int
main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
ROSE_INITIALIZE;
Diagnostics::initAndRegister(&::mlog, "tool");
Settings settings;
P2::Engine engine;
engine.doingPostAnalysis(false); // not needed by this tool
std::vector<std::string> specimens = parseCommandLine(argc, argv, engine, settings);
P2::Partitioner partitioner = engine.partition(specimens);
if (settings.traceInsns || settings.traceSemantics)
::mlog[TRACE].enable();
// Find the string decoder.
if (!partitioner.functionExists(settings.decoderVa)) {
::mlog[FATAL] <<"cannot find decoder function at " <<StringUtility::addrToString(settings.decoderVa) <<"\n";
exit(1);
}
if (settings.synthesized) {
processSynthesizedCalls(partitioner, settings);
} else {
processExistingCalls(partitioner, settings);
}
}
static void
processExistingCalls(const P2::Partitioner &partitioner, const Settings &settings) {
P2::ControlFlowGraph::ConstVertexIterator decoderVertex = partitioner.findPlaceholder(settings.decoderVa);
ASSERT_require(partitioner.cfg().isValidVertex(decoderVertex));
VirtualMachine vm(partitioner, settings);
// Find all calls to the decoder function
BOOST_FOREACH (const P2::ControlFlowGraph::Edge &edge, decoderVertex->inEdges()) {
if (edge.value().type() != P2::E_FUNCTION_CALL)
continue;
const P2::ControlFlowGraph::ConstVertexIterator caller = edge.source();
if (caller->value().type() != P2::V_BASIC_BLOCK || caller->value().bblock()==NULL)
continue;
::mlog[TRACE] <<"decoder called at " <<partitioner.edgeName(edge) <<"\n";
// Reset the virtual machine
vm.reset(partitioner.memoryMap());
vm.setIp(caller->value().address());
// Decoder return addresses
std::set<rose_addr_t> breakpoints;
BOOST_FOREACH (const P2::ControlFlowGraph::ConstEdgeIterator &callret, P2::findCallReturnEdges(caller)) {
const P2::ControlFlowGraph::ConstVertexIterator returnVertex = callret->target();
if (returnVertex->value().type() == P2::V_BASIC_BLOCK)
breakpoints.insert(returnVertex->value().address());
}
// Execute until the return address
rose_addr_t resultVa = 0;
std::string stringId;
breakpoints.insert(settings.decoderVa);
while (1) {
rose_addr_t ip = 0;
try {
ip = vm.run(partitioner, settings, breakpoints);
} catch (const std::runtime_error &e) {
::mlog[WARN] <<StringUtility::addrToString(ip) <<": " <<e.what() <<"\n";
break;
}
if (ip == settings.decoderVa) {
// When entering the decoder, save [esp+0xc] since this is the address of the decoded string.
breakpoints.erase(settings.decoderVa);
if (settings.showCall)
std::cout <<"(" <<partitioner.edgeName(edge) <<")" <<arguments(vm, settings.showCall) <<"\n";
stringId = "string-" + StringUtility::numberToString(vm.argument(0)->get_number());
resultVa = vm.argument(2)->get_number();
} else {
// When leaving the decoder, print the decoded string
std::string str = vm.readString(resultVa);
std::cout <<stringId <<"\t\"" <<StringUtility::cEscape(str) <<"\"\n";
break;
}
}
}
}
//! [basicReadTest]
static void
basicReadTest(const P2::Partitioner &partitioner) {
std::cout <<"\n" <<std::string(40, '=') <<"\nbasicReadTest\n" <<std::string(40, '=') <<"\n";
SymbolicSemantics::Formatter fmt;
fmt.set_line_prefix(" ");
// Create the RiscOperators and the initial state.
const RegisterDictionary *regdict = partitioner.instructionProvider().registerDictionary();
const RegisterDescriptor REG = partitioner.instructionProvider().stackPointerRegister();
const std::string REG_NAME = RegisterNames(regdict)(REG);
BaseSemantics::RiscOperatorsPtr ops = SymbolicSemantics::RiscOperators::instance(regdict);
ops->currentState()->memoryState()->set_byteOrder(partitioner.instructionProvider().defaultByteOrder());
BaseSemantics::StatePtr initialState = ops->currentState()->clone();
ops->initialState(initialState); // lazily evaluated initial state
std::cout <<"Initial state before reading:\n" <<(*initialState+fmt);
// Read some memory and a register, which should cause them to spring into existence in both the current state and the
// initial state.
