/* @param d direction of the ray into intersection
* @param l direction of intersection to light
* @param n surface normal
*/
static void compute_specular_diffuse(double *diffuse,
double *specular,
const point3 d, const point3 l,
const point3 n, double phong_pow)
{
point3 d_copy, l_copy, middle, r;
/* Calculate vector to eye V */
COPY_POINT3(d_copy, d);
multiply_vector(d_copy, -1, d_copy);
normalize(d_copy);
/* Calculate vector to light L */
COPY_POINT3(l_copy, l);
multiply_vector(l_copy, -1, l_copy);
normalize(l_copy);
/* Calculate reflection direction R */
double tmp = dot_product(n, l_copy);
multiply_vector(n, tmp, middle);
multiply_vector(middle, 2, middle);
subtract_vector(middle, l_copy, r);
normalize(r);
/* diffuse = max(0, dot_product(n, -l)) */
*diffuse = MAX(0, dot_product(n, l_copy));
/* specular = (dot_product(r, -d))^p */
*specular = pow(MAX(0, dot_product(r, d_copy)), phong_pow);
}
static void localColor(color local_color,
const color light_color, double diffuse,
double specular, const object_fill *fill)
{
color ambi = { 0.1, 0.1, 0.1 };
color diff, spec, lightCo, surface;
/* Local Color = ambient * surface +
* light * ( kd * surface * diffuse + ks * specular)
*/
COPY_COLOR(diff, fill->fill_color);
multiply_vector(diff, fill->Kd, diff);
multiply_vector(diff, diffuse, diff);
COPY_COLOR(lightCo, light_color);
multiply_vectors(diff, lightCo, diff);
COPY_COLOR(spec, light_color);
multiply_vector(spec, fill->Ks, spec);
multiply_vector(spec, specular, spec);
COPY_COLOR(surface, fill->fill_color);
multiply_vectors(ambi,surface, ambi);
add_vector(diff, ambi, diff);
add_vector(diff, spec, diff);
add_vector(local_color, diff, local_color);
}
/* @param t t distance
* @return 1 means hit, otherwise 0
*/
static int raySphereIntersection(const point3 ray_e,
const point3 ray_d,
const sphere *sph,
intersection *ip, double *t1)
{
point3 l;
subtract_vector(sph->center, ray_e, l);
double s = dot_product(l, ray_d);
double l2 = dot_product(l, l);
double r2 = sph->radius * sph->radius;
if (s < 0 && l2 > r2)
return 0;
float m2 = l2 - s * s;
if (m2 > r2)
return 0;
float q = sqrt(r2 - m2);
*t1 = (l2 > r2) ? (s - q) : (s + q);
/* p = e + t1 * d */
multiply_vector(ray_d, *t1, ip->point);
add_vector(ray_e, ip->point, ip->point);
subtract_vector(ip->point, sph->center, ip->normal);
normalize(ip->normal);
if (dot_product(ip->normal, ray_d) > 0.0)
multiply_vector(ip->normal, -1, ip->normal);
return 1;
}
/* @param d direction of ray
* @param w basic vectors
*/
static void rayConstruction(point3 d, const point3 u, const point3 v,
const point3 w, unsigned int i, unsigned int j,
const viewpoint *view, unsigned int width,
unsigned int height)
{
double xmin = -0.0175;
double ymin = -0.0175;
double xmax = 0.0175;
double ymax = 0.0175;
double focal = 0.05;
point3 u_tmp, v_tmp, w_tmp, s;
double w_s = focal;
double u_s = xmin + ((xmax - xmin) * (float) i / (width - 1));
double v_s = ymax + ((ymin - ymax) * (float) j / (height - 1));
/* s = e + u_s * u + v_s * v + w_s * w */
multiply_vector(u, u_s, u_tmp);
multiply_vector(v, v_s, v_tmp);
multiply_vector(w, w_s, w_tmp);
add_vector(view->vrp, u_tmp, s);
add_vector(s, v_tmp, s);
add_vector(s, w_tmp, s);
/* p(t) = e + td = e + t(s - e) */
subtract_vector(s, view->vrp, d);
normalize(d);
}
/* reference: https://www.opengl.org/sdk/docs/man/html/refract.xhtml */
static void refraction(point3 t, const point3 I, const point3 N,
double n1, double n2)
{
double eta = n1 / n2;
double dot_NI = dot_product(N,I);
