Ejemplo n.º 1
0
    void object::test<7>()
    {
        CPLStringList  oCSL;

        ensure( "7nil", oCSL.List() == NULL );
        
        oCSL.AddString( "def" );
        oCSL.AddString( "abc" );

        ensure_equals( "7", oCSL.Count(), 2 );
        ensure( "70", EQUAL(oCSL[0], "def") );
        ensure( "71", EQUAL(oCSL[1], "abc") );
        ensure( "72", oCSL[17] == NULL );
        ensure( "73", oCSL[-1] == NULL );
        ensure_equals( "74", oCSL.FindString("abc"), 1 );

        CSLDestroy( oCSL.StealList() );
        ensure_equals( "75", oCSL.Count(), 0 );
        ensure( "76", oCSL.List() == NULL );
        
        // Test that the list will make an internal copy when needed to
        // modify a read-only list. 

        oCSL.AddString( "def" );
        oCSL.AddString( "abc" );

        CPLStringList  oCopy( oCSL.List(), FALSE );

        ensure_equals( "77", oCSL.List(), oCopy.List() );
        ensure_equals( "78", oCSL.Count(), oCopy.Count() );

        oCopy.AddString( "xyz" );
        ensure( "79", oCSL.List() != oCopy.List() );
        ensure_equals( "7a", oCopy.Count(), 3 );
        ensure_equals( "7b", oCSL.Count(), 2 );
        ensure( "7c", EQUAL(oCopy[2], "xyz") );
    }
Ejemplo n.º 2
0
/**
 * @details This method is the heart of the tiler.  A `TileCoordinate` is used
 * to obtain the geospatial extent associated with that tile as related to the
 * underlying GDAL dataset. This mapping may require a reprojection if the
 * underlying dataset is not in the tile projection system.  This information
 * is then encapsulated as a GDAL virtual raster (VRT) dataset and returned to
 * the caller.
 *
 * It is the caller's responsibility to call `GDALClose()` on the returned
 * dataset.
 */
GDALTile *
GDALTiler::createRasterTile(double (&adfGeoTransform)[6]) const {
  if (poDataset == NULL) {
    throw CTBException("No GDAL dataset is set");
  }

  // The source and sink datasets
  GDALDatasetH hSrcDS = (GDALDatasetH) dataset();
  GDALDatasetH hDstDS;

  // The transformation option list
  CPLStringList transformOptions;

  // The source, sink and grid srs
  const char *pszSrcWKT = GDALGetProjectionRef(hSrcDS),
    *pszGridWKT = pszSrcWKT;

  if (!strlen(pszSrcWKT))
    throw CTBException("The source dataset no longer has a spatial reference system assigned");

  // Populate the SRS WKT strings if we need to reproject
  if (requiresReprojection()) {
    pszGridWKT = crsWKT.c_str();
    transformOptions.SetNameValue("SRC_SRS", pszSrcWKT);
    transformOptions.SetNameValue("DST_SRS", pszGridWKT);
  }

  // Set the warp options
  GDALWarpOptions *psWarpOptions = GDALCreateWarpOptions();
  psWarpOptions->eResampleAlg = options.resampleAlg;
  psWarpOptions->dfWarpMemoryLimit = options.warpMemoryLimit;
  psWarpOptions->hSrcDS = hSrcDS;
  psWarpOptions->nBandCount = poDataset->GetRasterCount();
  psWarpOptions->panSrcBands =
    (int *) CPLMalloc(sizeof(int) * psWarpOptions->nBandCount );
  psWarpOptions->panDstBands =
    (int *) CPLMalloc(sizeof(int) * psWarpOptions->nBandCount );

  for (short unsigned int i = 0; i < psWarpOptions->nBandCount; ++i) {
    psWarpOptions->panDstBands[i] = psWarpOptions->panSrcBands[i] = i + 1;
  }