BaseSemantics::SValuePtr addr1 = ops->number_(32, 0);
BaseSemantics::SValuePtr dflt1m = ops->number_(32, 0x11223344);
BaseSemantics::SValuePtr read1m = ops->readMemory(RegisterDescriptor(), addr1, dflt1m, ops->boolean_(true));
BaseSemantics::SValuePtr dflt1r = ops->undefined_(REG.get_nbits());
BaseSemantics::SValuePtr read1r = ops->readRegister(REG, dflt1r);
std::cout <<"Initial state after reading " <<*read1m <<" from address " <<*addr1 <<"\n"
<<"and " <<*read1r <<" from " <<REG_NAME <<"\n"
<<(*initialState+fmt);
ASSERT_always_require(read1m->must_equal(dflt1m));
ASSERT_always_require(read1r->must_equal(dflt1r));
// Create a new current state and read again. We should get the same value even though the current state is empty.
BaseSemantics::StatePtr curState = ops->currentState()->clone();
curState->clear();
ops->currentState(curState);
BaseSemantics::SValuePtr dflt2m = ops->number_(32, 0x55667788);
BaseSemantics::SValuePtr read2m = ops->readMemory(RegisterDescriptor(), addr1, dflt2m, ops->boolean_(true));
BaseSemantics::SValuePtr dflt2r = ops->undefined_(REG.get_nbits());
BaseSemantics::SValuePtr read2r = ops->readRegister(REG, dflt2r);
std::cout <<"Initial state after reading " <<*read2m <<" from address " <<*addr1 <<"\n"
<<"and " <<*read2r <<" from " <<REG_NAME <<"\n"
<<(*initialState+fmt);
ASSERT_always_require(read1m->must_equal(read2m));
ASSERT_always_require(read1r->must_equal(read2r));
// Disable the initial state. If we re-read the same address we'll still get the same result because it's now present in
// the current state also.
ops->initialState(BaseSemantics::StatePtr());
BaseSemantics::SValuePtr dflt3m = ops->number_(32, 0x99aabbcc);
BaseSemantics::SValuePtr read3m = ops->readMemory(RegisterDescriptor(), addr1, dflt3m, ops->boolean_(true));
BaseSemantics::SValuePtr dflt3r = ops->undefined_(REG.get_nbits());
BaseSemantics::SValuePtr read3r = ops->readRegister(REG, dflt3r);
ASSERT_always_require(read1m->must_equal(read3m));
ASSERT_always_require(read1r->must_equal(read3r));
}
static void
processSynthesizedCalls(const P2::Partitioner &partitioner, const Settings &settings) {
const rose_addr_t lengthVa = settings.stackVa + 0x1000; // arbitrary address (at least 4 bytes of space)
const rose_addr_t resultVa = settings.stackVa + 0x1010; // arbitrary address (at least 104 bytes of space)
VirtualMachine vm(partitioner, settings); // virtual machine using concrete semantics
for (size_t strId=1; strId<=0x7a; ++strId) {
vm.reset(partitioner.memoryMap()); // reset virtual machine to initial conditions
vm.writeMemory(lengthVa, 0x68); // limited length
vm.push(resultVa); // arg #3 is the address of the decoded string's buffer
vm.push(lengthVa); // arg #2 is the returned length of the decoded string
vm.push(strId); // arg #1 is the string id number in [1 .. 0x7a]
vm.push(vm.returnMarker()); // to know when to stop
vm.setIp(settings.decoderVa); // starting postion
if (settings.showCall)
std::cout <<"(*" <<StringUtility::addrToString(settings.decoderVa) <<")" <<arguments(vm, settings.showCall) <<"\n";
try {
vm.run(partitioner, settings); // run until returnMarker is executed
} catch (const std::runtime_error &e) {
::mlog[WARN] <<e.what() <<"\n";
continue;
}
std::string str = vm.readString(resultVa); // read the NUL-terminated string
std::cout <<"string-" <<std::hex <<strId <<std::dec <<"\t\"" <<StringUtility::cEscape(str) <<"\"\n";
}
}
VirtualMachine(const P2::Partitioner &partitioner, const Settings &settings)
: wordSize_(0), stackVa_(settings.stackVa), returnMarker_(0xbeef0967) {
const RegisterDictionary *regs = partitioner.instructionProvider().registerDictionary();
ops_ = ConcreteSemantics::RiscOperators::instance(regs);
if (settings.traceSemantics) {
BaseSemantics::RiscOperatorsPtr traceOps = TraceSemantics::RiscOperators::instance(ops_);
cpu_ = partitioner.newDispatcher(traceOps);
} else {
cpu_ = partitioner.newDispatcher(ops_);
}
if (cpu_==NULL)
throw std::runtime_error("no semantics for architecture");
regIp_ = partitioner.instructionProvider().instructionPointerRegister();