double k = 1.0 - eta * eta * (1.0 - dot_NI * dot_NI);
if (k < 0.0 || n2 <= 0.0)
t[0] = t[1] = t[2] = 0.0;
else {
point3 tmp;
multiply_vector(I, eta, t);
multiply_vector(N, eta * dot_NI + sqrt(k), tmp);
subtract_vector(t, tmp, t);
}
}
//function to scale aroud the world coordinate axes
void scale(IFS_DATA* ifs_data,float scale_x,float scale_y,float scale_z)
{
int i,j;
Matrix trans_matrix=return_scale_Matrix(scale_x,scale_y,scale_z);
object_x*=scale_x;
object_y*=scale_y;
object_z*=scale_z;
//print(trans_matrix);
for (i=0; i<ifs_data->numVertices; ++i)
{
vector v;
v.A[0]=ifs_data->vertices[i].x;
v.A[1]=ifs_data->vertices[i].y;
v.A[2]=ifs_data->vertices[i].z;
v.A[3]=1.0;
//v=create_scale_Matrix(&v,scale_x,scale_y,scale_z);
v=multiply_vector(&trans_matrix,&v);
ifs_data->vertices[i].x=v.A[0];
ifs_data->vertices[i].y=v.A[1];
ifs_data->vertices[i].z=v.A[2];
}
}
value value::multiply(const value& that) const
{
if (that.is(m_type))
{
switch (m_type)
{
case type::number:
return multiply_number(*m_value_number, *that.m_value_number);
case type::vector:
return multiply_vector(*m_value_vector, *that.m_value_vector);
default:
break;
}
}
throw error(
error::type::type,
U"Cannot multiply " +
type_description(that.m_type) +
U" with " +
type_description(m_type)
);
}
/*
* Returns a pointer to the intersection between a cone and a ray.
*
* eye: Position from which the ray is thrown.
* dir_vec: Direction towards which the ray is thrown. Must be normalized.
* object_ptr: Pointer to the Object struct that represents the cone.
* length: Output parameter for the number of intersections found.
*/
void* get_cone_intersection(Vector eye, Vector dir_vec, void* object_ptr, int *length)
{
Cone* cone_ptr = (Cone*) ((Object*)object_ptr)->figure;
long double termQD, termQE;
Vector varD, varE, anchor_to_anchor;
anchor_to_anchor = subtract_vectors(eye, cone_ptr->anchor);
termQD = do_dot_product(cone_ptr->direction, dir_vec);
termQE = do_dot_product(cone_ptr->direction, anchor_to_anchor);
varD = subtract_vectors(multiply_vector(termQD, cone_ptr->direction), dir_vec);
varE = get_ray_position(cone_ptr->anchor, subtract_vectors(multiply_vector(termQE, cone_ptr->direction), eye), 1);
long double a = pow(varD.x, 2) + pow(varD.y, 2) + pow(varD.z, 2) - pow(cone_ptr->radius, 2) * pow(termQD, 2);
long double b = 2 * (do_dot_product(varE, varD) - pow(cone_ptr->radius, 2) * termQD * termQE);
long double c = pow(varE.x, 2) + pow(varE.y, 2) + pow(varE.z, 2) - pow(cone_ptr->radius, 2) * pow(termQE, 2);
return get_cyl_cone_intersection(a, b, c, eye, dir_vec, object_ptr, length);
}
//function to rotate along the world coordinate system
void rotate_along(IFS_DATA* ifs_data,int axes)
{
Matrix k;
switch(axes)
{
case 1:
k=return_rotate_x(theta);
break;
case 2:
k=return_rotate_y(theta);
break;
case 3:
k=return_rotate_z(theta);
break;
}
vector temp;
temp.A[0]=object_x;
temp.A[1]=object_y;
temp.A[2]=object_z;
temp.A[3]=1.0;
temp=multiply_vector(&k,&temp);
object_x=temp.A[0];
object_y=temp.A[1];
object_z=temp.A[2];
int i,j;
for (i=0; i<ifs_data->numVertices; ++i)
{
vector v;
v.A[0]=ifs_data->vertices[i].x;
v.A[1]=ifs_data->vertices[i].y;
v.A[2]=ifs_data->vertices[i].z;
v.A[3]=1.0;
switch(axes)
{
case 1:
v=rotate_x(&v,angle_x);
break;
case 2:
v=rotate_y(&v,angle_y);
break;
case 3:
v=rotate_z(&v,angle_z);
break;
}
ifs_data->vertices[i].x=v.A[0];
ifs_data->vertices[i].y=v.A[1];
ifs_data->vertices[i].z=v.A[2];
}
}
/*
* Returns the normal vector of a cone on a given position. The vector is
* already normalized.
