/******************************************************************************
* @brief Calculation of evaporation from the canopy, including the
* possibility of potential evaporation exhausting ppt+canopy storage
*****************************************************************************/
double
canopy_evap(layer_data_struct *layer,
veg_var_struct *veg_var,
bool CALC_EVAP,
unsigned short veg_class,
double *Wdew,
double delta_t,
double rad,
double vpd,
double net_short,
double air_temp,
double ra,
double elevation,
double ppt,
double *Wmax,
double *Wcr,
double *Wpwp,
double *frost_fract,
double *root,
double *dryFrac,
double shortwave,
double Catm,
double *CanopLayerBnd)
{
/** declare global variables **/
extern veg_lib_struct *vic_run_veg_lib;
extern option_struct options;
/** declare local variables **/
size_t i;
double f; /* fraction of time step used to fill canopy */
double throughfall;
double Evap;
double tmp_Evap;
double canopyevap;
double tmp_Wdew;
double layerevap[MAX_LAYERS];
double rc;
Evap = 0;
/* Initialize variables */
for (i = 0; i < options.Nlayer; i++) {
layerevap[i] = 0;
}
canopyevap = 0;
throughfall = 0;
tmp_Wdew = *Wdew;
/****************************************************
Compute Evaporation from Canopy Intercepted Water
****************************************************/
veg_var->Wdew = tmp_Wdew;
if (tmp_Wdew > veg_var->Wdmax) {
throughfall = tmp_Wdew - veg_var->Wdmax;
tmp_Wdew = veg_var->Wdmax;
}
rc = calc_rc((double) 0.0, net_short, vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].RGL,
air_temp, vpd, veg_var->LAI, (double) 1.0, false);
if (veg_var->LAI > 0) {
canopyevap = pow((tmp_Wdew / veg_var->Wdmax), (2.0 / 3.0)) *
penman(air_temp, elevation, rad, vpd, ra, rc,
vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].rarc) *
delta_t / CONST_CDAY;
}
else {
canopyevap = 0;
}
if (canopyevap > 0.0 && delta_t == CONST_CDAY) {
/** If daily time step, evap can include current precipitation **/
f = min(1.0, ((tmp_Wdew + ppt) / canopyevap));
}
else if (canopyevap > 0.0) {
/** If sub-daily time step, evap can not exceed current storage **/
f = min(1.0, ((tmp_Wdew) / canopyevap));
}
else {
f = 1.0;
}
canopyevap *= f;
/* compute fraction of canopy that is dry */
if (veg_var->Wdmax > 0) {
*dryFrac = 1.0 - f * pow((tmp_Wdew / veg_var->Wdmax), (2.0 / 3.0));
}
else {
*dryFrac = 0;
}
tmp_Wdew += ppt - canopyevap;
if (tmp_Wdew < 0.0) {
tmp_Wdew = 0.0;
}
if (tmp_Wdew <= veg_var->Wdmax) {
throughfall += 0.0;
}
else {
throughfall += tmp_Wdew - veg_var->Wdmax;
tmp_Wdew = veg_var->Wdmax;
}
/*******************************************
Compute Evapotranspiration from Vegetation
*******************************************/
if (CALC_EVAP) {
transpiration(layer, veg_var, veg_class, rad, vpd, net_short,
air_temp, ra, *dryFrac, delta_t, elevation, Wmax, Wcr,
Wpwp, layerevap, frost_fract, root, shortwave, Catm,
CanopLayerBnd);
}
veg_var->canopyevap = canopyevap;
veg_var->throughfall = throughfall;
veg_var->Wdew = tmp_Wdew;
tmp_Evap = canopyevap;
for (i = 0; i < options.Nlayer; i++) {
layer[i].evap = layerevap[i];
tmp_Evap += layerevap[i];
}
Evap += tmp_Evap / (MM_PER_M * delta_t);
return (Evap);
}
/******************************************************************************
* @brief Calculate the transpiration from the canopy.
*****************************************************************************/
void
transpiration(layer_data_struct *layer,
veg_var_struct *veg_var,
unsigned short veg_class,
double rad,
double vpd,
double net_short,
double air_temp,
double ra,
double dryFrac,
double delta_t,
double elevation,
double *Wmax,
double *Wcr,
double *Wpwp,
double *layerevap,
double *frost_fract,
double *root,
double shortwave,
double Catm,
double *CanopLayerBnd)
{
extern veg_lib_struct *vic_run_veg_lib;
extern option_struct options;
extern parameters_struct param;
size_t i;
size_t frost_area;
double gsm_inv; /* soil moisture stress factor */
double moist1, moist2; /* tmp holding of moisture */
double evap; /* tmp holding for evap total */
double Wcr1; /* tmp holding of critical water for upper layers */
double root_sum; /* proportion of roots in moist>Wcr zones */
double spare_evap; /* evap for 2nd distribution */
double avail_moist[MAX_LAYERS]; /* moisture available for trans */
double ice[MAX_LAYERS];
double gc;
double *gsLayer = NULL;
size_t cidx;
/**********************************************************************
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Calculation of the evapotranspirations
2.18
First part: Soil moistures and root fractions of both layers
influence each other
Re-written to allow for multi-layers.
