__forceinline void BVH4Intersector4Hybrid<PrimitiveIntersector4>::intersect1(const BVH4* bvh, NodeRef root, size_t k, Ray4& ray, 
                                                                                 const sse3f& ray_org, const sse3f& ray_dir, const sse3f& ray_rdir, 
                                                                                 const ssef& ray_tnear, const ssef& ray_tfar)
    {
      /*! stack state */
      StackItem stack[stackSizeSingle];  //!< stack of nodes 
      StackItem* stackPtr = stack+1;        //!< current stack pointer
      StackItem* stackEnd = stack+stackSizeSingle;
      stack[0].ptr = root;
      stack[0].dist = neg_inf;
      
      /*! offsets to select the side that becomes the lower or upper bound */
      const size_t nearX = ray_dir.x[k] >= 0.0f ? 0*sizeof(ssef) : 1*sizeof(ssef);
      const size_t nearY = ray_dir.y[k] >= 0.0f ? 2*sizeof(ssef) : 3*sizeof(ssef);
      const size_t nearZ = ray_dir.z[k] >= 0.0f ? 4*sizeof(ssef) : 5*sizeof(ssef);
      
      /*! load the ray into SIMD registers */
      const sse3f org (ray_org .x[k],ray_org .y[k],ray_org .z[k]);
      const sse3f rdir(ray_rdir.x[k],ray_rdir.y[k],ray_rdir.z[k]);
      const sse3f norg = -org, org_rdir(org*rdir);
      ssef rayNear(ray_tnear[k]), rayFar(ray_tfar[k]); 
      
      /* pop loop */
      while (true) pop:
      {
        /*! pop next node */
        if (unlikely(stackPtr == stack)) break;
        stackPtr--;
        NodeRef cur = NodeRef(stackPtr->ptr);
        
        /*! if popped node is too far, pop next one */
        if (unlikely(stackPtr->dist > ray.tfar[k]))
          continue;
        
        /* downtraversal loop */
        while (true)
        {
          /*! stop if we found a leaf */
          if (unlikely(cur.isLeaf())) break;
          STAT3(normal.trav_nodes,1,1,1);
          
          /*! single ray intersection with 4 boxes */
          const Node* node = cur.node();
          const size_t farX  = nearX ^ 16, farY  = nearY ^ 16, farZ  = nearZ ^ 16;
#if defined (__AVX2__)
          const ssef tNearX = msub(load4f((const char*)node+nearX), rdir.x, org_rdir.x);
          const ssef tNearY = msub(load4f((const char*)node+nearY), rdir.y, org_rdir.y);
          const ssef tNearZ = msub(load4f((const char*)node+nearZ), rdir.z, org_rdir.z);
          const ssef tFarX  = msub(load4f((const char*)node+farX ), rdir.x, org_rdir.x);
          const ssef tFarY  = msub(load4f((const char*)node+farY ), rdir.y, org_rdir.y);
          const ssef tFarZ  = msub(load4f((const char*)node+farZ ), rdir.z, org_rdir.z);
#else
          const ssef tNearX = (norg.x + load4f((const char*)node+nearX)) * rdir.x;
          const ssef tNearY = (norg.y + load4f((const char*)node+nearY)) * rdir.y;
          const ssef tNearZ = (norg.z + load4f((const char*)node+nearZ)) * rdir.z;
          const ssef tFarX  = (norg.x + load4f((const char*)node+farX )) * rdir.x;
          const ssef tFarY  = (norg.y + load4f((const char*)node+farY )) * rdir.y;
          const ssef tFarZ  = (norg.z + load4f((const char*)node+farZ )) * rdir.z;
#endif

#if defined(__SSE4_1__)
          const ssef tNear = maxi(maxi(tNearX,tNearY),maxi(tNearZ,rayNear));
          const ssef tFar  = mini(mini(tFarX ,tFarY ),mini(tFarZ ,rayFar ));
          const sseb vmask = cast(tNear) > cast(tFar);
          size_t mask = movemask(vmask)^0xf;
#else
          const ssef tNear = max(tNearX,tNearY,tNearZ,rayNear);
          const ssef tFar  = min(tFarX ,tFarY ,tFarZ ,rayFar);
          const sseb vmask = tNear <= tFar;
          size_t mask = movemask(vmask);
#endif
          
          /*! if no child is hit, pop next node */
          if (unlikely(mask == 0))
            goto pop;
          
          /*! one child is hit, continue with that child */
          size_t r = bitscan(mask); mask = __btc(mask,r);
          if (likely(mask == 0)) {
            cur = node->child(r);
            assert(cur != BVH4::emptyNode);
            continue;
          }
          