  // Create the image to image transformer
  void *transformerArg = GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer2(hSrcDS, NULL, transformOptions.List());
  if(transformerArg == NULL) {
    GDALDestroyWarpOptions(psWarpOptions);
    throw CTBException("Could not create image to image transformer");
  }

  // Try and get an overview from the source dataset that corresponds more
  // closely to the resolution of this tile.
  GDALDatasetH hWrkSrcDS = getOverviewDataset(hSrcDS, GDALGenImgProjTransform, transformerArg);
  if (hWrkSrcDS == NULL) {
    hWrkSrcDS = psWarpOptions->hSrcDS = hSrcDS;
  } else {
    // We need to recreate the transform when operating on an overview.
    GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer( transformerArg );
    transformerArg = GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer2( hWrkSrcDS, NULL, transformOptions.List() );
    if(transformerArg == NULL) {
      GDALDestroyWarpOptions(psWarpOptions);
      throw CTBException("Could not create overview image to image transformer");
    }
  }

  // Specify the destination geotransform
  GDALSetGenImgProjTransformerDstGeoTransform(transformerArg, adfGeoTransform );

  // Decide if we are doing an approximate or exact transformation
  if (options.errorThreshold) {
    // approximate: wrap the transformer with a linear approximator
    psWarpOptions->pTransformerArg =
      GDALCreateApproxTransformer(GDALGenImgProjTransform, transformerArg, options.errorThreshold);

    if (psWarpOptions->pTransformerArg == NULL) {
      GDALDestroyWarpOptions(psWarpOptions);
      GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(transformerArg);
      throw CTBException("Could not create linear approximator");
    }

    psWarpOptions->pfnTransformer = GDALApproxTransform;

  } else {
    // exact: no wrapping required
    psWarpOptions->pTransformerArg = transformerArg;
    psWarpOptions->pfnTransformer = GDALGenImgProjTransform;
  }

  // Specify a multi threaded warp operation using all CPU cores
  CPLStringList warpOptions(psWarpOptions->papszWarpOptions, false);
  warpOptions.SetNameValue("NUM_THREADS", "ALL_CPUS");
  psWarpOptions->papszWarpOptions = warpOptions.StealList();

  // The raster tile is represented as a VRT dataset
  hDstDS = GDALCreateWarpedVRT(hWrkSrcDS, mGrid.tileSize(), mGrid.tileSize(), adfGeoTransform, psWarpOptions);

  bool isApproxTransform = (psWarpOptions->pfnTransformer == GDALApproxTransform);
  GDALDestroyWarpOptions( psWarpOptions );

  if (hDstDS == NULL) {
    GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(transformerArg);
    throw CTBException("Could not create warped VRT");
  }

  // Set the projection information on the dataset. This will always be the grid
  // SRS.
  if (GDALSetProjection( hDstDS, pszGridWKT ) != CE_None) {
    GDALClose(hDstDS);
    if (transformerArg != NULL) {
      GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(transformerArg);
    }
    throw CTBException("Could not set projection on VRT");
  }

  // If uncommenting the following line for debug purposes, you must also `#include "vrtdataset.h"`
  //std::cout << "VRT: " << CPLSerializeXMLTree(((VRTWarpedDataset *) hDstDS)->SerializeToXML(NULL)) << std::endl;

  // Create the tile, passing it the base image transformer to manage if this is
  // an approximate transform
  return new GDALTile((GDALDataset *) hDstDS,
                      isApproxTransform
                      ? transformerArg : NULL);
}
Ejemplo n.º 3
0
CPLErr GDALPamRasterBand::XMLInit( CPLXMLNode *psTree, const char *pszUnused )

{
    PamInitialize();

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Apply any dataset level metadata.                               */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    oMDMD.XMLInit( psTree, TRUE );