**********************************************************************/
/**************************************************
Set ice content in all individual layers
**************************************************/
for (i = 0; i < options.Nlayer; i++) {
ice[i] = 0;
for (frost_area = 0; frost_area < options.Nfrost; frost_area++) {
ice[i] += layer[i].ice[frost_area] * frost_fract[frost_area];
}
}
/**************************************************
Compute moisture content in combined upper layers
**************************************************/
moist1 = 0.0;
Wcr1 = 0.0;
for (i = 0; i < options.Nlayer - 1; i++) {
if (root[i] > 0.) {
avail_moist[i] = 0;
for (frost_area = 0; frost_area < options.Nfrost; frost_area++) {
avail_moist[i] +=
((layer[i].moist -
layer[i].ice[frost_area]) * frost_fract[frost_area]);
}
moist1 += avail_moist[i];
Wcr1 += Wcr[i];
}
else {
avail_moist[i] = 0.;
}
}
/*****************************************
Compute moisture content in lowest layer
*****************************************/
i = options.Nlayer - 1;
moist2 = 0;
for (frost_area = 0; frost_area < options.Nfrost; frost_area++) {
moist2 +=
((layer[i].moist -
layer[i].ice[frost_area]) * frost_fract[frost_area]);
}
avail_moist[i] = moist2;
/** Set photosynthesis inhibition factor **/
if (layer[0].moist > vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].Wnpp_inhib * Wmax[0]) {
veg_var->NPPfactor = vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].NPPfactor_sat +
(1 - vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].NPPfactor_sat) *
(Wmax[0] - layer[0].moist) / (Wmax[0] -
vic_run_veg_lib[
veg_class].
Wnpp_inhib *
Wmax[0]);
}
else {
veg_var->NPPfactor = 1.0;
}
/******************************************************************
CASE 1: Moisture in both layers exceeds Wcr, or Moisture in
layer with more than half of the roots exceeds Wcr.
Potential evapotranspiration not hindered by soil dryness. If
layer with less than half the roots is dryer than Wcr, extra
evaporation is taken from the wetter layer. Otherwise layers
contribute to evapotransipration based on root fraction.
******************************************************************/
if (options.SHARE_LAYER_MOIST &&
((moist1 >= Wcr1 && moist2 >= Wcr[options.Nlayer - 1] && Wcr1 > 0.) ||
(moist1 >= Wcr1 && (1 - root[options.Nlayer - 1]) >= 0.5) ||
(moist2 >= Wcr[options.Nlayer - 1] && root[options.Nlayer - 1] >=
0.5))) {
gsm_inv = 1.0;
/* compute whole-canopy stomatal resistance */
if (!options.CARBON || options.RC_MODE == RC_JARVIS) {
/* Jarvis scheme, using resistance factors from Wigmosta et al., 1994 */
veg_var->rc = calc_rc(vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].rmin, net_short,
vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].RGL, air_temp, vpd,
veg_var->LAI, gsm_inv, false);
if (options.CARBON) {
for (cidx = 0; cidx < options.Ncanopy; cidx++) {
if (veg_var->LAI > 0) {
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = veg_var->rc / veg_var->LAI;
}
else {
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = param.HUGE_RESIST;
}
if (veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] > param.CANOPY_RSMAX) {
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = param.CANOPY_RSMAX;
}
}
}
}
else {
/* Compute rc based on photosynthetic demand from Knorr 1997 */
calc_rc_ps(vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].Ctype,
vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].MaxCarboxRate,
vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].MaxETransport,
vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].CO2Specificity,
veg_var->NscaleFactor, air_temp, shortwave,
veg_var->aPARLayer, elevation, Catm,
CanopLayerBnd, veg_var->LAI, gsm_inv, vpd,
veg_var->rsLayer, &(veg_var->rc));
}
/* compute transpiration */
evap = penman(air_temp, elevation, rad, vpd, ra, veg_var->rc,
vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].rarc) *
delta_t / CONST_CDAY * dryFrac;
/** divide up evap based on root distribution **/
/** Note the indexing of the roots **/
root_sum = 1.0;
spare_evap = 0.0;
for (i = 0; i < options.Nlayer; i++) {
if (avail_moist[i] >= Wcr[i]) {
layerevap[i] = evap * (double) root[i];
}
else {
if (avail_moist[i] >= Wpwp[i]) {
gsm_inv = (avail_moist[i] - Wpwp[i]) /
(Wcr[i] - Wpwp[i]);
}
else {
gsm_inv = 0.0;
}
layerevap[i] = evap * gsm_inv * (double) root[i];
root_sum -= root[i];
spare_evap = evap * (double) root[i] * (1.0 - gsm_inv);
}
}
/** Assign excess evaporation to wetter layer **/
if (spare_evap > 0.0) {
for (i = 0; i < options.Nlayer; i++) {
if (avail_moist[i] >= Wcr[i]) {
layerevap[i] += (double) root[i] * spare_evap / root_sum;
}
}
}
}
/*********************************************************************
CASE 2: Independent evapotranspirations
Evapotranspiration is restricted by low soil moisture. Evaporation
is computed independantly from each soil layer.
