, Rew);
sValues.setSize(sValues.size()+1, J_star);
particleCloud_.probeM().writeProbe(index, sValues, vValues);
}
// END OF SAMPLING AND VERBOSE OUTOUT
//**********************************
}
// write particle based data to global array
forceSubM(0).partToArray(index,lift,vector::zero);
//}
}
}
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::diameterModels::IATEsource::Re() const
{
return max(Ur()*phase().d()/otherPhase().nu(), scalar(1.0e-3));
}
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::diameterModels::IATEsource::We() const
{
return otherPhase().rho()*sqr(Ur())*phase().d()/fluid().sigma();
}
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
Foam::diameterModels::IATEsources::wakeEntrainmentCoalescence::R() const
{
return (-12)*phi()*Cwe_*cbrt(CD())*iate_.a()*Ur();
}
void DiFeliceDrag::setForce() const
{
// get viscosity field
#ifdef comp
const volScalarField nufField = particleCloud_.turbulence().mu() / rho_;
#else
const volScalarField& nufField = particleCloud_.turbulence().nu();
#endif
vector position(0,0,0);
scalar voidfraction(1);
vector Ufluid(0,0,0);
vector drag(0,0,0);
label cellI=0;
vector Us(0,0,0);
vector Ur(0,0,0);
scalar ds(0);
scalar nuf(0);
scalar rho(0);
scalar magUr(0);
scalar Rep(0);
scalar Cd(0);
interpolationCellPoint<scalar> voidfractionInterpolator_(voidfraction_);
interpolationCellPoint<vector> UInterpolator_(U_);
#include "setupProbeModel.H"
for(int index = 0;index < particleCloud_.numberOfParticles(); index++)
{
//if(mask[index][0])
//{
cellI = particleCloud_.cellIDs()[index][0];
drag = vector(0,0,0);
if (cellI > -1) // particle Found
{
if(interpolation_)
{
position = particleCloud_.position(index);
voidfraction = voidfractionInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
Ufluid = UInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
}else
{
voidfraction = voidfraction_[cellI];
Ufluid = U_[cellI];
}
Us = particleCloud_.velocity(index);
Ur = Ufluid-Us;
ds = 2*particleCloud_.radius(index);
nuf = nufField[cellI];
rho = rho_[cellI];
magUr = mag(Ur);
Rep = 0;
Cd = 0;
if (magUr > 0)
{
// calc particle Re Nr
Rep = ds*voidfraction*magUr/(nuf+SMALL);
// calc fluid drag Coeff
Cd = sqr(0.63 + 4.8/sqrt(Rep));
// calc model coefficient Xi
scalar Xi = 3.7 - 0.65 * exp(-sqr(1.5-log10(Rep))/2);
// calc particle's drag
drag = 0.125*Cd*rho*M_PI*ds*ds*pow(voidfraction,(2-Xi))*magUr*Ur;
if (modelType_=="B")
drag /= voidfraction;
}
if(verbose_ && index >100 && index <102)
{
Pout << "index = " << index << endl;
Pout << "Us = " << Us << endl;
Pout << "Ur = " << Ur << endl;
Pout << "ds = " << ds << endl;
Pout << "rho = " << rho << endl;
Pout << "nuf = " << nuf << endl;
Pout << "voidfraction = " << voidfraction << endl;
Pout << "Rep = " << Rep << endl;
Pout << "Cd = " << Cd << endl;
Pout << "drag = " << drag << endl;
}
//Set value fields and write the probe
if(probeIt_)
{
#include "setupProbeModelfields.H"
vValues.append(drag); //first entry must the be the force
vValues.append(Ur);
sValues.append(Rep);
sValues.append(Cd);
sValues.append(voidfraction);
particleCloud_.probeM().writeProbe(index, sValues, vValues);
}
}
// set force on particle
if(treatExplicit_) for(int j=0;j<3;j++) expForces()[index][j] += drag[j];
else for(int j=0;j<3;j++) impForces()[index][j] += drag[j];
for(int j=0;j<3;j++) DEMForces()[index][j] += drag[j];
}
//}
}
void DiFeliceDrag::setForce() const
{
if (scaleDia_ > 1)
Info << typeName << " using scale = " << scaleDia_ << endl;
else if (particleCloud_.cg() > 1){
scaleDia_=particleCloud_.cg();
Info << typeName << " using scale from liggghts cg = " << scaleDia_ << endl;
}
const volScalarField& nufField = forceSubM(0).nuField();
const volScalarField& rhoField = forceSubM(0).rhoField();
vector position(0,0,0);
scalar voidfraction(1);
vector Ufluid(0,0,0);
vector drag(0,0,0);
vector dragExplicit(0,0,0);
scalar dragCoefficient(0);
label cellI=0;
vector Us(0,0,0);
vector Ur(0,0,0);
scalar ds(0);
scalar nuf(0);
scalar rho(0);
scalar magUr(0);
scalar Rep(0);
scalar Cd(0);
interpolationCellPoint<scalar> voidfractionInterpolator_(voidfraction_);
interpolationCellPoint<vector> UInterpolator_(U_);
#include "setupProbeModel.H"
for(int index = 0;index < particleCloud_.numberOfParticles(); index++)
{
cellI = particleCloud_.cellIDs()[index][0];
drag = vector(0,0,0);
dragExplicit = vector(0,0,0);
Ufluid =vector(0,0,0);
if (cellI > -1) // particle Found
{
if(forceSubM(0).interpolation())
{
position = particleCloud_.position(index);
voidfraction = voidfractionInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
Ufluid = UInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
}else
{
voidfraction = voidfraction_[cellI];
Ufluid = U_[cellI];
}
Us = particleCloud_.velocity(index);
Ur = Ufluid-Us;
ds = 2*particleCloud_.radius(index);
nuf = nufField[cellI];
rho = rhoField[cellI];
magUr = mag(Ur);
Rep = 0;
Cd = 0;
dragCoefficient = 0;
if (magUr > 0)
{
// calc particle Re Nr
Rep = ds/scaleDia_*voidfraction*magUr/(nuf+SMALL);
// calc fluid drag Coeff
Cd = sqr(0.63 + 4.8/sqrt(Rep));
// calc model coefficient Xi
scalar Xi = 3.7 - 0.65 * exp(-sqr(1.5-log10(Rep))/2);
// calc particle's drag
dragCoefficient = 0.125*Cd*rho
*M_PI
*ds*ds
*scaleDia_
*pow(voidfraction,(2-Xi))*magUr
*scaleDrag_;
if (modelType_=="B")
dragCoefficient /= voidfraction;
drag = dragCoefficient*Ur; //total drag force!