          /*! two children are hit, push far child, and continue with closer child */
          NodeRef c0 = node->child(r); const float d0 = tNear[r];
          r = bitscan(mask); mask = __btc(mask,r);
          NodeRef c1 = node->child(r); const float d1 = tNear[r];
          assert(c0 != BVH4::emptyNode);
          assert(c1 != BVH4::emptyNode);
          if (likely(mask == 0)) {
            assert(stackPtr < stackEnd); 
            if (d0 < d1) { stackPtr->ptr = c1; stackPtr->dist = d1; stackPtr++; cur = c0; continue; }
            else         { stackPtr->ptr = c0; stackPtr->dist = d0; stackPtr++; cur = c1; continue; }
          }
          
          /*! Here starts the slow path for 3 or 4 hit children. We push
           *  all nodes onto the stack to sort them there. */
          assert(stackPtr < stackEnd); 
          stackPtr->ptr = c0; stackPtr->dist = d0; stackPtr++;
          assert(stackPtr < stackEnd); 
          stackPtr->ptr = c1; stackPtr->dist = d1; stackPtr++;
          
          /*! three children are hit, push all onto stack and sort 3 stack items, continue with closest child */
          assert(stackPtr < stackEnd); 
          r = bitscan(mask); mask = __btc(mask,r);
          NodeRef c = node->child(r); float d = tNear[r]; stackPtr->ptr = c; stackPtr->dist = d; stackPtr++;
          assert(c != BVH4::emptyNode);
          if (likely(mask == 0)) {
            sort(stackPtr[-1],stackPtr[-2],stackPtr[-3]);
            cur = (NodeRef) stackPtr[-1].ptr; stackPtr--;
            continue;
          }
          
          /*! four children are hit, push all onto stack and sort 4 stack items, continue with closest child */
          assert(stackPtr < stackEnd); 
          r = bitscan(mask); mask = __btc(mask,r);
          c = node->child(r); d = tNear[r]; stackPtr->ptr = c; stackPtr->dist = d; stackPtr++;
          assert(c != BVH4::emptyNode);
          sort(stackPtr[-1],stackPtr[-2],stackPtr[-3],stackPtr[-4]);
          cur = (NodeRef) stackPtr[-1].ptr; stackPtr--;
        }
        
        /*! this is a leaf node */
        STAT3(normal.trav_leaves,1,1,1);
        size_t num; Primitive* prim = (Primitive*) cur.leaf(num);
        PrimitiveIntersector4::intersect(ray,k,prim,num,bvh->geometry);
        rayFar = ray.tfar[k];
      }
    }
 void add_node_ref(const object_id_type ref, const osmium::Location& location = Location{}) {
     add_node_ref(NodeRef(ref, location));
 }
    void BVH4Intersector1Bezier<PrimitiveIntersector>::intersect(const BVH4* bvh, Ray& ray)
    {
      /*! perform per ray precalculations required by the primitive intersector */
      Precalculations pre(ray);

      /*! stack state */
      StackItemInt32<NodeRef> stack[stackSize];  //!< stack of nodes 
      StackItemInt32<NodeRef>* stackPtr = stack+1;        //!< current stack pointer
      StackItemInt32<NodeRef>* stackEnd = stack+stackSize;
      stack[0].ptr = bvh->root;
      stack[0].dist = neg_inf;
      
      /*! offsets to select the side that becomes the lower or upper bound */
      const size_t nearX = ray.dir.x >= 0.0f ? 0*sizeof(ssef) : 1*sizeof(ssef);
      const size_t nearY = ray.dir.y >= 0.0f ? 2*sizeof(ssef) : 3*sizeof(ssef);
      const size_t nearZ = ray.dir.z >= 0.0f ? 4*sizeof(ssef) : 5*sizeof(ssef);
      
      /*! load the ray into SIMD registers */
      const sse3f norg(-ray.org.x,-ray.org.y,-ray.org.z);
      const Vec3fa ray_rdir = rcp_safe(ray.dir);
      const sse3f rdir(ray_rdir.x,ray_rdir.y,ray_rdir.z);
      const Vec3fa ray_org_rdir = ray.org*ray_rdir;
      const sse3f org_rdir(ray_org_rdir.x,ray_org_rdir.y,ray_org_rdir.z);
      const ssef  ray_near(ray.tnear);
      ssef ray_far(ray.tfar);

      /* pop loop */
      while (true) pop:
      {
        /*! pop next node */
        if (unlikely(stackPtr == stack)) break;
        stackPtr--;
        NodeRef cur = NodeRef(stackPtr->ptr);
        
        /*! if popped node is too far, pop next one */
        if (unlikely(*(float*)&stackPtr->dist > ray.tfar))
          continue;
        
        /* downtraversal loop */
        while (true)
        {
          /*! stop if we found a leaf */
          if (unlikely(cur.isLeaf())) break;
          STAT3(normal.trav_nodes,1,1,1);
          