*********************************************************************/
else {
/* Initialize conductances for aggregation over soil layers */
gc = 0;
if (options.CARBON) {
gsLayer = calloc(options.Ncanopy, sizeof(*gsLayer));
check_alloc_status(gsLayer, "Memory allocation error.");
for (cidx = 0; cidx < options.Ncanopy; cidx++) {
gsLayer[cidx] = 0;
}
}
for (i = 0; i < options.Nlayer; i++) {
/** Set evaporation restriction factor **/
if (avail_moist[i] >= Wcr[i]) {
gsm_inv = 1.0;
}
else if (avail_moist[i] >= Wpwp[i] && avail_moist[i] < Wcr[i]) {
gsm_inv = (avail_moist[i] - Wpwp[i]) / (Wcr[i] - Wpwp[i]);
}
else {
gsm_inv = 0.0;
}
if (gsm_inv > 0.0) {
/* compute whole-canopy stomatal resistance */
if (!options.CARBON || options.RC_MODE == RC_JARVIS) {
/* Jarvis scheme, using resistance factors from Wigmosta et al., 1994 */
veg_var->rc = calc_rc(vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].rmin,
net_short,
vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].RGL,
air_temp, vpd,
veg_var->LAI, gsm_inv, false);
if (options.CARBON) {
for (cidx = 0; cidx < options.Ncanopy; cidx++) {
if (veg_var->LAI > 0) {
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = veg_var->rc /
veg_var->LAI;
}
else {
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = param.HUGE_RESIST;
}
if (veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] > param.CANOPY_RSMAX) {
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = param.CANOPY_RSMAX;
}
}
}
}
else {
/* Compute rc based on photosynthetic demand from Knorr 1997 */
calc_rc_ps(vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].Ctype,
vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].MaxCarboxRate,
vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].MaxETransport,
vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].CO2Specificity,
veg_var->NscaleFactor, air_temp, shortwave,
veg_var->aPARLayer, elevation, Catm,
CanopLayerBnd, veg_var->LAI, gsm_inv, vpd,
veg_var->rsLayer, &(veg_var->rc));
}
/* compute transpiration */
layerevap[i] = penman(air_temp, elevation, rad, vpd, ra,
veg_var->rc,
vic_run_veg_lib[veg_class].rarc) *
delta_t / CONST_CDAY * dryFrac *
(double) root[i];
if (veg_var->rc > 0) {
gc += 1 / (veg_var->rc);
}
else {
gc += param.HUGE_RESIST;
}
if (options.CARBON) {
for (cidx = 0; cidx < options.Ncanopy; cidx++) {
if (veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] > 0) {
gsLayer[cidx] += 1 / (veg_var->rsLayer[cidx]);
}
else {
gsLayer[cidx] += param.HUGE_RESIST;
}
}
}
}
else {
layerevap[i] = 0.0;
gc += 0;
if (options.CARBON) {
for (cidx = 0; cidx < options.Ncanopy; cidx++) {
gsLayer[cidx] += 0;
}
}
}
} // end loop over layers
/* Now, take the inverse of the conductance */
if (gc > 0) {
veg_var->rc = 1 / gc;
}
else {
veg_var->rc = param.HUGE_RESIST;
}
if (veg_var->rc > param.CANOPY_RSMAX) {
veg_var->rc = param.CANOPY_RSMAX;
}
if (options.CARBON) {
for (cidx = 0; cidx < options.Ncanopy; cidx++) {
if (gsLayer[cidx] > 0) {
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = 1 / gsLayer[cidx];
}
else {
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = param.HUGE_RESIST;
}
if (veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] > param.CANOPY_RSMAX) {
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = param.CANOPY_RSMAX;
}
}
}
if (options.CARBON) {
free((char *) gsLayer);
}
}
/****************************************************************
Check that evapotransipration does not cause soil moisture to
fall below wilting point.
****************************************************************/
for (i = 0; i < options.Nlayer; i++) {
if (ice[i] > 0) {
if (ice[i] >= Wpwp[i]) {
// ice content greater than wilting point can use all unfrozen moist
if (layerevap[i] > avail_moist[i]) {
layerevap[i] = avail_moist[i];
}
}
else {
// ice content less than wilting point restrict loss of unfrozen moist
if (layerevap[i] > layer[i].moist - Wpwp[i]) {
layerevap[i] = layer[i].moist - Wpwp[i];
}
}
}
else {
// No ice restrict loss of unfrozen moist
if (layerevap[i] > layer[i].moist - Wpwp[i]) {
layerevap[i] = layer[i].moist - Wpwp[i];
}
}
if (layerevap[i] < 0.0) {
layerevap[i] = 0.0;
}
}
}
double canopy_evap(layer_data_struct *layer,
veg_var_struct *veg_var,
char CALC_EVAP,
int veg_class,
int month,
double *Wdew,
double delta_t,
double rad,
double vpd,
double net_short,
double air_temp,
double ra,
double displacement,
double roughness,
double ref_height,
double elevation,
double ppt,
double *depth,
double *Wmax,
double *Wcr,
double *Wpwp,
double *frost_fract,
float *root,
double *dryFrac,
double shortwave,
double Catm,
double *CanopLayerBnd)
/**********************************************************************
CANOPY EVAPORATION
Calculation of evaporation from the canopy, including the
possibility of potential evaporation exhausting ppt+canopy storage
2.16 + 2.17
Index [0] refers to current time step, index [1] to next one
If f < 1.0 then veg_var->canopyevap = veg_var->Wdew + ppt
and Wdew = 0.0
DEFINITIONS:
Wdmax - max monthly dew holding capacity
Wdew - dew trapped on vegetation
Modified
04-14-98 to work within calc_surf_energy_balance.c KAC
07-24-98 fixed problem that caused hourly precipitation