forceSubM(0).explicitCorr(drag,dragExplicit,dragCoefficient,Ufluid,U_[cellI],Us,UsField_[cellI],forceSubM(0).verbose(),index);
}
if(forceSubM(0).verbose() && index >-1 && index <102)
{
Pout << "index = " << index << endl;
Pout << "scaleDrag_ = " << scaleDrag_ << endl;
Pout << "Us = " << Us << endl;
Pout << "Ur = " << Ur << endl;
Pout << "ds/scale = " << ds/scaleDia_ << endl;
Pout << "rho = " << rho << endl;
Pout << "nuf = " << nuf << endl;
Pout << "voidfraction = " << voidfraction << endl;
Pout << "Rep = " << Rep << endl;
Pout << "Cd = " << Cd << endl;
Pout << "drag (total) = " << drag << endl;
}
//Set value fields and write the probe
if(probeIt_)
{
#include "setupProbeModelfields.H"
vValues.append(drag); //first entry must the be the force
vValues.append(Ur);
sValues.append(Rep);
sValues.append(Cd);
sValues.append(voidfraction);
particleCloud_.probeM().writeProbe(index, sValues, vValues);
}
}
// write particle based data to global array
forceSubM(0).partToArray(index,drag,dragExplicit,Ufluid,dragCoefficient);
}
}
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
void scalarGeneralExchange::manipulateScalarField(volScalarField& explicitEulerSource,
volScalarField& implicitEulerSource,
int speciesID) const
{
// reset Scalar field
explicitEulerSource.internalField() = 0.0;
implicitEulerSource.internalField() = 0.0;
if(speciesID>=0 && particleSpeciesValue_[speciesID]<0.0) //skip if species is not active
return;
//Set the names of the exchange fields
word fieldName;
word partDatName;
word partFluxName;
word partTransCoeffName;
word partFluidName;
scalar transportParameter;
// realloc the arrays to pull particle data
if(speciesID<0) //this is the temperature - always pull from LIGGGHTS
{
fieldName = tempFieldName_;
partDatName = partTempName_;
partFluxName = partHeatFluxName_;
partTransCoeffName = partHeatTransCoeffName_;
partFluidName = partHeatFluidName_;
transportParameter = lambda_;
allocateMyArrays(0.0);
particleCloud_.dataExchangeM().getData(partDatName,"scalar-atom", partDat_);
}
else
{
fieldName = eulerianFieldNames_[speciesID];
partDatName = partSpeciesNames_[speciesID];
partFluxName = partSpeciesFluxNames_[speciesID];
partTransCoeffName = partSpeciesTransCoeffNames_[speciesID];
partFluidName = partSpeciesFluidNames_[speciesID];
transportParameter = DMolecular_[speciesID];
allocateMyArrays(0.0);
if(particleSpeciesValue_[speciesID]>ALARGECONCENTRATION)
particleCloud_.dataExchangeM().getData(partDatName,"scalar-atom", partDat_);
}
if (scaleDia_ > 1)
Info << typeName << " using scale = " << scaleDia_ << endl;
else if (particleCloud_.cg() > 1)
{
scaleDia_=particleCloud_.cg();
Info << typeName << " using scale from liggghts cg = " << scaleDia_ << endl;
}
//==============================
// get references
const volScalarField& voidfraction_(particleCloud_.mesh().lookupObject<volScalarField> (voidfractionFieldName_)); // ref to voidfraction field
const volVectorField& U_(particleCloud_.mesh().lookupObject<volVectorField> (velFieldName_));
const volScalarField& fluidScalarField_(particleCloud_.mesh().lookupObject<volScalarField> (fieldName)); // ref to scalar field
const volScalarField& nufField = forceSubM(0).nuField();
//==============================
// calc La based heat flux
vector position(0,0,0);
scalar voidfraction(1);
vector Ufluid(0,0,0);
scalar fluidValue(0);
label cellI=0;
vector Us(0,0,0);
vector Ur(0,0,0);
scalar dscaled(0);
scalar nuf(0);
scalar magUr(0);
scalar As(0);
scalar Rep(0);
scalar Pr(0);
scalar sDth(scaleDia_*scaleDia_*scaleDia_);
interpolationCellPoint<scalar> voidfractionInterpolator_(voidfraction_);
interpolationCellPoint<vector> UInterpolator_(U_);
interpolationCellPoint<scalar> fluidScalarFieldInterpolator_(fluidScalarField_);
#include "setupProbeModel.H"
for(int index = 0;index < particleCloud_.numberOfParticles(); ++index)
{
cellI = particleCloud_.cellIDs()[index][0];
if(cellI >= 0)
{
if(forceSubM(0).interpolation())
{
position = particleCloud_.position(index);
voidfraction = voidfractionInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
Ufluid = UInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
fluidValue = fluidScalarFieldInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
}else
{
voidfraction = voidfraction_[cellI];
Ufluid = U_[cellI];
fluidValue = fluidScalarField_[cellI];
}
// calc relative velocity
Us = particleCloud_.velocity(index);
Ur = Ufluid-Us;
magUr = mag(Ur);
dscaled = 2*particleCloud_.radius(index)/scaleDia_;
As = dscaled*dscaled*M_PI*sDth;
nuf = nufField[cellI];
Rep = dscaled*magUr/nuf;
if(speciesID<0) //have temperature
Pr = Prandtl_;
else
Pr = max(SMALL,nuf/transportParameter); //This is Sc for species
scalar alpha = transportParameter*(this->*Nusselt)(Rep,Pr,voidfraction)/(dscaled);
// calc convective heat flux [W]
scalar areaTimesTransferCoefficient = alpha * As;
scalar tmpPartFlux = areaTimesTransferCoefficient
* (fluidValue - partDat_[index][0]);
partDatFlux_[index][0] = tmpPartFlux;
// split implicit/explicit contribution
forceSubM(0).explicitCorrScalar( partDatTmpImpl_[index][0],
partDatTmpExpl_[index][0],
areaTimesTransferCoefficient,
fluidValue,
fluidScalarField_[cellI],
partDat_[index][0],
forceSubM(0).verbose()
);
if(validPartTransCoeff_)
partDatTransCoeff_[index][0] = alpha;
if(validPartFluid_)
partDatFluid_[index][0] = fluidValue;
if( forceSubM(0).verbose())
{
Pout << "fieldName = " << fieldName << endl;
Pout << "partTransCoeffName = " << partTransCoeffName << endl;
Pout << "index = " <<index << endl;
Pout << "partFlux = " << tmpPartFlux << endl;
Pout << "magUr = " << magUr << endl;
Pout << "As = " << As << endl;
Pout << "r = " << particleCloud_.radius(index) << endl;
Pout << "dscaled = " << dscaled << endl;
Pout << "nuf = " << nuf << endl;
Pout << "Rep = " << Rep << endl;
Pout << "Pr/Sc = " << Pr << endl;
Pout << "Nup/Shp = " << (this->*Nusselt)(Rep,Pr,voidfraction) << endl;
Pout << "partDatTransCoeff: " << partDatTransCoeff_[index][0] << endl;
Pout << "voidfraction = " << voidfraction << endl;
Pout << "partDat_[index][0] = " << partDat_[index][0] << endl ;
Pout << "fluidValue = " << fluidValue << endl ;
}
//Set value fields and write the probe
if(probeIt_)
{
#include "setupProbeModelfields.H"
vValues.append(Ur);
sValues.append((this->*Nusselt)(Rep,Pr,voidfraction));
sValues.append(Rep);
particleCloud_.probeM().writeProbe(index, sValues, vValues);
}
}
}
//Handle explicit and implicit source terms on the Euler side
//these are simple summations!