          /*! single ray intersection with 4 boxes */
          const Node* node = cur.node();
          const size_t farX  = nearX ^ 16, farY  = nearY ^ 16, farZ  = nearZ ^ 16;

          const ssef tFarX0  = abs((norg.x + load4f((const char*)node+farX )) * rdir.x);
          const ssef tFarY0  = abs((norg.y + load4f((const char*)node+farY )) * rdir.y);
          const ssef tFarZ0  = abs((norg.z + load4f((const char*)node+farZ )) * rdir.z);
          const ssef tFar0  = min(tFarX0 ,tFarY0 ,tFarZ0);
          const ssef radius = abs(ssef(ray.org.w) + tFar0 * ssef(ray.dir.w));
          //const ssef radius = zero;
          //PRINT2(tFar0,radius);

          const ssef tLowerX = (norg.x + node->lower_x - radius) * rdir.x;
          const ssef tLowerY = (norg.y + node->lower_y - radius) * rdir.y;
          const ssef tLowerZ = (norg.z + node->lower_z - radius) * rdir.z;

          const ssef tUpperX = (norg.x + node->upper_x + radius) * rdir.x;
          const ssef tUpperY = (norg.y + node->upper_y + radius) * rdir.y;
          const ssef tUpperZ = (norg.z + node->upper_z + radius) * rdir.z;

          const ssef tNearX = min(tLowerX,tUpperX);
          const ssef tNearY = min(tLowerY,tUpperY);
          const ssef tNearZ = min(tLowerZ,tUpperZ);

          const ssef tFarX = max(tLowerX,tUpperX);
          const ssef tFarY = max(tLowerY,tUpperY);
          const ssef tFarZ = max(tLowerZ,tUpperZ);

          const ssef tNear = max(tNearX,tNearY,tNearZ,ray_near);
          const ssef tFar  = min(tFarX ,tFarY ,tFarZ ,ray_far);
          const sseb vmask = tNear <= tFar;
          size_t mask = movemask(vmask);
          
          /*! if no child is hit, pop next node */
          if (unlikely(mask == 0))
            goto pop;
          
          /*! one child is hit, continue with that child */
          size_t r = __bscf(mask);
          if (likely(mask == 0)) {
            cur = node->child(r);
            //assert(cur != BVH4::emptyNode); // FIXME: enable these assertions again, currently traversing empty children
            continue;
          }
          
          /*! two children are hit, push far child, and continue with closer child */
          NodeRef c0 = node->child(r); const unsigned int d0 = ((unsigned int*)&tNear)[r];
          r = __bscf(mask);
          NodeRef c1 = node->child(r); const unsigned int d1 = ((unsigned int*)&tNear)[r];
          //assert(c0 != BVH4::emptyNode);
          //assert(c1 != BVH4::emptyNode);
          if (likely(mask == 0)) {
            assert(stackPtr < stackEnd); 
            if (d0 < d1) { stackPtr->ptr = c1; stackPtr->dist = d1; stackPtr++; cur = c0; continue; }
            else         { stackPtr->ptr = c0; stackPtr->dist = d0; stackPtr++; cur = c1; continue; }
          }
          
          /*! Here starts the slow path for 3 or 4 hit children. We push
           *  all nodes onto the stack to sort them there. */
          assert(stackPtr < stackEnd); 
          stackPtr->ptr = c0; stackPtr->dist = d0; stackPtr++;
          assert(stackPtr < stackEnd); 
          stackPtr->ptr = c1; stackPtr->dist = d1; stackPtr++;
          
          /*! three children are hit, push all onto stack and sort 3 stack items, continue with closest child */
          assert(stackPtr < stackEnd); 
          r = __bscf(mask);
          NodeRef c = node->child(r); unsigned int d = ((unsigned int*)&tNear)[r]; stackPtr->ptr = c; stackPtr->dist = d; stackPtr++;
          //assert(c != BVH4::emptyNode);
          if (likely(mask == 0)) {
            sort(stackPtr[-1],stackPtr[-2],stackPtr[-3]);
            cur = (NodeRef) stackPtr[-1].ptr; stackPtr--;
            continue;
          }
          
          /*! four children are hit, push all onto stack and sort 4 stack items, continue with closest child */
          assert(stackPtr < stackEnd); 
          r = __bscf(mask);
          c = node->child(r); d = *(unsigned int*)&tNear[r]; stackPtr->ptr = c; stackPtr->dist = d; stackPtr++;
          //assert(c != BVH4::emptyNode);
          sort(stackPtr[-1],stackPtr[-2],stackPtr[-3],stackPtr[-4]);
          cur = (NodeRef) stackPtr[-1].ptr; stackPtr--;
        }
        
        /*! this is a leaf node */
        STAT3(normal.trav_leaves,1,1,1);
        size_t num; Primitive* prim = (Primitive*) cur.leaf(num);
        PrimitiveIntersector::intersect(pre,ray,prim,num,bvh->geometry);
        ray_far = ray.tfar;
      }
    }