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Collect various other items of metadata.                        */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALMajorObject::SetDescription( CPLGetXMLValue( psTree, "Description", "" ) );
    
    if( CPLGetXMLValue( psTree, "NoDataValue", NULL ) != NULL )
    {
        const char *pszLEHex = 
            CPLGetXMLValue( psTree, "NoDataValue.le_hex_equiv", NULL );
        if( pszLEHex != NULL )
        {
            int nBytes;
            GByte *pabyBin = CPLHexToBinary( pszLEHex, &nBytes );
            if( nBytes == 8 )
            {
                CPL_LSBPTR64( pabyBin );
                
                GDALPamRasterBand::SetNoDataValue( *((double *) pabyBin) );
            }
            else
            {
                GDALPamRasterBand::SetNoDataValue( 
                    atof(CPLGetXMLValue( psTree, "NoDataValue", "0" )) );
            }
            CPLFree( pabyBin );
        }
        else
        {
            GDALPamRasterBand::SetNoDataValue( 
                atof(CPLGetXMLValue( psTree, "NoDataValue", "0" )) );
        }
    }

    GDALPamRasterBand::SetOffset( 
        atof(CPLGetXMLValue( psTree, "Offset", "0.0" )) );
    GDALPamRasterBand::SetScale( 
        atof(CPLGetXMLValue( psTree, "Scale", "1.0" )) );

    GDALPamRasterBand::SetUnitType( CPLGetXMLValue( psTree, "UnitType", NULL));

    if( CPLGetXMLValue( psTree, "ColorInterp", NULL ) != NULL )
    {
        const char *pszInterp = CPLGetXMLValue( psTree, "ColorInterp", NULL );
        GDALPamRasterBand::SetColorInterpretation(
                                GDALGetColorInterpretationByName(pszInterp));
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Category names.                                                 */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if( CPLGetXMLNode( psTree, "CategoryNames" ) != NULL )
    {
        CPLXMLNode *psEntry;
        CPLStringList oCategoryNames;

        for( psEntry = CPLGetXMLNode( psTree, "CategoryNames" )->psChild;
             psEntry != NULL; psEntry = psEntry->psNext )
        {
            /* Don't skeep <Category> tag with empty content */
            if( psEntry->eType != CXT_Element 
                || !EQUAL(psEntry->pszValue,"Category") 
                || (psEntry->psChild != NULL && psEntry->psChild->eType != CXT_Text) )
                continue;
            
            oCategoryNames.AddString( 
                                 (psEntry->psChild) ? psEntry->psChild->pszValue : "" );
        }
        
        GDALPamRasterBand::SetCategoryNames( oCategoryNames.List() );
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Collect a color table.                                          */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if( CPLGetXMLNode( psTree, "ColorTable" ) != NULL )
    {
        CPLXMLNode *psEntry;
        GDALColorTable oTable;
        int        iEntry = 0;

        for( psEntry = CPLGetXMLNode( psTree, "ColorTable" )->psChild;
             psEntry != NULL; psEntry = psEntry->psNext )
        {
            GDALColorEntry sCEntry;

            sCEntry.c1 = (short) atoi(CPLGetXMLValue( psEntry, "c1", "0" ));
            sCEntry.c2 = (short) atoi(CPLGetXMLValue( psEntry, "c2", "0" ));
            sCEntry.c3 = (short) atoi(CPLGetXMLValue( psEntry, "c3", "0" ));
            sCEntry.c4 = (short) atoi(CPLGetXMLValue( psEntry, "c4", "255" ));

            oTable.SetColorEntry( iEntry++, &sCEntry );
        }
        
        GDALPamRasterBand::SetColorTable( &oTable );
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Do we have a complete set of stats?                             */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if( CPLGetXMLNode( psTree, "Minimum" ) != NULL 
        && CPLGetXMLNode( psTree, "Maximum" ) != NULL )
    {
        psPam->bHaveMinMax = TRUE;
        psPam->dfMin = atof(CPLGetXMLValue(psTree, "Minimum","0"));
        psPam->dfMax = atof(CPLGetXMLValue(psTree, "Maximum","0"));
    }