particleCloud_.averagingM().setScalarSum
(
explicitEulerSource,
partDatTmpExpl_,
particleCloud_.particleWeights(),
NULL
);
particleCloud_.averagingM().setScalarSum
(
implicitEulerSource,
partDatTmpImpl_,
particleCloud_.particleWeights(),
NULL
);
// scale with the cell volume to get (total) volume-specific source
explicitEulerSource.internalField() /= -explicitEulerSource.mesh().V();
implicitEulerSource.internalField() /= -implicitEulerSource.mesh().V();
// limit explicit source term
scalar explicitEulerSourceInCell;
forAll(explicitEulerSource,cellI)
{
explicitEulerSourceInCell = explicitEulerSource[cellI];
if(mag(explicitEulerSourceInCell) > maxSource_ )
{
explicitEulerSource[cellI] = sign(explicitEulerSourceInCell) * maxSource_;
}
}
void KochHillDrag::setForce() const
{
const volScalarField& nufField = forceSubM(0).nuField();
const volScalarField& rhoField = forceSubM(0).rhoField();
//update force submodels to prepare for loop
for (int iFSub=0;iFSub<nrForceSubModels();iFSub++)
forceSubM(iFSub).preParticleLoop(forceSubM(iFSub).verbose());
vector position(0,0,0);
scalar voidfraction(1);
vector Ufluid(0,0,0);
vector drag(0,0,0);
vector dragExplicit(0,0,0);
scalar dragCoefficient(0);
label cellI=0;
vector Us(0,0,0);
vector Ur(0,0,0);
scalar ds(0);
scalar dParcel(0);
scalar nuf(0);
scalar rho(0);
scalar magUr(0);
scalar Rep(0);
scalar Vs(0);
scalar volumefraction(0);
scalar betaP(0);
scalar piBySix(M_PI/6);
int couplingInterval(particleCloud_.dataExchangeM().couplingInterval());
#include "resetVoidfractionInterpolator.H"
#include "resetUInterpolator.H"
#include "setupProbeModel.H"
for(int index = 0;index < particleCloud_.numberOfParticles(); index++)
{
cellI = particleCloud_.cellIDs()[index][0];
drag = vector(0,0,0);
dragExplicit = vector(0,0,0);
dragCoefficient=0;
betaP = 0;
Vs = 0;
Ufluid =vector(0,0,0);
voidfraction=0;
if (cellI > -1) // particle Found
{
if(forceSubM(0).interpolation())
{
position = particleCloud_.position(index);
voidfraction = voidfractionInterpolator_().interpolate(position,cellI);
Ufluid = UInterpolator_().interpolate(position,cellI);
//Ensure interpolated void fraction to be meaningful
// Info << " --> voidfraction: " << voidfraction << endl;
if(voidfraction>1.00) voidfraction = 1.00;
if(voidfraction<0.40) voidfraction = 0.40;
}else
{
voidfraction = voidfraction_[cellI];
Ufluid = U_[cellI];
}
ds = particleCloud_.d(index);
dParcel = ds;
forceSubM(0).scaleDia(ds); //caution: this fct will scale ds!
nuf = nufField[cellI];
rho = rhoField[cellI];
Us = particleCloud_.velocity(index);
//Update any scalar or vector quantity
for (int iFSub=0;iFSub<nrForceSubModels();iFSub++)
forceSubM(iFSub).update( index,
cellI,
ds,
Ufluid,
Us,
nuf,
rho,
forceSubM(0).verbose()
);
Ur = Ufluid-Us;
magUr = mag(Ur);
Rep = 0;
Vs = ds*ds*ds*piBySix;
volumefraction = max(SMALL,min(1-SMALL,1-voidfraction));
if (magUr > 0)
{
// calc particle Re Nr
Rep = ds*voidfraction*magUr/(nuf+SMALL);
// calc model coefficient F0
scalar F0=0.;
if(volumefraction < 0.4)
{
F0 = (1. + 3.*sqrt((volumefraction)/2.) + (135./64.)*volumefraction*log(volumefraction)
+ 16.14*volumefraction
)/
(1+0.681*volumefraction-8.48*sqr(volumefraction)
+8.16*volumefraction*volumefraction*volumefraction
);
} else {
F0 = 10*volumefraction/(voidfraction*voidfraction*voidfraction);
}
// calc model coefficient F3
scalar F3 = 0.0673+0.212*volumefraction+0.0232/pow(voidfraction,5);
//Calculate F (the factor 0.5 is introduced, since Koch and Hill, ARFM 33:619–47, use the radius
//to define Rep, and we use the particle diameter, see vanBuijtenen et al., CES 66:2368–2376.
scalar F = voidfraction * (F0 + 0.5*F3*Rep);
// calc drag model coefficient betaP
betaP = 18.*nuf*rho/(ds*ds)*voidfraction*F;
// calc particle's drag
dragCoefficient = Vs*betaP;
if (modelType_=="B")
dragCoefficient /= voidfraction;
forceSubM(0).scaleCoeff(dragCoefficient,dParcel);
if(forceSubM(0).switches()[7]) // implForceDEMaccumulated=true
{
//get drag from the particle itself
for (int j=0 ; j<3 ; j++) drag[j] = particleCloud_.fAccs()[index][j]/couplingInterval;
}else
{
drag = dragCoefficient * Ur;
// explicitCorr
for (int iFSub=0;iFSub<nrForceSubModels();iFSub++)
forceSubM(iFSub).explicitCorr( drag,
dragExplicit,
dragCoefficient,
Ufluid, U_[cellI], Us, UsField_[cellI],
forceSubM(iFSub).verbose()
);
}
}
if(forceSubM(0).verbose() && index >=0 && index <2)
{
Pout << "cellI = " << cellI << endl;
Pout << "index = " << index << endl;
Pout << "Us = " << Us << endl;
Pout << "Ur = " << Ur << endl;
Pout << "dprim = " << ds << endl;
Pout << "rho = " << rho << endl;
Pout << "nuf = " << nuf << endl;
Pout << "voidfraction = " << voidfraction << endl;
Pout << "Rep = " << Rep << endl;
Pout << "betaP = " << betaP << endl;
Pout << "drag = " << drag << endl;
}
//Set value fields and write the probe
if(probeIt_)
{
#include "setupProbeModelfields.H"
// Note: for other than ext one could use vValues.append(x)
// instead of setSize
vValues.setSize(vValues.size()+1, drag); //first entry must the be the force
vValues.setSize(vValues.size()+1, Ur);
sValues.setSize(sValues.size()+1, Rep);
sValues.setSize(sValues.size()+1, betaP);
sValues.setSize(sValues.size()+1, voidfraction);
particleCloud_.probeM().writeProbe(index, sValues, vValues);
}
}
// write particle based data to global array
forceSubM(0).partToArray(index,drag,dragExplicit,Ufluid,dragCoefficient);
}
}
void KochHillDrag::setForce
(
double** const& mask,
double**& impForces,
double**& expForces,
double**& DEMForces
) const
{
// get viscosity field
#ifdef comp
const volScalarField nufField = particleCloud_.turbulence().mu()/rho_;
#else
const volScalarField& nufField = particleCloud_.turbulence().nu();
#endif
vector position(0,0,0);
scalar voidfraction(1);
vector Ufluid(0,0,0);
vector drag(0,0,0);
label cellI=0;