regSp_ = partitioner.instructionProvider().stackPointerRegister();
regSs_ = partitioner.instructionProvider().stackSegmentRegister();
wordSize_ = regIp_.get_nbits();
}
rose_addr_t run(const P2::Partitioner &partitioner, const Settings &settings,
const std::set<rose_addr_t> &breakpoints = std::set<rose_addr_t>()) {
for (size_t nInsns=0; nInsns<settings.insnLimit; ++nInsns) {
rose_addr_t ip = ops_->readRegister(regIp_)->get_number();
if (ip == returnMarker_ || (nInsns>0 && breakpoints.find(ip)!=breakpoints.end()))
return ip;
SgAsmInstruction *insn = partitioner.instructionProvider()[ip];
if (!insn)
throw std::runtime_error("no instruction at " + StringUtility::addrToString(ip));
if (settings.traceInsns && ::mlog[TRACE])
::mlog[TRACE] <<unparseInstructionWithAddress(insn) <<"\n";
cpu_->processInstruction(insn);
}
throw std::runtime_error("execution limit exceeded ("+StringUtility::plural(settings.insnLimit, "instructions")+")");
}
// Run natively and return number of instructions executed and reason for termination.
static std::pair<size_t, std::string>
runNatively(const Settings &settings, const std::string &specimenName, Sawyer::Optional<rose_addr_t> initVa,
const P2::Partitioner &partitioner, rose_addr_t randomAddress) {
Stream debug(mlog[DEBUG]);
BinaryDebugger debugger(specimenName);
if (debugger.isTerminated()) {
mlog[FATAL] <<"child " <<debugger.isAttached() <<" " <<debugger.howTerminated() <<" before we could gain control\n";
exit(1);
}
// Allow child to run until we hit the desired address.
if (initVa) {
debugger.setBreakpoint(*initVa);
debugger.runToBreakpoint();
debugger.clearBreakpoint(*initVa);
if (debugger.isTerminated()) {
mlog[FATAL] <<"child " <<debugger.isAttached() <<" " <<debugger.howTerminated()
<<" without reaching " <<addrToString(*initVa) <<"\n";
exit(1);
}
}
// Show specimen address map so we can verify that the Linux loader used the same addresses we used.
// We could have shown it earlier, but then we wouldn't have seen the results of dynamic linking.
if (settings.showMaps) {
std::cout <<"Linux loader specimen memory map:\n";
system(("cat /proc/" + numberToString(debugger.isAttached()) + "/maps").c_str());
}
// Branch to the starting address
debug <<"branching to " <<addrToString(randomAddress) <<"\n";
debugger.executionAddress(randomAddress);
std::string terminationReason;
size_t nExecuted = 0; // number of instructions executed
while (1) {
// Check for and avoid system calls if necessary
if (!settings.allowSyscalls) {
rose_addr_t eip = debugger.executionAddress();
SgAsmX86Instruction *insn = isSgAsmX86Instruction(partitioner.instructionProvider()[eip]);
if (!insn || insn->isUnknown()) {
if (settings.showInsnTrace)
std::cout <<"at " <<addrToString(eip) <<": " <<(insn?"no":"unknown") <<" instruction\n";
terminationReason = "executed at " + addrToString(eip) +" which we don't know about";
break;
}
if (settings.showInsnTrace)
std::cout <<"at " <<unparseInstructionWithAddress(insn) <<"\n";
if (insn->get_kind() == x86_int || insn->get_kind() == x86_sysenter) {
terminationReason = "tried to execute a system call";
break;
}
}
// Single-step
if (debug)
debug <<"single stepping at " <<addrToString(debugger.executionAddress()) <<"\n";
debugger.singleStep();
if (debugger.isTerminated()) {
terminationReason = debugger.howTerminated();
break;
}
++nExecuted;
if (settings.maxInsns!=0 && nExecuted>=settings.maxInsns) {
terminationReason = "reached instruction limit";
break;
}
}
debugger.terminate();
return std::make_pair(nExecuted, terminationReason);
}
int
main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
// This paragraph initializes the ROSE library, generates the man page for this tool, does command-line parsing for quite a
// few switches including "--help", loads various specimen resources (ELF/PE, running process, raw memory dumps, etc),
// disassembles, and partitions. We could have called Engine::frontend() and done it all in one function call, but then we
// wouldn't have a Partitioner2::Partitioner object that we need below.