to evaporate from the canopy during the same
time step that it falls (OK for daily time step,
but causes oscilations in surface temperature
for hourly time step) KAC, Dag
modifications:
6-8-2000 Modified to use spatially distributed soil frost if
present. KAC
5-8-2001 Modified to close the canopy energy balance. KAC
2009-Jun-09 Moved computation of canopy resistance rc out of penman()
and into separate function calc_rc(). TJB
2012-Jan-16 Removed LINK_DEBUG code BN
2013-Jul-25 Save dryFrac for use elsewhere. TJB
2014-Mar-28 Removed DIST_PRCP option. TJB
2014-Apr-25 Switched LAI from veg_lib to veg_var. TJB
2014-May-05 Added logic to handle LAI = 0. TJB
2014-May-05 Replaced HUGE_RESIST with RSMAX. TJB
**********************************************************************/
{
/** declare global variables **/
extern veg_lib_struct *veg_lib;
extern option_struct options;
/** declare local variables **/
int i;
double f; /* fraction of time step used to fill canopy */
double throughfall;
double Evap;
double tmp_Evap;
double canopyevap;
double tmp_Wdew;
double layerevap[MAX_LAYERS];
double rc;
int flag_irr;
Evap = 0;
/* Initialize variables */
for ( i = 0; i < options.Nlayer; i++ ) layerevap[i] = 0;
canopyevap = 0;
throughfall = 0;
tmp_Wdew = *Wdew;
/****************************************************
Compute Evaporation from Canopy Intercepted Water
****************************************************/
veg_var->Wdew = tmp_Wdew;
if (tmp_Wdew > veg_var->Wdmax) {
throughfall = tmp_Wdew - veg_var->Wdmax;
tmp_Wdew = veg_var->Wdmax;
}
flag_irr = veg_lib[veg_class].irr_active[month-1];
rc = calc_rc((double)0.0, net_short, veg_lib[veg_class].RGL,
air_temp, vpd, veg_var->LAI, (double)1.0, FALSE,flag_irr);
if (veg_var->LAI > 0)
canopyevap = pow((tmp_Wdew/veg_var->Wdmax),(2.0/3.0))
* penman(air_temp, elevation, rad, vpd, ra, rc, veg_lib[veg_class].rarc)
* delta_t / SEC_PER_DAY;
else
canopyevap = 0;
if (canopyevap > 0.0 && delta_t == SEC_PER_DAY)
/** If daily time step, evap can include current precipitation **/
f = min(1.0,((tmp_Wdew + ppt) / canopyevap));
else if (canopyevap > 0.0)
/** If sub-daily time step, evap can not exceed current storage **/
f = min(1.0,((tmp_Wdew) / canopyevap));
else
f = 1.0;
canopyevap *= f;
/* compute fraction of canopy that is dry */
if (veg_var->Wdmax > 0)
*dryFrac = 1.0-f*pow((tmp_Wdew/veg_var->Wdmax),(2.0/3.0));
else
*dryFrac = 0;
tmp_Wdew += ppt - canopyevap;
if (tmp_Wdew < 0.0)
tmp_Wdew = 0.0;
if (tmp_Wdew <= veg_var->Wdmax)
throughfall += 0.0;
else {
throughfall += tmp_Wdew - veg_var->Wdmax;
tmp_Wdew = veg_var->Wdmax;
}
/*******************************************
Compute Evapotranspiration from Vegetation
*******************************************/
if(CALC_EVAP)
transpiration(layer, veg_var, veg_class, month, rad, vpd, net_short,
air_temp, ra, ppt, *dryFrac, delta_t,
elevation, depth, Wmax, Wcr, Wpwp,
layerevap,
frost_fract,
root,
shortwave,
Catm,
CanopLayerBnd);
veg_var->canopyevap = canopyevap;
veg_var->throughfall = throughfall;
veg_var->Wdew = tmp_Wdew;
tmp_Evap = canopyevap;
for(i=0;i<options.Nlayer;i++) {
layer[i].evap = layerevap[i];
tmp_Evap += layerevap[i];
}
Evap += tmp_Evap / (1000. * delta_t);
return (Evap);
}
void transpiration(layer_data_struct *layer,
veg_var_struct *veg_var,
int veg_class,
int month,
double rad,
double vpd,
double net_short,
double air_temp,
double ra,
double ppt,
double dryFrac,
double delta_t,
double elevation,
double *depth,
double *Wmax,
double *Wcr,
double *Wpwp,
double *layerevap,
double *frost_fract,
float *root,
double shortwave,
double Catm,
double *CanopLayerBnd)
/**********************************************************************
Computes evapotranspiration for unfrozen soils
Allows for multiple layers.
modifications:
6-8-2000 Modified to use spatially distributed soil frost if
present. KAC
2006-Oct-16 Modified to initialize ice[] for all soil layers
before computing available moisture (to avoid using
uninitialized values later on). TJB
2009-Jun-09 Moved computation of canopy resistance rc out of penman()
and into separate function calc_rc(). TJB
2013-Jul-25 Save dryFrac for use elsewhere. TJB
2013-Jul-25 Added photosynthesis terms. TJB
2014-Apr-25 Switched LAI from veg_lib to veg_var. TJB
**********************************************************************/
{
extern veg_lib_struct *veg_lib;
extern option_struct options;
int i;
int frost_area;
double gsm_inv; /* soil moisture stress factor */
double moist1, moist2; /* tmp holding of moisture */
double evap; /* tmp holding for evap total */
double Wcr1; /* tmp holding of critical water for upper layers */
double root_sum; /* proportion of roots in moist>Wcr zones */
double spare_evap; /* evap for 2nd distribution */
double avail_moist[MAX_LAYERS]; /* moisture available for trans */
double ice[MAX_LAYERS];
double gc;
double *gsLayer;
int cidx;
int flag_irr;
/**********************************************************************
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Calculation of the evapotranspirations
2.18
First part: Soil moistures and root fractions of both layers
influence each other
Re-written to allow for multi-layers.