*
* posn: Position at which the intersection occured
* cone_ptr: Pointer to a cone figure.
*/
Vector get_cone_normal_vector(Vector posn, void* cone_ptr)
{
Cone cone = *((Cone*) cone_ptr);
Vector border, normal_vec;
border = subtract_vectors(posn, cone.anchor);
long double distance = normalize_vector(&border);
if(do_dot_product(border, cone.direction) < 0)
distance *= -1;
normal_vec = multiply_vector(1.0/ fabsl(distance), subtract_vectors(posn, get_ray_position(cone.anchor, cone.direction, distance * sqrt(2))));
normalize_vector(&normal_vec);
return normal_vec;
}
//function to rotate the camera around camera coordinate system
Rotate_Camera_around_own_axis(float theta,int axes)
{
vector v;
v.A[0]=c_x;
v.A[1]=c_y;
v.A[2]=c_z;
v.A[3]=1.0;
vector v1;
v1.A[0]=u_x;//-e_x;
v1.A[1]=u_y;//-e_y;
v1.A[2]=u_z;//-e_z;
v1.A[3]=1.0;
Matrix m;
switch(axes)
{
case 1:
m=return_rotate_x(theta);
break;
case 2:
m=return_rotate_y(theta);
break;
case 3:
m=return_rotate_z(theta);
break;
}
v=multiply_vector(&m,&v);
// printf("vector v again is \n");
// print_vector(v);
v1=multiply_vector(&m,&v1);
// printf("vector v1 again is \n");
// print_vector(v1);
look_ortho(data,e_x,e_y,e_z,v.A[0],v.A[1],v.A[2],v1.A[0],v1.A[1],v1.A[2]);
}
// my implementation of arbitrary axis
void rotate_arbit_axis(IFS_DATA *ifs_data,float x1,float y1,float z1,float x2,float y2,float z2,float theta)
{
Matrix trans_matrix;
int A[4][4]={{1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0},{0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0},{0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0},{0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0}};
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
trans_matrix.A[i][j]=A[i][j];
Matrix T=return_translate(-x1,-y1,-z1);
trans_matrix=T;
float u=sqrt((x2-x1)*(x2-x1) + (y2-y1)*(y2-y1) +(z2-z1)*(z2-z1));
float x=(x2-x1)/u;
float y=(y2-y1)/u;
float z=(z2-z1)/u;
//printf("%f %f %f \n\n\n",x,y,z);
Matrix R;
float B[4][4]={{x*x*(1-cos(theta))+cos(theta),x*(1-cos(theta))*y+z*sin(theta),z*x*(1-cos(theta))-y*sin(theta),0.0}
,{x*(1-cos(theta))*y-z*sin(theta),y*y*(1-cos(theta))+cos(theta),z*y*(1-cos(theta))+x*sin(theta),0.0}
,{z*(1-cos(theta))*x+y*sin(theta),z*(1-cos(theta))*y-x*sin(theta),z*z*(1-cos(theta))+cos(theta),0.0}
,{0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0}};
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
R.A[i][j]=B[i][j];
trans_matrix=multiply(R,trans_matrix);
T=return_translate(x1,y1,z1);
trans_matrix=multiply(T,trans_matrix);
for (i=0; i<ifs_data->numVertices; ++i)
{
vector v;
v.A[0]=ifs_data->vertices[i].x;
v.A[1]=ifs_data->vertices[i].y;
v.A[2]=ifs_data->vertices[i].z;
v.A[3]=1.0;
v=multiply_vector(&trans_matrix,&v);
//for(=0;i<4;i++)
ifs_data->vertices[i].x=v.A[0];
ifs_data->vertices[i].y=v.A[1];
ifs_data->vertices[i].z=v.A[2];
}
}
void Reflection::reciprocalAxes(vec *aStar, vec *bStar, vec *cStar)
{
double volume = unitCellVolume();
vec avec, bvec, cvec;
realSpaceAxes(&avec, &bvec, &cvec);
double alpha, beta, gamma;
anglesAsRadians(&alpha, &beta, &gamma);
double sinAlpha = sin(alpha);
double sinBeta = sin(beta);
double sinGamma = sin(gamma);
*aStar = cross_product_for_vectors(bvec, cvec);
double scalar = sinAlpha / volume;
multiply_vector(aStar, scalar);
*bStar = cross_product_for_vectors(avec, cvec);
scalar = sinBeta / volume;
multiply_vector(bStar, scalar);
*cStar = cross_product_for_vectors(avec, bvec);