std::string purpose = "demonstrate inter-function disassembly";
std::string description =
"Disassembles and partitions the specimen(s), then tries to disassemble things between the functions.";
P2::Engine engine;
std::vector<std::string> specimens = engine.parseCommandLine(argc, argv, purpose, description).unreachedArgs();
P2::Partitioner partitioner = engine.partition(specimens);
// The partitioner's address usage map (AUM) describes what part of memory has been disassembled as instructions or
// data. We're interested in the unused parts between the lowest and highest disassembled addresses, so we loop over those
// parts. The hull() is the entire used interval -- lowest to highest addresses used regardless of the unused areas in the
// middle. An AddressInterval evaluated in boolean context returns false if it's empty.
rose_addr_t va = partitioner.aum().hull().least();
while (AddressInterval unused = partitioner.aum().nextUnused(va)) {
// Is the unused area beyond the last thing compiled? We're only interested in the stuff between functions. This
// check also means that unused.greatest()+1 will not overflow, which simplifies later code. Overflows are easy to
// trigger when the specimen's word size is the same as ROSE's word size.
if (unused.least() > partitioner.aum().hull().greatest())
break;
// The unused address might be in the middle of some very large unmapped area of memory, or perhaps in an area that
// doesn't have execute permission (the partitioner will only disassemble at addresses that we've marked as
// executable). A naive implementation would just increment to the next address and try again, but that could take a
// very long time. This "if" statement will give us the next executable address that falls within the unused interval
// if possible. The address is assigned to "va" if possible.
if (!engine.memoryMap().within(unused).require(MemoryMap::EXECUTABLE).next().assignTo(va)) {
va = unused.greatest() + 1; // won't overflow because of check above
continue;
}
// "va" now points to an executable address that the partitioner doesn't know about yet.
ASSERT_require(engine.memoryMap().at(va).require(MemoryMap::EXECUTABLE).exists());
ASSERT_forbid(partitioner.aum().instructionExists(va));
std::cout <<"unused address " <<StringUtility::addrToString(va) <<"\n";
// Cause the partitioner to discover (disassemble) one basic block. This doesn't add the basic block to the
// partitioner or change the partitioner in any way. If the BB isn't something we want to keep then just forget about
// it and garbage collection will reclaim the memory.
P2::BasicBlock::Ptr bb = partitioner.discoverBasicBlock(va);
if (!isGoodBasicBlock(bb)) {
++va;
continue;
}
std::cout <<" disassembled " <<bb->printableName() <<"\n";
// Inform the partitioner that we wish to keep this BB.
partitioner.attachBasicBlock(bb);
// This BB was not reachable by any previous CFG edge, therefore it doesn't belong to any function. In order for it to
// show up in the eventual AST we need to add it to some function (the ROSE AST has a requirement that every basic
// block belongs to a function, although the partitioner can easily cope with the other case). The easiest way in this
// situation is to just create a new function whose entry block is this BB. Creating a function doesn't modify the
// partitioner in any way, so we need to also attach the function to the partitioner.