**********************************************************************/
flag_irr = veg_lib[veg_class].irr_active[month-1];
/**************************************************
Set ice content in all individual layers
**************************************************/
for(i=0;i<options.Nlayer;i++){
ice[i] = 0;
for ( frost_area = 0; frost_area < options.Nfrost; frost_area++ ) {
ice[i] += layer[i].ice[frost_area] * frost_fract[frost_area];
}
}
/**************************************************
Compute moisture content in combined upper layers
**************************************************/
moist1 = 0.0;
Wcr1 = 0.0;
for(i=0;i<options.Nlayer-1;i++){
if(root[i] > 0.) {
avail_moist[i] = 0;
for ( frost_area = 0; frost_area < options.Nfrost; frost_area++ ) {
avail_moist[i] += ((layer[i].moist - layer[i].ice[frost_area]) * frost_fract[frost_area]);
}
moist1+=avail_moist[i];
Wcr1 += Wcr[i];
}
else avail_moist[i]=0.;
}
/*****************************************
Compute moisture content in lowest layer
*****************************************/
i = options.Nlayer - 1;
moist2 = 0;
for ( frost_area = 0; frost_area < options.Nfrost; frost_area++ )
moist2 += ((layer[i].moist - layer[i].ice[frost_area]) * frost_fract[frost_area]);
avail_moist[i]=moist2;
/** Set photosynthesis inhibition factor **/
if (layer[0].moist > veg_lib[veg_class].Wnpp_inhib*Wmax[0])
veg_var->NPPfactor = veg_lib[veg_class].NPPfactor_sat + (1 - veg_lib[veg_class].NPPfactor_sat) * (Wmax[0] - layer[0].moist) / (Wmax[0] - veg_lib[veg_class].Wnpp_inhib*Wmax[0]);
else
veg_var->NPPfactor = 1.0;
/******************************************************************
CASE 1: Moisture in both layers exceeds Wcr, or Moisture in
layer with more than half of the roots exceeds Wcr.
Potential evapotranspiration not hindered by soil dryness. If
layer with less than half the roots is dryer than Wcr, extra
evaporation is taken from the wetter layer. Otherwise layers
contribute to evapotransipration based on root fraction.
******************************************************************/
if( options.SHARE_LAYER_MOIST &&
( (moist1>=Wcr1 && moist2>=Wcr[options.Nlayer-1] && Wcr1>0.) ||
(moist1>=Wcr1 && (1-root[options.Nlayer-1])>= 0.5) ||
(moist2>=Wcr[options.Nlayer-1] && root[options.Nlayer-1]>=0.5) ) ) {
gsm_inv=1.0;
/* compute whole-canopy stomatal resistance */
if (!options.CARBON || options.RC_MODE == RC_JARVIS) {
/* Jarvis scheme, using resistance factors from Wigmosta et al., 1994 */
veg_var->rc = calc_rc(veg_lib[veg_class].rmin, net_short,
veg_lib[veg_class].RGL, air_temp, vpd,
veg_var->LAI, gsm_inv, FALSE,flag_irr);
if (options.CARBON) {
for (cidx=0; cidx<options.Ncanopy; cidx++) {
if (veg_var->LAI > 0)
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = veg_var->rc / veg_var->LAI;
else
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = HUGE_RESIST;
if (veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] > RSMAX) veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = RSMAX;
}
}
}
else {
/* Compute rc based on photosynthetic demand from Knorr 1997 */
calc_rc_ps(veg_lib[veg_class].Ctype, veg_lib[veg_class].MaxCarboxRate,
veg_lib[veg_class].MaxETransport, veg_lib[veg_class].CO2Specificity,
veg_var->NscaleFactor, air_temp, shortwave, veg_var->aPARLayer, elevation, Catm,
CanopLayerBnd, veg_var->LAI, gsm_inv, vpd, veg_var->rsLayer, &(veg_var->rc));
}
/* compute transpiration */
evap = penman(air_temp, elevation, rad, vpd, ra, veg_var->rc,
veg_lib[veg_class].rarc) * delta_t / SEC_PER_DAY * dryFrac;
/** divide up evap based on root distribution **/
/** Note the indexing of the roots **/
root_sum=1.0;
spare_evap=0.0;
for(i=0;i<options.Nlayer;i++){
if(avail_moist[i]>=Wcr[i]){
layerevap[i]=evap*(double)root[i];
}
else {
if (avail_moist[i] >= Wpwp[i])
gsm_inv = (avail_moist[i] - Wpwp[i]) /
(Wcr[i] - Wpwp[i]);
else
gsm_inv=0.0;
layerevap[i] = evap*gsm_inv*(double)root[i];
root_sum -= root[i];
spare_evap = evap*(double)root[i]*(1.0-gsm_inv);
}
}
/** Assign excess evaporation to wetter layer **/
if(spare_evap>0.0){
for(i=0;i<options.Nlayer;i++){
if(avail_moist[i] >= Wcr[i]){
layerevap[i] += (double)root[i]*spare_evap/root_sum;
}
}
}
}
/*********************************************************************
CASE 2: Independent evapotranspirations
Evapotranspiration is restricted by low soil moisture. Evaporation
is computed independantly from each soil layer.