    if( CPLGetXMLNode( psTree, "Mean" ) != NULL 
        && CPLGetXMLNode( psTree, "StandardDeviation" ) != NULL )
    {
        psPam->bHaveStats = TRUE;
        psPam->dfMean = atof(CPLGetXMLValue(psTree, "Mean","0"));
        psPam->dfStdDev = atof(CPLGetXMLValue(psTree,"StandardDeviation","0"));
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Histograms                                                      */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLXMLNode *psHist = CPLGetXMLNode( psTree, "Histograms" );
    if( psHist != NULL )
    {
        CPLXMLNode *psNext = psHist->psNext;
        psHist->psNext = NULL;

        if (psPam->psSavedHistograms != NULL)
        {
            CPLDestroyXMLNode (psPam->psSavedHistograms );
            psPam->psSavedHistograms = NULL;
        }
        psPam->psSavedHistograms = CPLCloneXMLTree( psHist );
        psHist->psNext = psNext;
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Raster Attribute Table                                          */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLXMLNode *psRAT = CPLGetXMLNode( psTree, "GDALRasterAttributeTable" );
    if( psRAT != NULL )
    {
        if( psPam->poDefaultRAT != NULL )
        {
            delete psPam->poDefaultRAT;
            psPam->poDefaultRAT = NULL;
        }
        psPam->poDefaultRAT = new GDALDefaultRasterAttributeTable();
        psPam->poDefaultRAT->XMLInit( psRAT, "" );
    }

    return CE_None;
}
Ejemplo n.º 4
0
MAIN_START(argc, argv)

{
    // Check that we are running against at least GDAL 1.5.
    // Note to developers: if we use newer API, please change the requirement.
    if (atoi(GDALVersionInfo("VERSION_NUM")) < 1500)
    {
        fprintf(stderr,
                "At least, GDAL >= 1.5.0 is required for this version of %s, "
                "which was compiled against GDAL %s\n",
                argv[0], GDAL_RELEASE_NAME);
        exit(1);
    }

    GDALAllRegister();
    argc = GDALGeneralCmdLineProcessor( argc, &argv, 0 );
    if( argc < 1 )
        exit( -argc );

    const char         *pszSrcFilename = nullptr;
    const char         *pszDstFilename = nullptr;
    int                 nOrder = 0;
    void               *hTransformArg;
    GDALTransformerFunc pfnTransformer = nullptr;
    int                 nGCPCount = 0;
    GDAL_GCP            *pasGCPs = nullptr;
    int                 bInverse = FALSE;
    CPLStringList       aosTO;
    int                 bOutputXY = FALSE;
    double              dfX = 0.0;
    double              dfY = 0.0;
    double              dfZ = 0.0;
    double              dfT = 0.0;
    bool                bCoordOnCommandLine = false;