P2::Function::Ptr function = P2::Function::instance(va, SgAsmFunction::FUNC_USERDEF);
function->insertBasicBlock(va); // allowed only before attaching function to partitioner
partitioner.attachOrMergeFunction(function);
// This basic block might be the first block of a whole bunch that are connected by as yet undiscovered CFG edges. We
// can recursively discover and attach all those blocks with one Engine method. There are also Partitioner methods to
// do similar things, but they're lower level.
engine.runPartitionerRecursive(partitioner);
}
// We've probably added a bunch more functions and basic blocks to the partitioner, but we haven't yet assigned the basic
// blocks discovered by Engine::runPartitionerRecursive to any functions. We might also need to assign function labels
// from ELF/PE information, re-run some analysis, etc., so do that now.
engine.runPartitionerFinal(partitioner);
// Most ROSE analysis is performed on an abstract syntax tree, so generate one. If the specime is an ELF or PE container
// then the returned global block will also be attached somewhere below a SgProject node, otherwise the returned global
// block is the root of the AST and there is no project (e.g., like when the specimen is a raw memory dump).
SgAsmBlock *gblock = P2::Modules::buildAst(partitioner, engine.interpretation());
// Generate an assembly listing. These unparser properties are all optional, but they result in more informative assembly
// listings.
AsmUnparser unparser;
unparser.set_registers(partitioner.instructionProvider().registerDictionary());
unparser.add_control_flow_graph(ControlFlow().build_block_cfg_from_ast<ControlFlow::BlockGraph>(gblock));
unparser.staticDataDisassembler.init(engine.disassembler());
unparser.unparse(std::cout, gblock);
}
int
main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
ROSE_INITIALIZE;
Diagnostics::initAndRegister(&mlog, "tool");
// Parse the command-line to configure the partitioner engine, obtain the executable and its arguments, and generate a man
// page, adjust global settings, etc. This demo tool has no switches of its own, which makes this even easier. For a
// production tool, it's probably better to obtain the parser and register only those switches we need (e.g., no need for
// AST generation switches since we skip that step), to set it up to use our own diagnostic stream instead of exceptions,
// and to adjust this tool's synopsis in the documentation. Examples of all of these can be found in other demos.
P2::Engine engine;
engine.doingPostAnalysis(false); // no need for any post-analysis phases (user can override on cmdline)
std::vector<std::string> command;
try {
command = engine.parseCommandLine(argc, argv, purpose, description).unreachedArgs();
} catch (const std::runtime_error &e) {
mlog[FATAL] <<"invalid command-line: " <<e.what() <<"\n";
exit(1);
}
if (command.empty()) {
mlog[FATAL] <<"no executable specified\n";
exit(1);
}
// Since we'll be tracing this program's execution, we might as well disassemble the process's memory directly. That way we
// don't have to worry about ROSE mapping the specimen to the same virtual address as the kernel (which might be using
// address randomization). We can stop short of generating the AST because we won't need it.
BinaryAnalysis::BinaryDebugger debugger(command);
std::string specimenResourceName = "proc:noattach:" + StringUtility::numberToString(debugger.isAttached());
P2::Partitioner partitioner = engine.partition(specimenResourceName);
partitioner.memoryMap()->dump(std::cerr); // show the memory map as a debugging aid
// Create a global control flow graph whose vertices are instructions from a global CFG whose verts are mostly basic
// blocks.
InsnCfg insnCfg;
const P2::ControlFlowGraph &bbCfg = partitioner.cfg();
BOOST_FOREACH (const P2::ControlFlowGraph::Vertex &bbVert, bbCfg.vertices()) {
if (P2::BasicBlock::Ptr bb = isBasicBlock(bbVert)) {
const std::vector<SgAsmInstruction*> &insns = bb->instructions();
// Each basic block has one or more instructions that need to be inserted into our instruction control flow graph
// with edges from each instruction to the next. The insertEdgeWithVertices automatically inserts missing
// vertices, and doesn't insert vertices that already exist, making it convenient for this type of construction.
for (size_t i=1; i<insns.size(); ++i)
insnCfg.insertEdgeWithVertices(insns[i-1], insns[i]);
// The final instruction of this block needs to flow into each of the initial instructions of the successor basic
// blocks. Be careful that the successors are actually existing basic blocks. Note that in ROSE's global CFG, a
// function call has at least two successors: the function being called (normal edges), and the address to which
// the function returns ("callret" edges). There are other types of edges too, but we want only the normal edges.