vector Us(0,0,0);
vector Ur(0,0,0);
scalar ds(0);
scalar nuf(0);
scalar rho(0);
scalar magUr(0);
scalar Rep(0);
scalar Vs(0);
scalar volumefraction(0);
interpolationCellPoint<scalar> voidfractionInterpolator_(voidfraction_);
interpolationCellPoint<vector> UInterpolator_(U_);
for(int index = 0;index < particleCloud_.numberOfParticles(); index++)
{
if(mask[index][0])
{
cellI = particleCloud_.cellIDs()[index][0];
drag = vector(0,0,0);
if (cellI > -1) // particle Found
{
if(interpolation_)
{
position = particleCloud_.position(index);
voidfraction = voidfractionInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
Ufluid = UInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
}else
{
voidfraction = particleCloud_.voidfraction(index);
Ufluid = U_[cellI];
}
Us = particleCloud_.velocity(index);
Ur = Ufluid-Us;
ds = 2*particleCloud_.radius(index);
nuf = nufField[cellI];
rho = rho_[cellI];
magUr = mag(Ur);
Rep = 0;
Vs = ds*ds*ds*M_PI/6;
volumefraction = 1-voidfraction+SMALL;
if (magUr > 0)
{
// calc particle Re Nr
Rep = ds/scale_*voidfraction*magUr/(nuf+SMALL);
// calc model coefficient F0
scalar F0=0.;
if(volumefraction < 0.4)
{
F0 = (1+3*sqrt((volumefraction)/2)+135/64*volumefraction*log(volumefraction)+16.14*volumefraction)/
(1+0.681*volumefraction-8.48*sqr(volumefraction)+8.16*volumefraction*volumefraction*volumefraction);
} else {
F0 = 10*volumefraction/(voidfraction*voidfraction*voidfraction);
}
// calc model coefficient F3
scalar F3 = 0.0673+0.212*volumefraction+0.0232/pow(voidfraction,5);
// calc model coefficient beta
scalar beta = 18*nuf*rho*voidfraction*voidfraction*volumefraction/(ds/scale_*ds/scale_)*
(F0 + 0.5*F3*Rep);
// calc particle's drag
drag = Vs*beta/volumefraction*Ur;
if (modelType_=="B")
drag /= voidfraction;
}
if(verbose_ && index >=0 && index <2)
{
Info << "index = " << index << endl;
Info << "Us = " << Us << endl;
Info << "Ur = " << Ur << endl;
Info << "ds = " << ds << endl;
Info << "ds/scale = " << ds/scale_ << endl;
Info << "rho = " << rho << endl;
Info << "nuf = " << nuf << endl;
Info << "voidfraction = " << voidfraction << endl;
Info << "Rep = " << Rep << endl;
Info << "drag = " << drag << endl;
}
}
// set force on particle
if(treatExplicit_) for(int j=0;j<3;j++) expForces[index][j] += drag[j];
else for(int j=0;j<3;j++) impForces[index][j] += drag[j];
}
}
}
void DiFeliceDrag::setForce() const
{
if (scaleDia_ > 1)
Info << "DiFeliceDrag using scale = " << scaleDia_ << endl;
else if (particleCloud_.cg() > 1){
scaleDia_=particleCloud_.cg();
Info << "DiFeliceDrag using scale from liggghts cg = " << scaleDia_ << endl;
}
// get viscosity field
#ifdef comp
const volScalarField nufField = particleCloud_.turbulence().mu() / rho_;
#else
const volScalarField& nufField = particleCloud_.turbulence().nu();
#endif
vector position(0,0,0);
scalar voidfraction(1);
vector Ufluid(0,0,0);
vector drag(0,0,0);
label cellI=0;
vector Us(0,0,0);
vector Ur(0,0,0);
scalar ds(0);
scalar nuf(0);
scalar rho(0);
scalar magUr(0);
scalar Rep(0);
scalar Cd(0);
vector UfluidFluct(0,0,0);
vector UsFluct(0,0,0);
vector dragExplicit(0,0,0);
scalar dragCoefficient(0);
interpolationCellPoint<scalar> voidfractionInterpolator_(voidfraction_);
interpolationCellPoint<vector> UInterpolator_(U_);
#include "setupProbeModel.H"
for(int index = 0;index < particleCloud_.numberOfParticles(); index++)
{
//if(mask[index][0])
//{
cellI = particleCloud_.cellIDs()[index][0];
drag = vector(0,0,0);
if (cellI > -1) // particle Found
{
if(interpolation_)
{
position = particleCloud_.position(index);
voidfraction = voidfractionInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
Ufluid = UInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
}else
{
voidfraction = voidfraction_[cellI];
Ufluid = U_[cellI];
}
Us = particleCloud_.velocity(index);
Ur = Ufluid-Us;
ds = 2*particleCloud_.radius(index);
nuf = nufField[cellI];
rho = rho_[cellI];
magUr = mag(Ur);
Rep = 0;
Cd = 0;
dragCoefficient = 0;
if (magUr > 0)
{
// calc particle Re Nr
Rep = ds/scaleDia_*voidfraction*magUr/(nuf+SMALL);
// calc fluid drag Coeff
Cd = sqr(0.63 + 4.8/sqrt(Rep));
// calc model coefficient Xi
scalar Xi = 3.7 - 0.65 * exp(-sqr(1.5-log10(Rep))/2);
// calc particle's drag
dragCoefficient = 0.125*Cd*rho
*M_PI
*ds*ds
*scaleDia_
*pow(voidfraction,(2-Xi))*magUr
*scaleDrag_;
if (modelType_=="B")
dragCoefficient /= voidfraction;
drag = dragCoefficient*Ur; //total drag force!
//Split forces
if(splitImplicitExplicit_)
{
UfluidFluct = Ufluid - U_[cellI];
UsFluct = Us - UsField_[cellI];
dragExplicit = dragCoefficient*(UfluidFluct - UsFluct); //explicit part of force
}
}
if(verbose_ && index >-1 && index <102)
{
Pout << "index = " << index << endl;
Pout << "Us = " << Us << endl;
Pout << "Ur = " << Ur << endl;
Pout << "ds/scale = " << ds/scaleDia_ << endl;
Pout << "rho = " << rho << endl;
Pout << "nuf = " << nuf << endl;
Pout << "voidfraction = " << voidfraction << endl;
Pout << "Rep = " << Rep << endl;
Pout << "Cd = " << Cd << endl;
Pout << "drag (total) = " << drag << endl;
if(splitImplicitExplicit_)
{
Pout << "UfluidFluct = " << UfluidFluct << endl;
Pout << "UsFluct = " << UsFluct << endl;
Pout << "dragExplicit = " << dragExplicit << endl;
}
}
//Set value fields and write the probe
if(probeIt_)
{
#include "setupProbeModelfields.H"
vValues.append(drag); //first entry must the be the force
vValues.append(Ur);
sValues.append(Rep);
sValues.append(Cd);
sValues.append(voidfraction);
particleCloud_.probeM().writeProbe(index, sValues, vValues);
}
}
// set force on particle
if(treatExplicit_) for(int j=0;j<3;j++) expForces()[index][j] += drag[j];
else //implicit treatment, taking explicit force contribution into account
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
impForces()[index][j] += drag[j] - dragExplicit[j]; //only consider implicit part!