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Parse arguments.                                                */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    for( int i = 1; i < argc && argv[i] != nullptr; i++ )
    {
        if( EQUAL(argv[i], "--utility_version") )
        {
            printf("%s was compiled against GDAL %s and "
                   "is running against GDAL %s\n",
                   argv[0], GDAL_RELEASE_NAME, GDALVersionInfo("RELEASE_NAME"));
            CSLDestroy(argv);
            return 0;
        }
        else if( EQUAL(argv[i],"--help") )
        {
            Usage();
        }
        else if( EQUAL(argv[i],"-t_srs") )
        {
            CHECK_HAS_ENOUGH_ADDITIONAL_ARGS(1);
            const char *pszSRS = argv[++i];
            if( !IsValidSRS(pszSRS) )
                exit(1);
            aosTO.SetNameValue("DST_SRS", pszSRS );
        }
        else if( EQUAL(argv[i],"-s_srs") )
        {
            CHECK_HAS_ENOUGH_ADDITIONAL_ARGS(1);
            const char *pszSRS = argv[++i];
            if( !IsValidSRS(pszSRS) )
                exit(1);
            aosTO.SetNameValue("SRC_SRS", pszSRS );
        }
        else if( EQUAL(argv[i],"-ct") )
        {
            CHECK_HAS_ENOUGH_ADDITIONAL_ARGS(1);
            const char *pszCT = argv[++i];
            aosTO.SetNameValue("COORDINATE_OPERATION", pszCT );
        }
        else if( EQUAL(argv[i],"-order") )
        {
            CHECK_HAS_ENOUGH_ADDITIONAL_ARGS(1);
            nOrder = atoi(argv[++i]);
            aosTO.SetNameValue("MAX_GCP_ORDER", argv[i] );
        }
        else if( EQUAL(argv[i],"-tps") )
        {
            aosTO.SetNameValue("METHOD", "GCP_TPS" );
            nOrder = -1;
        }
        else if( EQUAL(argv[i],"-rpc") )
        {
            aosTO.SetNameValue("METHOD", "RPC" );
        }
        else if( EQUAL(argv[i],"-geoloc") )
        {
            aosTO.SetNameValue("METHOD", "GEOLOC_ARRAY" );
        }
        else if( EQUAL(argv[i],"-i") )
        {
            bInverse = TRUE;
        }
        else if( EQUAL(argv[i],"-to")  )
        {
            CHECK_HAS_ENOUGH_ADDITIONAL_ARGS(1);
            aosTO.AddString( argv[++i] );
        }
        else if( EQUAL(argv[i],"-gcp") )
        {
            CHECK_HAS_ENOUGH_ADDITIONAL_ARGS(4);
            char* endptr = nullptr;
            /* -gcp pixel line easting northing [elev] */

            nGCPCount++;
            pasGCPs = static_cast<GDAL_GCP *>(
                CPLRealloc(pasGCPs, sizeof(GDAL_GCP) * nGCPCount));
            GDALInitGCPs( 1, pasGCPs + nGCPCount - 1 );

            pasGCPs[nGCPCount-1].dfGCPPixel = CPLAtof(argv[++i]);
            pasGCPs[nGCPCount-1].dfGCPLine = CPLAtof(argv[++i]);
            pasGCPs[nGCPCount-1].dfGCPX = CPLAtof(argv[++i]);
            pasGCPs[nGCPCount-1].dfGCPY = CPLAtof(argv[++i]);
            if( argv[i+1] != nullptr &&
                (CPLStrtod(argv[i+1], &endptr) != 0.0 || argv[i+1][0] == '0') )
            {
                // Check that last argument is really a number and not a
                // filename looking like a number (see ticket #863).
                if (endptr && *endptr == 0)
                    pasGCPs[nGCPCount-1].dfGCPZ = CPLAtof(argv[++i]);
            }

            /* should set id and info? */
        }
        else if( EQUAL(argv[i],"-output_xy") )
        {
            bOutputXY = TRUE;
        }
        else if( EQUAL(argv[i],"-coord")  && i + 2 < argc)
        {
            bCoordOnCommandLine = true;
            dfX = CPLAtof(argv[++i]);
            dfY = CPLAtof(argv[++i]);
            if( i + 1 < argc && CPLGetValueType(argv[i+1]) != CPL_VALUE_STRING )
                dfZ = CPLAtof(argv[++i]);
            if( i + 1 < argc && CPLGetValueType(argv[i+1]) != CPL_VALUE_STRING )
                dfT = CPLAtof(argv[++i]);
        }
        else if( argv[i][0] == '-' )
        {
            Usage(CPLSPrintf("Unknown option name '%s'", argv[i]));
        }
        else if( pszSrcFilename == nullptr )
        {
            pszSrcFilename = argv[i];
        }
        else if( pszDstFilename == nullptr )
        {
            pszDstFilename = argv[i];
        }
        else
        {
            Usage("Too many command options.");
        }
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Open src and destination file, if appropriate.                  */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALDatasetH hSrcDS = nullptr;
    if( pszSrcFilename != nullptr )
    {
        hSrcDS = GDALOpen( pszSrcFilename, GA_ReadOnly );
        if( hSrcDS == nullptr )
            exit( 1 );
    }