*********************************************************************/
else {
/* Initialize conductances for aggregation over soil layers */
gc = 0;
if (options.CARBON) {
gsLayer = (double *)calloc(options.Ncanopy, sizeof(double));
for (cidx=0; cidx<options.Ncanopy; cidx++) {
gsLayer[cidx] = 0;
}
}
for (i=0;i<options.Nlayer;i++) {
/** Set evaporation restriction factor **/
if(avail_moist[i] >= Wcr[i])
gsm_inv = 1.0;
else if(avail_moist[i] >= Wpwp[i] && avail_moist[i] < Wcr[i])
gsm_inv = (avail_moist[i] - Wpwp[i]) / (Wcr[i] - Wpwp[i]);
else
gsm_inv = 0.0;
if(gsm_inv > 0.0){
/* compute whole-canopy stomatal resistance */
if (!options.CARBON || options.RC_MODE == RC_JARVIS) {
/* Jarvis scheme, using resistance factors from Wigmosta et al., 1994 */
veg_var->rc = calc_rc(veg_lib[veg_class].rmin, net_short,
veg_lib[veg_class].RGL, air_temp, vpd,
veg_var->LAI, gsm_inv, FALSE,flag_irr);
if (options.CARBON) {
for (cidx=0; cidx<options.Ncanopy; cidx++) {
if (veg_var->LAI > 0)
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = veg_var->rc / veg_var->LAI;
else
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = HUGE_RESIST;
if (veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] > RSMAX) veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = RSMAX;
}
}
}
else {
/* Compute rc based on photosynthetic demand from Knorr 1997 */
calc_rc_ps(veg_lib[veg_class].Ctype, veg_lib[veg_class].MaxCarboxRate,
veg_lib[veg_class].MaxETransport, veg_lib[veg_class].CO2Specificity,
veg_var->NscaleFactor, air_temp, shortwave, veg_var->aPARLayer, elevation, Catm,
CanopLayerBnd, veg_var->LAI, gsm_inv, vpd, veg_var->rsLayer, &(veg_var->rc));
}
/* compute transpiration */
layerevap[i] = penman(air_temp, elevation, rad, vpd, ra, veg_var->rc,
veg_lib[veg_class].rarc) * delta_t / SEC_PER_DAY * dryFrac * (double)root[i];
if (veg_var->rc > 0)
gc += 1/(veg_var->rc);
else
gc += HUGE_RESIST;
if (options.CARBON) {
for (cidx=0; cidx<options.Ncanopy; cidx++) {
if (veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] > 0)
gsLayer[cidx] += 1/(veg_var->rsLayer[cidx]);
else
gsLayer[cidx] += HUGE_RESIST;
}
}
}
else {
layerevap[i] = 0.0;
gc += 0;
if (options.CARBON) {
for (cidx=0; cidx<options.Ncanopy; cidx++) {
gsLayer[cidx] += 0;
}
}
}
} // end loop over layers
/* Now, take the inverse of the conductance */
if (gc > 0)
veg_var->rc = 1/gc;
else
veg_var->rc = HUGE_RESIST;
if (veg_var->rc > RSMAX) veg_var->rc = RSMAX;
if (options.CARBON) {
for (cidx=0; cidx<options.Ncanopy; cidx++) {
if (gsLayer[cidx] > 0)
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = 1/gsLayer[cidx];
else
veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = HUGE_RESIST;
if (veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] > RSMAX) veg_var->rsLayer[cidx] = RSMAX;
}
}
if (options.CARBON) free((char *)gsLayer);
}
/****************************************************************
Check that evapotransipration does not cause soil moisture to
fall below wilting point.
****************************************************************/
for ( i = 0; i < options.Nlayer; i++ ) {
if ( ice[i] > 0 ) {
if ( ice[i] >= Wpwp[i] ) {
// ice content greater than wilting point can use all unfrozen moist
if ( layerevap[i] > avail_moist[i] ) layerevap[i] = avail_moist[i];
}
else {
// ice content less than wilting point restrict loss of unfrozen moist
if ( layerevap[i] > layer[i].moist - Wpwp[i] )
layerevap[i] = layer[i].moist - Wpwp[i];
}
}
else {
// No ice restrict loss of unfrozen moist
if ( layerevap[i] > layer[i].moist - Wpwp[i] )
layerevap[i] = layer[i].moist - Wpwp[i];
}
if ( layerevap[i] < 0.0 ) layerevap[i] = 0.0;
}
}
double canopy_evap(layer_data_struct *layer_wet,
layer_data_struct *layer_dry,
veg_var_struct *veg_var_wet,
veg_var_struct *veg_var_dry,
char CALC_EVAP,
int veg_class,
int month,
double mu,
double *Wdew,
double dt,
double rad,
double vpd,
double net_short,
double air_temp,
double ra,
double displacement,
double roughness,
double ref_height,
double elevation,
double *prec,
double *depth,
double *Wcr,
double *Wpwp,
float *root)
/**********************************************************************
canopy_evap.c Dag Lohmann September 1995
This routine computes the evaporation, traspiration and throughfall
of the vegetation types for multi-layered model.
The value of x, the fraction of precipitation that exceeds the
canopy storage capacity, is returned by the subroutine.