expForces()[index][j] += dragExplicit[j];
}
}
for(int j=0;j<3;j++) DEMForces()[index][j] += drag[j];
}
//}
}
void CalculateDragForce
(
cfdemCloud& sm,
const volScalarField& alpf_,
const volVectorField& Uf_,
const volScalarField& rho_,
const bool& verbose_,
vectorField& DragForce_,
const labelListList& particleList_
)
{
// get viscosity field
#ifdef comp
const volScalarField nufField = sm.turbulence().mu()/rho_;
#else
const volScalarField& nufField = sm.turbulence().nu();
#endif
// Local variables
label cellI(-1);
vector drag(0,0,0);
vector Ufluid(0,0,0);
vector position(0,0,0);
scalar voidfraction(1);
vector Up(0,0,0);
vector Ur(0,0,0);
scalar ds(0);
scalar nuf(0);
scalar rhof(0);
vector WenYuDrag(0,0,0);
interpolationCellPoint<scalar> voidfractionInterpolator_(alpf_);
interpolationCellPoint<vector> UInterpolator_(Uf_);
//
//_AO_Parallel
DragForce_.resize(particleList_.size());
for(int ii =0; ii < particleList_.size(); ii++)
{
int index = particleList_[ii][0];
cellI = sm.cellIDs()[index][0];
drag = vector(0,0,0);
Ufluid = vector(0,0,0);
WenYuDrag = vector(0,0,0);
DragForce_[ii] = vector(0,0,0);
if (cellI > -1) // particle Found
{
position = sm.position(index);
if ( alpf_[cellI] > 1. ) Pout << " voidfraction > 1 " << alpf_[cellI] << endl;
voidfraction = voidfractionInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
Ufluid = UInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
if ( voidfraction > 1. )
{
Pout << " Int. voidfraction > 1 " << " value= " << voidfraction;
voidfraction = alpf_[cellI];
Pout << " mod. value = " << voidfraction << endl;
}
Up = sm.velocity(index);
Ur = Ufluid-Up;
ds = 2*sm.radius(index);
rhof = rho_[cellI];
nuf = nufField[cellI];
// Drag force
WenYuDragForce(Ur,ds,rhof,nuf,voidfraction,WenYuDrag);
if(verbose_ && index <= 1)
{
Info << "" << endl;
Pout << " index = " << index << endl;
Pout << " position = " << position << endl;
Pout << " Up = " << Up << endl;
Pout << " Ur = " << Ur << endl;
Pout << " dp = " << ds << endl;
Pout << " rho = " << rhof << endl;
Pout << " nuf = " << nuf << endl;
Pout << " voidfraction = " << voidfraction << endl;
Pout << " drag = " << WenYuDrag << endl;
Info << " " << endl;
}
}
for(int j=0;j<3;j++) DragForce_[ii][j] = WenYuDrag[j];
}
}
void EulerianParticleVelocityForce
(
cfdemCloud& sm,
const fvMesh& mesh,
volVectorField& Uf_,
volVectorField& Up_,
volScalarField& rho_,
volScalarField& alpf_,
volScalarField& Pg_,
volVectorField& MappedDragForce_,
const labelListList& particleList_,
const bool& weighting_
)
{
// Neighbouring cells
CPCCellToCellStencil neighbourCells(mesh);
// get viscosity field
#ifdef comp
const volScalarField nufField = sm.turbulence().mu()/rho_;
#else
const volScalarField& nufField = sm.turbulence().nu();
#endif
// Gas pressure gradient
volVectorField gradPg_ = fvc::grad(Pg_);
interpolationCellPoint<vector> gradPgInterpolator_(gradPg_);
// Local variables
label cellID(-1);
vector drag(0,0,0);
vector Ufluid(0,0,0);
vector position(0,0,0);
scalar voidfraction(1);
vector Up(0,0,0);
vector Ur(0,0,0);
scalar ds(0);
scalar nuf(0);
scalar rhof(0);
vector WenYuDrag(0,0,0);
interpolationCellPoint<scalar> voidfractionInterpolator_(alpf_);
interpolationCellPoint<vector> UInterpolator_(Uf_);
scalar dist_s(0);
scalar sumWeights(0);
scalarField weightScalar(27,scalar(0.0));
Field <Field <scalar> > particleWeights(particleList_.size(),weightScalar);
//Info << " particle size " << particleList_.size() << endl;
// Number of particle in a cell
scalarField np(mesh.cells().size(),scalar(0));
// Particle volume
scalar Volp(0);
vector gradPg_int(0,0,0);
for(int ii = 0; ii < particleList_.size(); ii++)
{
int index = particleList_[ii][0];
cellID = sm.cellIDs()[index][0];
position = sm.position(index);
Ufluid = UInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellID);
Up = sm.velocity(index);
Ur = Ufluid-Up;
ds = 2*sm.radius(index);
// Calculate WenYu Drag
voidfraction = voidfractionInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellID);
nuf = nufField[cellID];
rhof = rho_[cellID];
WenYuDragForce(Ur,ds,rhof,nuf,voidfraction,WenYuDrag);
Volp = ds*ds*ds*M_PI/6;
gradPg_int = gradPgInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellID);
//if (cellID > -1) // particle centre is in domain
//{
if(weighting_)
{
labelList& cellsNeigh = neighbourCells[cellID];
sumWeights = 0;
dist_s = 0;
//Info << " index = " << index << " ii = " << ii << " cellID = " << cellID << endl;
forAll(cellsNeigh,jj)
{
// Find distances between particle and neighbouring cells
dist_s = mag(sm.mesh().C()[cellsNeigh[jj]]-position)/pow(sm.mesh().V()[cellsNeigh[jj]],1./3.);
if(dist_s <= 0.5)
{
particleWeights[ii][jj] = 1./4.*pow(dist_s,4)-5./8.*pow(dist_s,2)+115./192.;
}
else if (dist_s > 0.5 && dist_s <= 1.5)
{
particleWeights[ii][jj] = -1./6.*pow(dist_s,4)+5./6.*pow(dist_s,3)-5./4.*pow(dist_s,2)+5./24.*dist_s+55./96.;
}
else if (dist_s > 1.5 && dist_s <= 2.5)
{
particleWeights[ii][jj] = pow(2.5-dist_s,4)/24.;
}
else
{
particleWeights[ii][jj] = 0;
}
sumWeights += particleWeights[ii][jj];
}
forAll(cellsNeigh,jj)
{
if ( sumWeights != 0 )
{
Up_[cellID] += Up*particleWeights[ii][jj]/sumWeights;
MappedDragForce_[cellID] += (WenYuDrag + Volp * gradPg_int) * particleWeights[ii][jj]/sumWeights;
}
else
{
Up_[cellID] = vector(0,0,0);
MappedDragForce_[cellID] = vector(0,0,0);
}
}
}
else
{
void BeetstraDrag::setForce() const
{
scale_=cg();
Info << "BeetstraDrag using scale from liggghts cg = " << scale_ << endl;
// get viscosity field
#ifdef comp
const volScalarField nufField = particleCloud_.turbulence().mu()/rho_;
#else
const volScalarField& nufField = particleCloud_.turbulence().nu();
#endif
vector position(0,0,0);
scalar voidfraction(1);
vector Ufluid(0,0,0);
vector drag(0,0,0);
label cellI=0;
scalar beta(0);
vector Us(0,0,0);
vector Ur(0,0,0);
scalar ds(0);
scalar nuf(0);
scalar rho(0);
scalar magUr(0);
scalar Rep(0);
scalar Vs(0);
scalar localPhiP(0);
scalar filterDragPrefactor(1.0);
scalar cCorrParcelSize_(1.0) ;
scalar vCell(0);
scalar FfFilterPrime(1);
scalar F0=0.;
scalar G0=0.;
interpolationCellPoint<scalar> voidfractionInterpolator_(voidfraction_);
interpolationCellPoint<vector> UInterpolator_(U_);
#include "setupProbeModel.H"
for(int index = 0;index < particleCloud_.numberOfParticles(); index++)
{
//if(mask[index][0])
//{
cellI = particleCloud_.cellIDs()[index][0];
drag = vector(0,0,0);
Ufluid= vector(0,0,0);
if (cellI > -1) // particle Found
{
if(interpolation_)
{
position = particleCloud_.position(index);
voidfraction = voidfractionInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