BOOST_FOREACH (const P2::ControlFlowGraph::Edge &bbEdge, bbVert.outEdges()) {
if (bbEdge.value().type() == P2::E_NORMAL) {
if (P2::BasicBlock::Ptr target = isBasicBlock(*bbEdge.target()))
insnCfg.insertEdgeWithVertices(insns.back(), target->instructions()[0]);
}
}
}
}
mlog[INFO] <<"block CFG: "
<<StringUtility::plural(bbCfg.nVertices(), "vertices", "vertex") <<", "
<<StringUtility::plural(bbCfg.nEdges(), "edges") <<"\n";
mlog[INFO] <<"insn CFG: "
<<StringUtility::plural(insnCfg.nVertices(), "vertices", "vertex") <<", "
<<StringUtility::plural(insnCfg.nEdges(), "edges") <<"\n";
// Run the executable to obtain a trace. We use the instruction pointer to look up a SgAsmInstruction in the insnCfg and
// thus map the trace onto the instruction CFG.
mlog[INFO] <<"running subordinate to obtain trace: " <<boost::join(command, " ") <<"\n";
std::set<rose_addr_t> missingAddresses;
Trace trace;
while (!debugger.isTerminated()) {
// Find the instruction CFG vertex corresponding to the current execution address. It could be that the execution
// address doesn't exist in the CFG, and this can be caused by a number of things including failure of ROSE to
// statically find the address, dynamic libraries that weren't loaded statically, etc.
rose_addr_t va = debugger.executionAddress();
InsnCfg::ConstVertexIterator vertex = insnCfg.findVertexKey(va);
if (!insnCfg.isValidVertex(vertex)) {
missingAddresses.insert(va);
} else {
trace.append(vertex->id());
}
debugger.singleStep();
}
mlog[INFO] <<"subordinate " <<debugger.howTerminated() <<"\n";
mlog[INFO] <<"trace length: " <<StringUtility::plural(trace.size(), "instructions") <<"\n";
Diagnostics::mfprintf(mlog[INFO])("overall burstiness: %6.2f%%\n", 100.0 * trace.burstiness());
mlog[INFO] <<"distinct executed addresses missing from CFG: " <<missingAddresses.size() <<"\n";
// Print a list of CFG vertices that were never reached. We use std::cout rather than diagnostics because this is one of
// the main outputs of this demo. The "if" condition is constant time.
BOOST_FOREACH (const InsnCfg::Vertex &vertex, insnCfg.vertices()) {
if (!trace.exists(vertex.id()))
std::cout <<"not executed: " <<unparseInstructionWithAddress(vertex.value()) <<"\n";
}
// Print list of addresses that were executed but did not appear in the CFG
BOOST_FOREACH (rose_addr_t va, missingAddresses)
std::cout <<"missing address: " <<StringUtility::addrToString(va) <<"\n";
// Print those branch instructions that were executed by the trace but always took the same branch. Just to mix things up,
// I'll iterate over the trace labels this time instead of the CFG vertices. Remember, the labels are the integer IDs of
// the CFG vertices. The "if" condition executes in constant time, as does the next line.
for (size_t i = 0; i < trace.nLabels(); ++i) {
if (insnCfg.findVertex(i)->nOutEdges() > 1 && trace.successors(i).size() == 1) {
SgAsmInstruction *successor = insnCfg.findVertex(*trace.successorSet(i).begin())->value();
std::cout <<"single flow: " <<unparseInstructionWithAddress(insnCfg.findVertex(i)->value())
<<" --> " <<unparseInstructionWithAddress(successor) <<"\n";
}
}
// Get a list of executed instructions that are branch points and sort them by their burstiness. The "if" condition is
// constant time.
std::vector<InsnTraceInfo> info;
BOOST_FOREACH (const InsnCfg::Vertex &vertex, insnCfg.vertices()) {
if (vertex.nOutEdges() > 1 && trace.exists(vertex.id()))
info.push_back(InsnTraceInfo(vertex.value(), trace.burstiness(vertex.id()), trace.size(vertex.id())));
}
std::sort(info.begin(), info.end());
std::reverse(info.begin(), info.end());
BOOST_FOREACH (const InsnTraceInfo &record, info) {
Diagnostics::mfprintf(std::cout)("burstiness %6.2f%% %5zu hits at %s\n",
100.0*record.burstiness, record.nHits,
unparseInstructionWithAddress(record.insn).c_str());
}