UNITS: moist (mm)
evap (mm)
prec (mm)
melt (mm)
VARIABLE TYPE NAME UNITS DESCRIPTION
atmos_data_struct atmos N/A atmospheric forcing data structure
layer_data_struct *layer N/A soil layer variable structure
veg_var_struct *veg_var N/A vegetation variable structure
soil_con_struct soil_con N/A soil parameter structure
char CALC_EVAP N/A TRUE = calculate evapotranspiration
int veg_class N/A vegetation class index number
int month N/A current month
global_param_struct global N/A global parameter structure
double mu fract wet (or dry) fraction of grid cell
double ra s/m aerodynamic resistance
double prec mm precipitation
double displacement m displacement height of surface cover
double roughness m roughness height of surface cover
double ref_height m measurement reference height
Modifications:
9/1/97 Greg O'Donnell
4-12-98 Code cleaned and final version prepared, KAC
06-25-98 modified for new distributed precipitation data structure KAC
01-19-00 modified to function with new simplified soil moisture
scheme KAC
**********************************************************************/
{
/** declare global variables **/
extern veg_lib_struct *veg_lib;
#if LINK_DEBUG
extern debug_struct debug;
#endif
extern option_struct options;
/** declare local variables **/
int Ndist;
int dist;
int i;
double ppt; /* effective precipitation */
double f; /* fraction of time step used to fill canopy */
double throughfall;
double Evap;
double tmp_Evap;
double canopyevap;
double tmp_Wdew;
double layerevap[MAX_LAYERS];
layer_data_struct *tmp_layer;
veg_var_struct *tmp_veg_var;
/**********************************************************************
CANOPY EVAPORATION
Calculation of evaporation from the canopy, including the
possibility of potential evaporation exhausting ppt+canopy storage
2.16 + 2.17
Index [0] refers to current time step, index [1] to next one
If f < 1.0 than veg_var->canopyevap = veg_var->Wdew + ppt and
Wdew = 0.0
DEFINITIONS:
Wdmax - max monthly dew holding capacity
Wdew - dew trapped on vegetation
Modified
04-14-98 to work within calc_surf_energy_balance.c KAC
07-24-98 fixed problem that caused hourly precipitation
to evaporate from the canopy during the same
time step that it falls (OK for daily time step,
but causes oscilations in surface temperature
for hourly time step) KAC, Dag
**********************************************************************/
if(options.DIST_PRCP) Ndist = 2;
else Ndist = 1;
Evap = 0;
for(dist=0;dist<Ndist;dist++) {
/* Initialize variables */
for(i=0;i<options.Nlayer;i++) layerevap[i] = 0;
canopyevap = 0;
throughfall = 0;
/* Set parameters for distributed precipitation */
if(dist==0) {
tmp_layer = layer_wet;
tmp_veg_var = veg_var_wet;
ppt = prec[WET];
tmp_Wdew = Wdew[WET];
}
else {
tmp_layer = layer_dry;
tmp_veg_var = veg_var_dry;
ppt = prec[DRY];
mu = (1. - mu);
tmp_Wdew = Wdew[DRY];
}
if(mu > 0) {
/****************************************************
Compute Evaporation from Canopy Intercepted Water
****************************************************/
/** Due to month changes ..... Wdmax based on LAI **/
tmp_veg_var->Wdew = tmp_Wdew;
if (tmp_Wdew > veg_lib[veg_class].Wdmax[month-1]) {
throughfall = tmp_Wdew - veg_lib[veg_class].Wdmax[month-1];
tmp_Wdew = veg_lib[veg_class].Wdmax[month-1];
}
canopyevap = pow((tmp_Wdew / veg_lib[veg_class].Wdmax[month-1]),
(2.0/3.0))* penman(rad, vpd * 1000., ra, (double) 0.0,
veg_lib[veg_class].rarc,
veg_lib[veg_class].LAI[month-1],
(double) 1.0, air_temp,
net_short, elevation,
veg_lib[veg_class].RGL) * dt / 24.0;
if (canopyevap > 0.0 && dt==24)
/** If daily time step, evap can include current precipitation **/
f = min(1.0,((tmp_Wdew + ppt) / canopyevap));
else if (canopyevap > 0.0)
/** If sub-daily time step, evap can not exceed current storage **/
f = min(1.0,((tmp_Wdew) / canopyevap));
else
f = 1.0;
canopyevap *= f;
tmp_Wdew += ppt - canopyevap;
if (tmp_Wdew < 0.0)
tmp_Wdew = 0.0;
if (tmp_Wdew <= veg_lib[veg_class].Wdmax[month-1])
throughfall += 0.0;
else {
throughfall += tmp_Wdew - veg_lib[veg_class].Wdmax[month-1];
tmp_Wdew = veg_lib[veg_class].Wdmax[month-1];
}
/*******************************************
Compute Evapotranspiration from Vegetation
*******************************************/
if(CALC_EVAP)
transpiration(tmp_layer, veg_class, month, rad,
vpd, net_short, air_temp, ra,
ppt, f, dt, tmp_veg_var->Wdew, elevation,
depth, Wcr, Wpwp, &tmp_Wdew,
&canopyevap, layerevap, root);
}
tmp_veg_var->canopyevap = canopyevap;
tmp_veg_var->throughfall = throughfall;
tmp_veg_var->Wdew = tmp_Wdew;
tmp_Evap = canopyevap;
for(i=0;i<options.Nlayer;i++) {
tmp_layer[i].evap = layerevap[i];
tmp_Evap += layerevap[i];
}
Evap += tmp_Evap * mu / (1000. * dt * 3600.);
}
return (Evap);
}
void transpiration(layer_data_struct *layer,
int veg_class,
int month,
double rad,
double vpd,
double net_short,
double air_temp,
double ra,
double ppt,
double f,
double dt,
double Wdew,
double elevation,
double *depth,
double *Wcr,
double *Wpwp,
double *new_Wdew,
double *canopyevap,
double *layerevap,
float *root)
/**********************************************************************
Computes evapotranspiration for unfrozen soils
Allows for multiple layers.