Ufluid = UInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
//Ensure interpolated void fraction to be meaningful
// Info << " --> voidfraction: " << voidfraction << endl;
if(voidfraction>1.00) voidfraction = 1.00;
if(voidfraction<0.10) voidfraction = 0.10;
}
else
{
voidfraction = voidfraction_[cellI];
Ufluid = U_[cellI];
}
Us = particleCloud_.velocity(index);
Ur = Ufluid-Us;
ds = 2*particleCloud_.radius(index);
dPrim_ = ds/scale_;
nuf = nufField[cellI];
rho = rho_[cellI];
magUr = mag(Ur);
Rep = 0;
Vs = ds*ds*ds*M_PI/6;
localPhiP = 1-voidfraction+SMALL;
vCell = U_.mesh().V()[cellI];
if (magUr > 0)
{
// calc particle Re Nr
Rep = dPrim_*voidfraction*magUr/(nuf+SMALL);
// 3 - C - 1 - In this section we could insert parameters
// or functions
// that come from a database
// calc model coefficient F0
F0 = 10.f * localPhiP / voidfraction / voidfraction
+ voidfraction * voidfraction * ( 1.0+1.5*sqrt(localPhiP) );
// calc model coefficient G0
G0 = 0.01720833 * Rep / voidfraction / voidfraction //0.0172083 = 0.413/24
* ( 1.0 / voidfraction + 3.0 * localPhiP * voidfraction + 8.4
* powf(Rep,-0.343) )
/ ( 1.0 + powf( 10., 3.0* localPhiP )
* powf( Rep,-(1.0+4.0*localPhiP)/2.0 ) );
// calc model coefficient beta
beta = 18.*nuf*rho/(dPrim_*dPrim_)
*voidfraction
*(F0 + G0);
//Apply filtered drag correction
if(useFilteredDragModel_)
{
FfFilterPrime = FfFilterFunc(
filtDragParamsLChar2_,
vCell,
0
);
filterDragPrefactor = 1 - fFuncFilteredDrag(FfFilterPrime, localPhiP)
* hFuncFilteredDrag(localPhiP);
beta *= filterDragPrefactor;
}
if(useParcelSizeDependentFilteredDrag_) //Apply filtered drag correction
{
scalar dParceldPrim = scale_;
cCorrParcelSize_ =
cCorrFunctionFilteredDrag(
filtDragParamsK_,
filtDragParamsALimit_,
filtDragParamsAExponent_,
localPhiP,
dParceldPrim
);
beta *= cCorrParcelSize_;
}
// calc particle's drag
drag = Vs * beta * Ur;
if (modelType_=="B")
drag /= voidfraction;
}
// 3 - C - 2 - This is a standardized debug and report section
if( verbose_ ) //&& index>100 && index < 105)
{
Info << "index / cellI = " << index << tab << cellI << endl;
Info << "position = " << particleCloud_.position(index) << endl;
Info << "Us = " << Us << endl;
Info << "Ur = " << Ur << endl;
Info << "ds = " << ds << endl;
Info << "rho = " << rho << endl;
Info << "nuf = " << nuf << endl;
Info << "voidfraction = " << voidfraction << endl;
Info << "voidfraction_[cellI]: " << voidfraction_[cellI] << endl;
Info << "Rep = " << Rep << endl;
Info << "filterDragPrefactor = " << filterDragPrefactor << endl;
Info << "fFuncFilteredDrag: " << fFuncFilteredDrag(FfFilterPrime, localPhiP) << endl;
Info << "hFuncFilteredDrag: " << hFuncFilteredDrag(localPhiP) << endl;
Info << "cCorrParcelSize: " << cCorrParcelSize_ << endl;
Info << "F0 / G0: " << F0 << tab << G0 << endl;
Info << "beta: " << beta << endl;
Info << "drag = " << drag << endl;
Info << "\nBeetstra drag model settings: treatExplicit " << treatExplicit_ << tab
<< "verbose: " << verbose_ << tab
<< "dPrim: " << dPrim_ << tab
<< "interpolation: " << interpolation_ << tab
<< "filteredDragM: " << useFilteredDragModel_ << tab
<< "parcelSizeDepDrag: " << useParcelSizeDependentFilteredDrag_
<< endl << endl;
}
//Set value fields and write the probe
if(probeIt_)
{
#include "setupProbeModelfields.H"
vValues.append(drag); //first entry must the be the force
vValues.append(Ur);
sValues.append(Rep);
sValues.append(beta);
sValues.append(voidfraction);
sValues.append(filterDragPrefactor);
particleCloud_.probeM().writeProbe(index, sValues, vValues);
}
}
// set force on particle
if(treatExplicit_) for(int j=0;j<3;j++) expForces()[index][j] += drag[j];
else for(int j=0;j<3;j++) impForces()[index][j] += drag[j];
// set Cd
if(implDEM_)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++) fluidVel()[index][j]=Ufluid[j];
if (modelType_=="B")
Cds()[index][0] = Vs*beta/voidfraction;
else
Cds()[index][0] = Vs*beta;
}else{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++) DEMForces()[index][j] += drag[j];
}
//}
}
}
void GidaspowDrag::setForce() const
{
if (scaleDia_ > 1)
Info << "Gidaspow using scale = " << scaleDia_ << endl;
else if (particleCloud_.cg() > 1){
scaleDia_=particleCloud_.cg();
Info << "Gidaspow using scale from liggghts cg = " << scaleDia_ << endl;
}
// get viscosity field
#ifdef comp
const volScalarField nufField = particleCloud_.turbulence().mu() / rho_;
#else
const volScalarField& nufField = particleCloud_.turbulence().nu();
#endif
vector position(0,0,0);
scalar voidfraction(1);
vector Ufluid(0,0,0);
vector drag(0,0,0);
label cellI=0;
vector Us(0,0,0);
vector Uturb(0,0,0);
vector Ur(0,0,0);
scalar ds(0);
scalar nuf(0);
scalar rho(0);
scalar magUr(0);
scalar Rep(0);
scalar Vs(0);
scalar localPhiP(0);
scalar CdMagUrLag(0); //Cd of the very particle
scalar KslLag(0); //momentum exchange of the very particle (per unit volume)
scalar betaP(0); //momentum exchange of the very particle
interpolationCellPoint<scalar> voidfractionInterpolator_(voidfraction_);
interpolationCellPoint<vector> UInterpolator_(U_);
#include "setupProbeModel.H"
for(int index = 0;index < particleCloud_.numberOfParticles(); ++index)
{
//if(mask[index][0])
//{
cellI = particleCloud_.cellIDs()[index][0];
drag = vector(0,0,0);
betaP = 0;
Vs = 0;
Ufluid =vector(0,0,0);
voidfraction=0;
if (cellI > -1) // particle Found
{
position = particleCloud_.position(index);
if(interpolation_)
{
//position = particleCloud_.position(index);
voidfraction = voidfractionInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
Ufluid = UInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
//Ensure interpolated void fraction to be meaningful
// Info << " --> voidfraction: " << voidfraction << endl;
if(voidfraction>1.00) voidfraction = 1.0;
if(voidfraction<0.10) voidfraction = 0.10;
}
else
{
voidfraction = voidfraction_[cellI];
Ufluid = U_[cellI];
}
Us = particleCloud_.velocity(index);
Ur = Ufluid-Us;
//accounting for turbulent dispersion
if(particleCloud_.dispersionM().isActive())
{
Uturb=particleCloud_.fluidTurbVel(index);
Ur=(Ufluid+Uturb)-Us;
}
magUr = mag(Ur);
ds = 2*particleCloud_.radius(index)*phi_;
rho = rho_[cellI];
nuf = nufField[cellI];
Rep=0.0;
localPhiP = 1.0f-voidfraction+SMALL;
Vs = ds*ds*ds*M_PI/6;
//Compute specific drag coefficient (i.e., Force per unit slip velocity and per m³ SUSPENSION)
//Wen and Yu, 1966
if(voidfraction > 0.8) //dilute
{
Rep=ds/scaleDia_*voidfraction*magUr/nuf;
CdMagUrLag = (24.0*nuf/(ds/scaleDia_*voidfraction)) //1/magUr missing here, but compensated in expression for KslLag!