    GDALDatasetH hDstDS = nullptr;
    if( pszDstFilename != nullptr )
    {
        hDstDS = GDALOpen( pszDstFilename, GA_ReadOnly );
        if( hDstDS == nullptr )
            exit( 1 );
    }

    if( hSrcDS != nullptr && nGCPCount > 0 )
    {
        fprintf(stderr,
                "Command line GCPs and input file specified, "
                "specify one or the other.\n");
        exit( 1 );
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Create a transformation object from the source to               */
/*      destination coordinate system.                                  */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if( nGCPCount != 0 && nOrder == -1 )
    {
        pfnTransformer = GDALTPSTransform;
        hTransformArg =
            GDALCreateTPSTransformer( nGCPCount, pasGCPs, FALSE );
    }
    else if( nGCPCount != 0 )
    {
        pfnTransformer = GDALGCPTransform;
        hTransformArg =
            GDALCreateGCPTransformer( nGCPCount, pasGCPs, nOrder, FALSE );
    }
    else
    {
        pfnTransformer = GDALGenImgProjTransform;
        hTransformArg =
            GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer2( hSrcDS, hDstDS, aosTO.List() );
    }

    if( hTransformArg == nullptr )
    {
        exit( 1 );
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Read points from stdin, transform and write to stdout.          */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    double dfLastT = 0.0;

    while( bCoordOnCommandLine || !feof(stdin) )
    {
        if( !bCoordOnCommandLine )
        {
            char szLine[1024];

            if( fgets( szLine, sizeof(szLine)-1, stdin ) == nullptr )
                break;

            char **papszTokens = CSLTokenizeString(szLine);
            const int nCount = CSLCount(papszTokens);

            if( nCount < 2 )
            {
                CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
                continue;
            }

            dfX = CPLAtof(papszTokens[0]);
            dfY = CPLAtof(papszTokens[1]);
            if( nCount >= 3 )
                dfZ = CPLAtof(papszTokens[2]);
            else
                dfZ = 0.0;
            if( nCount == 4 )
                dfT = CPLAtof(papszTokens[3]);
            else 
                dfT = 0.0;
            CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
        }
        if( dfT != dfLastT && nGCPCount == 0 )
        {
            if( dfT != 0.0 )
            {
                aosTO.SetNameValue("COORDINATE_EPOCH", CPLSPrintf("%g", dfT));
            }
            else
            {
                aosTO.SetNameValue("COORDINATE_EPOCH", nullptr);
            }
            GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(hTransformArg);
            hTransformArg =
                GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer2( hSrcDS, hDstDS, aosTO.List() );
        }

        int bSuccess = TRUE;
        if( pfnTransformer( hTransformArg, bInverse, 1,
                            &dfX, &dfY, &dfZ, &bSuccess )
            && bSuccess )
        {
            if( bOutputXY )
                CPLprintf( "%.15g %.15g\n", dfX, dfY );
            else
                CPLprintf( "%.15g %.15g %.15g\n", dfX, dfY, dfZ );
        }
        else
        {
            printf( "transformation failed.\n" );
        }

        if( bCoordOnCommandLine )
            break;
        dfLastT = dfT;
    }

    if( nGCPCount != 0 && nOrder == -1 )
    {
        GDALDestroyTPSTransformer(hTransformArg);
    }
    else if( nGCPCount != 0 )
    {
        GDALDestroyGCPTransformer(hTransformArg);
    }
    else
    {
        GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(hTransformArg);
    }

    if (nGCPCount)
    {
        GDALDeinitGCPs( nGCPCount, pasGCPs );
        CPLFree( pasGCPs );
    }

    if (hSrcDS)
        GDALClose(hSrcDS);

    if (hDstDS)
        GDALClose(hDstDS);