**********************************************************************/
{
extern veg_lib_struct *veg_lib;
extern option_struct options;
int i;
double gsm_inv; /* soil moisture stress factor */
double moist1, moist2; /* tmp holding of moisture */
double evap; /* tmp holding for evap total */
double Wcr1; /* tmp holding of critical water for upper layers */
double root_sum; /* proportion of roots in moist>Wcr zones */
double spare_evap; /* evap for 2nd distribution */
double avail_moist[MAX_LAYERS]; /* moisture available for trans */
/**********************************************************************
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Calculation of the evapotranspirations
2.18
First part: Soil moistures and root fractions of both layers
influence each other
Re-written to allow for multi-layers.
**********************************************************************/
/**************************************************
Compute moisture content in combined upper layers
**************************************************/
moist1 = 0.0;
Wcr1 = 0.0;
for(i=0;i<options.Nlayer-1;i++){
if(root[i] > 0.) {
avail_moist[i] = layer[i].moist - layer[i].ice;
moist1+=avail_moist[i];
Wcr1 += Wcr[i];
}
else avail_moist[i]=0.;
}
/*****************************************
Compute moisture content in lowest layer
*****************************************/
i=options.Nlayer-1;
moist2 = layer[i].moist - layer[i].ice;
avail_moist[i]=moist2;
/******************************************************************
CASE 1: Moisture in both layers exceeds Wcr, or Moisture in
layer with more than half of the roots exceeds Wcr.
Potential evapotranspiration not hindered by soil dryness. If
layer with less than half the roots is dryer than Wcr, extra
evaporation is taken from the wetter layer. Otherwise layers
contribute to evapotransipration based on root fraction.
******************************************************************/
if( (moist1>=Wcr1 && moist2>=Wcr[options.Nlayer-1] && Wcr1>0.) ||
(moist1>=Wcr1 && (1-root[options.Nlayer-1])>= 0.5) ||
(moist2>=Wcr[options.Nlayer-1] &&
root[options.Nlayer-1]>=0.5) ){
gsm_inv=1.0;
evap = penman(rad, vpd * 1000., ra, veg_lib[veg_class].rmin,
veg_lib[veg_class].rarc, veg_lib[veg_class].LAI[month-1],
gsm_inv, air_temp, net_short, elevation,
veg_lib[veg_class].RGL) * dt / 24.0 *
(1.0-f*pow((Wdew/veg_lib[veg_class].Wdmax[month-1]),
(2.0/3.0)));
/** divide up evap based on root distribution **/
/** Note the indexing of the roots **/
root_sum=1.0;
spare_evap=0.0;
for(i=0;i<options.Nlayer;i++){
if(avail_moist[i]>=Wcr[i]){
layerevap[i]=evap*(double)root[i];
}
else {
if (avail_moist[i] >= Wpwp[i])
gsm_inv = (avail_moist[i] - Wpwp[i]) /
(Wcr[i] - Wpwp[i]);
else
gsm_inv=0.0;
layerevap[i] = evap*gsm_inv*(double)root[i];
root_sum -= root[i];
spare_evap = evap*(double)root[i]*(1.0-gsm_inv);
}
}
/** Assign excess evaporation to wetter layer **/
if(spare_evap>0.0){
for(i=0;i<options.Nlayer;i++){
if(avail_moist[i] >= Wcr[i]){
layerevap[i] += (double)root[i]*spare_evap/root_sum;
}
}
}
}
/*********************************************************************
CASE 2: Independent evapotranspirations
Evapotranspiration is restricted by low soil moisture. Evaporation
is computed independantly from each soil layer.
*********************************************************************/
else {
for(i=0;i<options.Nlayer;i++){
/** Set evaporation restriction factor **/
if(avail_moist[i] >= Wcr[i])
gsm_inv=1.0;
else if(avail_moist[i] >= Wpwp[i])
gsm_inv=(avail_moist[i] - Wpwp[i]) /
(Wcr[i] - Wpwp[i]);
else
gsm_inv=0.0;
if(gsm_inv > 0.0){
/** Compute potential evapotranspiration **/
layerevap[i] = penman(rad, vpd * 1000., ra, veg_lib[veg_class].rmin,
veg_lib[veg_class].rarc,
veg_lib[veg_class].LAI[month-1], gsm_inv,
air_temp, net_short, elevation,
veg_lib[veg_class].RGL) * dt / 24.0
* (double)root[i] * (1.0-f*pow((Wdew/
veg_lib[veg_class].Wdmax[month-1]),
(2.0/3.0)));
}
else layerevap[i] = 0.0;
}
}
/****************************************************************
Check that evapotransipration does not cause soil moisture to
fall below wilting point.
****************************************************************/
for(i=0;i<options.Nlayer;i++){
if(layerevap[i] > layer[i].moist - Wpwp[i]) {
layerevap[i] = layer[i].moist - Wpwp[i];
}
if ( layerevap[i] < 0.0 ) {
layerevap[i] = 0.0;
}
}
}