*(scalar(1)+0.15*Foam::pow(Rep, 0.687));
KslLag = 0.75*(
rho*localPhiP*voidfraction*CdMagUrLag
/
(ds/scaleDia_*Foam::pow(voidfraction,2.65))
);
}
//Ergun, 1952
else //dense
{
KslLag = (150*Foam::pow(localPhiP,2)*nuf*rho)/
(voidfraction*ds/scaleDia_*ds/scaleDia_+SMALL)
+
(1.75*(localPhiP) * magUr * rho)/
((ds/scaleDia_));
}
// calc particle's drag coefficient (i.e., Force per unit slip velocity and per m³ PARTICLE)
betaP = KslLag / localPhiP;
// calc particle's drag
drag = Vs * betaP * Ur * scaleDrag_;
if (modelType_=="B")
drag /= voidfraction;
if(verbose_ && index >=0 && index <1)
{
Pout << " "<< endl;
Pout << "Gidaspow drag force verbose: " << endl;
Pout << "magUr = " << magUr << endl;
Pout << "localPhiP = " << localPhiP << endl;
Pout << "CdMagUrLag = " << CdMagUrLag << endl;
Pout << "treatExplicit_ = " << treatExplicit_ << endl;
Pout << "implDEM_ = " << implDEM_ << endl;
Pout << "modelType_ = " << modelType_ << endl;
Pout << "KslLag = " << KslLag << endl;
Pout << "cellI = " << cellI << endl;
Pout << "index = " << index << endl;
Pout << "Ufluid = " << Ufluid << endl;
Pout << "Uturb = " << Uturb << endl;
Pout << "Us = " << Us << endl;
Pout << "Ur = " << Ur << endl;
Pout << "Vs = " << Vs << endl;
Pout << "ds = " << ds << endl;
Pout << "ds/scale = " << ds/scaleDia_ << endl;
Pout << "phi = " << phi_ << endl;
Pout << "rho = " << rho << endl;
Pout << "nuf = " << nuf << endl;
Pout << "voidfraction = " << voidfraction << endl;
Pout << "Rep = " << Rep << endl;
Pout << "localPhiP = " << localPhiP << endl;
Pout << "betaP = " << betaP << endl;
Pout << "drag = " << drag << endl;
Pout << "position = " << position << endl;
Pout << " "<< endl;
}
//Set value fields and write the probe
if(probeIt_)
{
#include "setupProbeModelfields.H"
vValues.append(drag); //first entry must the be the force
vValues.append(Ur);
sValues.append(Rep);
sValues.append(betaP);
sValues.append(voidfraction);
particleCloud_.probeM().writeProbe(index, sValues, vValues);
}
}
// set force on particle
//treatExplicit_ = false by default
if(treatExplicit_) for(int j=0;j<3;j++) expForces()[index][j] += drag[j];
else for(int j=0;j<3;j++) impForces()[index][j] += drag[j];
// set Cd
//implDEM_ = false by default
if(implDEM_)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++) fluidVel()[index][j]=Ufluid[j];
if (modelType_=="B" && cellI > -1)
Cds()[index][0] = Vs*betaP/voidfraction*scaleDrag_;
else
Cds()[index][0] = Vs*betaP*scaleDrag_;
}else{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++) DEMForces()[index][j] += drag[j];
}
//}// end if mask
}// end loop particles
}
void Foam::kineticTheoryModel::solve(const volTensorField& gradUat)
{
if (!kineticTheory_)
{
return;
}
const scalar sqrtPi = sqrt(constant::mathematical::pi);
surfaceScalarField phi(1.5*rhoa_*phia_*fvc::interpolate(alpha_));
volTensorField dU(gradUat.T()); //fvc::grad(Ua_);
volSymmTensorField D(symm(dU));
// NB, drag = K*alpha*beta,
// (the alpha and beta has been extracted from the drag function for
// numerical reasons)
volScalarField Ur(mag(Ua_ - Ub_));
volScalarField betaPrim(alpha_*(1.0 - alpha_)*draga_.K(Ur));
// Calculating the radial distribution function (solid volume fraction is
// limited close to the packing limit, but this needs improvements)
// The solution is higly unstable close to the packing limit.
gs0_ = radialModel_->g0
(
min(max(alpha_, scalar(1e-6)), alphaMax_ - 0.01),
alphaMax_
);
// particle pressure - coefficient in front of Theta (Eq. 3.22, p. 45)
volScalarField PsCoeff
(
granularPressureModel_->granularPressureCoeff
(
alpha_,
gs0_,
rhoa_,
e_
)
);
// 'thermal' conductivity (Table 3.3, p. 49)
kappa_ = conductivityModel_->kappa(alpha_, Theta_, gs0_, rhoa_, da_, e_);
// particle viscosity (Table 3.2, p.47)
mua_ = viscosityModel_->mua(alpha_, Theta_, gs0_, rhoa_, da_, e_);
dimensionedScalar Tsmall
(
"small",
dimensionSet(0 , 2 ,-2 ,0 , 0, 0, 0),
1.0e-6
);
dimensionedScalar TsmallSqrt = sqrt(Tsmall);
volScalarField ThetaSqrt(sqrt(Theta_));
// dissipation (Eq. 3.24, p.50)
volScalarField gammaCoeff
(
12.0*(1.0 - sqr(e_))*sqr(alpha_)*rhoa_*gs0_*(1.0/da_)*ThetaSqrt/sqrtPi
);
// Eq. 3.25, p. 50 Js = J1 - J2
volScalarField J1(3.0*betaPrim);
volScalarField J2
(
0.25*sqr(betaPrim)*da_*sqr(Ur)
/(max(alpha_, scalar(1e-6))*rhoa_*sqrtPi*(ThetaSqrt + TsmallSqrt))
);
// bulk viscosity p. 45 (Lun et al. 1984).