    GDALDumpOpenDatasets( stderr );
    GDALDestroyDriverManager();

    CSLDestroy( argv );

    return 0;
}
Ejemplo n.º 5
0
/** Load proj.4 geoidgrids as GDAL dataset
 *
 * @param pszProj4Geoidgrids Value of proj.4 geoidgrids parameter.
 * @param pbError If not NULL, the pointed value will be set to TRUE if an
 *                error occurred.
 *
 * @return a dataset. If not NULL, it must be closed with GDALClose().
 *
 * @since GDAL 2.2
 */
GDALDatasetH GDALOpenVerticalShiftGrid( const char* pszProj4Geoidgrids,
                                        int* pbError )
{
    char** papszGrids = CSLTokenizeString2( pszProj4Geoidgrids, ",", 0);
    const int nGridCount = CSLCount(papszGrids);
    if( nGridCount == 1 )
    {
        CSLDestroy(papszGrids);

        bool bMissingOk = false;
        if( *pszProj4Geoidgrids == '@' )
        {
            pszProj4Geoidgrids ++;
            bMissingOk = true;
        }
        const CPLString osFilename(GetProj4Filename(pszProj4Geoidgrids));
        const char* const papszOpenOptions[] =
            { "@SHIFT_ORIGIN_IN_MINUS_180_PLUS_180=YES", nullptr };
        GDALDatasetH hDS = GDALOpenEx(osFilename, 0, nullptr, papszOpenOptions, nullptr);
        if( hDS == nullptr )
        {
            CPLDebug("GDAL", "Cannot find file corresponding to %s",
                     pszProj4Geoidgrids);
        }
        if( pbError )
            *pbError = (!bMissingOk && hDS == nullptr);
        return hDS;
    }

    CPLStringList aosFilenames;
    for( int i = nGridCount - 1; i >= 0; i-- )
    {
        const char* pszName = papszGrids[i];
        bool bMissingOk = false;
        if( *pszName == '@' )
        {
            pszName ++;
            bMissingOk = true;
        }
        const CPLString osFilename(GetProj4Filename(pszName));
        VSIStatBufL sStat;
        if( osFilename.empty() || VSIStatL(osFilename, &sStat) != 0 )
        {
            CPLDebug("GDAL", "Cannot find file corresponding to %s",
                     pszName);
            if( !bMissingOk )
            {
                if( pbError )
                    *pbError = true;
                CSLDestroy(papszGrids);
                return nullptr;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            aosFilenames.AddString(osFilename);
        }
    }

    CSLDestroy(papszGrids);

    if( aosFilenames.empty() )
    {
        if( pbError )
            *pbError = false;
        return nullptr;
    }

    char** papszArgv = nullptr;
    papszArgv = CSLAddString(papszArgv, "-resolution");
    papszArgv = CSLAddString(papszArgv, "highest");
    papszArgv = CSLAddString(papszArgv, "-vrtnodata");
    papszArgv = CSLAddString(papszArgv, "-inf");
    papszArgv = CSLAddString(papszArgv, "-oo");
    papszArgv = CSLAddString(papszArgv, "@SHIFT_ORIGIN_IN_MINUS_180_PLUS_180=YES");
    GDALBuildVRTOptions* psOptions = GDALBuildVRTOptionsNew(papszArgv, nullptr);
    CSLDestroy(papszArgv);
    GDALDatasetH hDS =
        GDALBuildVRT( "", aosFilenames.size(), nullptr, aosFilenames.List(),
                     psOptions, nullptr );
    GDALBuildVRTOptionsFree( psOptions );
    if( pbError )
        *pbError = hDS != nullptr;
    return hDS;
}