lambda_ = (4.0/3.0)*sqr(alpha_)*rhoa_*da_*gs0_*(1.0+e_)*ThetaSqrt/sqrtPi;
// stress tensor, Definitions, Table 3.1, p. 43
volSymmTensorField tau(2.0*mua_*D + (lambda_ - (2.0/3.0)*mua_)*tr(D)*I);
if (!equilibrium_)
{
// construct the granular temperature equation (Eq. 3.20, p. 44)
// NB. note that there are two typos in Eq. 3.20
// no grad infront of Ps
// wrong sign infront of laplacian
fvScalarMatrix ThetaEqn
(
fvm::ddt(1.5*alpha_*rhoa_, Theta_)
+ fvm::div(phi, Theta_, "div(phi,Theta)")
==
fvm::SuSp(-((PsCoeff*I) && dU), Theta_)
+ (tau && dU)
+ fvm::laplacian(kappa_, Theta_, "laplacian(kappa,Theta)")
+ fvm::Sp(-gammaCoeff, Theta_)
+ fvm::Sp(-J1, Theta_)
+ fvm::Sp(J2/(Theta_ + Tsmall), Theta_)
);
ThetaEqn.relax();
ThetaEqn.solve();
}
else
{
// equilibrium => dissipation == production
// Eq. 4.14, p.82
volScalarField K1(2.0*(1.0 + e_)*rhoa_*gs0_);
volScalarField K3
(
0.5*da_*rhoa_*
(
(sqrtPi/(3.0*(3.0-e_)))
*(1.0 + 0.4*(1.0 + e_)*(3.0*e_ - 1.0)*alpha_*gs0_)
+1.6*alpha_*gs0_*(1.0 + e_)/sqrtPi
)
);
volScalarField K2
(
4.0*da_*rhoa_*(1.0 + e_)*alpha_*gs0_/(3.0*sqrtPi) - 2.0*K3/3.0
);
volScalarField K4(12.0*(1.0 - sqr(e_))*rhoa_*gs0_/(da_*sqrtPi));
volScalarField trD(tr(D));
volScalarField tr2D(sqr(trD));
volScalarField trD2(tr(D & D));
volScalarField t1(K1*alpha_ + rhoa_);
volScalarField l1(-t1*trD);
volScalarField l2(sqr(t1)*tr2D);
volScalarField l3
(
4.0
*K4
*max(alpha_, scalar(1e-6))
*(2.0*K3*trD2 + K2*tr2D)
);
Theta_ = sqr((l1 + sqrt(l2 + l3))/(2.0*(alpha_ + 1.0e-4)*K4));
}
Theta_.max(1.0e-15);
Theta_.min(1.0e+3);
volScalarField pf
(
frictionalStressModel_->frictionalPressure
(
alpha_,
alphaMinFriction_,
alphaMax_,
Fr_,
eta_,
p_
)
);
PsCoeff += pf/(Theta_+Tsmall);
PsCoeff.min(1.0e+10);
PsCoeff.max(-1.0e+10);
// update particle pressure
pa_ = PsCoeff*Theta_;
// frictional shear stress, Eq. 3.30, p. 52
volScalarField muf
(
frictionalStressModel_->muf
(
alpha_,
alphaMax_,
pf,
D,
phi_
)
);
// add frictional stress
mua_ += muf;
mua_.min(1.0e+2);
mua_.max(0.0);
Info<< "kinTheory: max(Theta) = " << max(Theta_).value() << endl;
volScalarField ktn(mua_/rhoa_);
Info<< "kinTheory: min(nua) = " << min(ktn).value()
<< ", max(nua) = " << max(ktn).value() << endl;
Info<< "kinTheory: min(pa) = " << min(pa_).value()
<< ", max(pa) = " << max(pa_).value() << endl;
}
void KochHillDrag::setForce() const
{
if (scaleDia_ > 1)
Info << "KochHill using scale = " << scaleDia_ << endl;
else if (particleCloud_.cg() > 1){
scaleDia_=particleCloud_.cg();
Info << "KochHill using scale from liggghts cg = " << scaleDia_ << endl;
}
// get viscosity field
#ifdef comp
const volScalarField nufField = particleCloud_.turbulence().mu()/rho_;
#else
const volScalarField& nufField = particleCloud_.turbulence().nu();
#endif
vector position(0,0,0);
scalar voidfraction(1);
vector Ufluid(0,0,0);
vector drag(0,0,0);
label cellI=0;
vector Us(0,0,0);
vector Ur(0,0,0);
scalar ds(0);
scalar nuf(0);
scalar rho(0);
scalar magUr(0);
scalar Rep(0);
scalar Vs(0);
scalar volumefraction(0);
scalar betaP(0);
interpolationCellPoint<scalar> voidfractionInterpolator_(voidfraction_);
interpolationCellPoint<vector> UInterpolator_(U_);
#include "setupProbeModel.H"
for(int index = 0;index < particleCloud_.numberOfParticles(); index++)
{
//if(mask[index][0])
//{
cellI = particleCloud_.cellIDs()[index][0];
drag = vector(0,0,0);
betaP = 0;
Vs = 0;
Ufluid =vector(0,0,0);
voidfraction=0;
if (cellI > -1) // particle Found
{
if(interpolation_)
{
position = particleCloud_.position(index);
voidfraction = voidfractionInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
Ufluid = UInterpolator_.interpolate(position,cellI);
//Ensure interpolated void fraction to be meaningful
// Info << " --> voidfraction: " << voidfraction << endl;
if(voidfraction>1.00) voidfraction = 1.00;
if(voidfraction<0.40) voidfraction = 0.40;
}else
{
voidfraction = voidfraction_[cellI];
Ufluid = U_[cellI];
}
Us = particleCloud_.velocity(index);
Ur = Ufluid-Us;
ds = particleCloud_.d(index);
nuf = nufField[cellI];
rho = rho_[cellI];
magUr = mag(Ur);
Rep = 0;
Vs = ds*ds*ds*M_PI/6;
volumefraction = 1-voidfraction+SMALL;
if (magUr > 0)
{
// calc particle Re Nr
Rep = ds/scaleDia_*voidfraction*magUr/(nuf+SMALL);
// calc model coefficient F0
scalar F0=0.;
if(volumefraction < 0.4)
{
F0 = (1+3*sqrt((volumefraction)/2)+135/64*volumefraction*log(volumefraction)
+16.14*volumefraction
)/
(1+0.681*volumefraction-8.48*sqr(volumefraction)
+8.16*volumefraction*volumefraction*volumefraction
);
} else {
F0 = 10*volumefraction/(voidfraction*voidfraction*voidfraction);
}
// calc model coefficient F3
scalar F3 = 0.0673+0.212*volumefraction+0.0232/pow(voidfraction,5);
//Calculate F
scalar F = voidfraction * (F0 + 0.5*F3*Rep);
// calc drag model coefficient betaP
betaP = 18.*nuf*rho/(ds/scaleDia_*ds/scaleDia_)*voidfraction*F;
// calc particle's drag
drag = Vs*betaP*Ur*scaleDrag_;
if (modelType_=="B")
drag /= voidfraction;
}
if(verbose_ && index >=0 && index <2)
{
Pout << "cellI = " << cellI << endl;
Pout << "index = " << index << endl;
Pout << "Us = " << Us << endl;
Pout << "Ur = " << Ur << endl;
Pout << "ds = " << ds << endl;
Pout << "ds/scale = " << ds/scaleDia_ << endl;
Pout << "rho = " << rho << endl;
Pout << "nuf = " << nuf << endl;
Pout << "voidfraction = " << voidfraction << endl;
Pout << "Rep = " << Rep << endl;
Pout << "betaP = " << betaP << endl;
Pout << "drag = " << drag << endl;
}
//Set value fields and write the probe
if(probeIt_)
{
#include "setupProbeModelfields.H"
vValues.append(drag); //first entry must the be the force
vValues.append(Ur);
sValues.append(Rep);
sValues.append(betaP);
sValues.append(voidfraction);
particleCloud_.probeM().writeProbe(index, sValues, vValues);
}
}
// set force on particle
if(treatExplicit_) for(int j=0;j<3;j++) expForces()[index][j] += drag[j];
else for(int j=0;j<3;j++) impForces()[index][j] += drag[j];
// set Cd
if(implDEM_)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++) fluidVel()[index][j]=Ufluid[j];
if (modelType_=="B" && cellI > -1)
Cds()[index][0] = Vs*betaP/voidfraction*scaleDrag_;
else
Cds()[index][0] = Vs*betaP*scaleDrag_;
}else{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++) DEMForces()[index][j] += drag[j];
}
//}
}
}