scalar = sinGamma / volume;
multiply_vector(cStar, scalar);
}
void draw_vector_balls(SDL_Renderer* r, SDL_Texture* t, struct vector3d ball[], int size, int width, int height) {
SDL_Rect dest;
dest.w = 20;
dest.h = 20;
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
struct vector3d z_translate = {0,0,2};
struct vector3d screen_translate = {width / 2 , height / 2, 0};
struct vector3d world = {ball[i].x, ball[i].y, ball[i].z};
add_vector(&world, &z_translate);
multiply_vector(&world, 100);
add_vector(&world, &screen_translate);
float inv = 400 - world.z;
float interp = inv / 342;
dest.w = 30 * interp;
dest.h = 30 * interp;
/*
if (i == 0) {
dest.w = 30;
dest.h = 30;
printf("z = %.1f\n", world.z);
} else {
dest.w = 20;
dest.h = 20;
}
*/
dest.x = world.x;
dest.y = world.y;
SDL_RenderCopy(r, t, NULL, &dest); //draw screen pixel_buffer
}
}
/* @param t distance */
static intersection ray_hit_object(const point3 e, const point3 d,
double t0, double t1,
const rectangular_node rectangulars,
rectangular_node *hit_rectangular,
const sphere_node spheres,
sphere_node *hit_sphere)
{
/* set these to not hit */
*hit_rectangular = NULL;
*hit_sphere = NULL;
point3 biased_e;
multiply_vector(d, t0, biased_e);
add_vector(biased_e, e, biased_e);
double nearest = t1;
intersection result, tmpresult;
for (rectangular_node rec = rectangulars; rec; rec = rec->next) {
if (rayRectangularIntersection(biased_e, d, &(rec->element),
&tmpresult, &t1) && (t1 < nearest)) {
/* hit is closest so far */
*hit_rectangular = rec;
nearest = t1;
result = tmpresult;
}
}
/* check the spheres */
for (sphere_node sphere = spheres; sphere; sphere = sphere->next) {
if (raySphereIntersection(biased_e, d, &(sphere->element),
&tmpresult, &t1) && (t1 < nearest)) {
*hit_sphere = sphere;
*hit_rectangular = NULL;
nearest = t1;
result = tmpresult;
}
}
return result;
}
void spacing_simulator_step(spacing_simulator *ss) {
linked_list* vertices = ss->vg->vertices;
linked_list* edges = ss->vg->edges;
for(node* i = vertices->first; i != NULL;i = i->next){
visual_vertex* v1 = (visual_vertex*)i->element;
v1->sim_data.speed = subtract_vector(make_vector_2d(400, 300), v1->position);
v1->sim_data.speed = multiply_vector(normalize(v1->sim_data.speed), ss->origin_point_force);
//debug_vector2d(v1->position, "POSITION");
//debug_vector2d(v1->sim_data.speed, "SPEED");
//debug("VVVVVVVVVV\n");
}
for(node* i = vertices->first; i != NULL;i = i->next){
visual_vertex* v1 = (visual_vertex*)i->element;
for(node* j = i->next;j != NULL;j = j->next){
visual_vertex* v2 = (visual_vertex*)j->element;
vector_2d speed1 = subtract_vector(v1->position, v2->position);
vector_2d speed2 = subtract_vector(v2->position, v1->position);
float distance = calculate_distance(v1->position, v2->position);
float force_factor = 100-distance;
force_factor = (force_factor > 0 ? force_factor : 0)*2;
speed1 = normalize(speed1);
speed2 = normalize(speed2);
speed1 = multiply_vector(speed1, force_factor);
speed2 = multiply_vector(speed2, force_factor);
v1->sim_data.speed = add_vector(v1->sim_data.speed, speed1);
v2->sim_data.speed = add_vector(v2->sim_data.speed, speed2);
//debug_vector2d(speed1, "SPEED1");
//debug_vector2d(speed2, "SPEED2");
}
}
for(node* i = edges->first;i != NULL;i = i->next){
visual_edge* e = (visual_edge*)i->element;
vector_2d pos1 = e->v1->position;
vector_2d pos2 = e->v2->position;
float distance = calculate_distance(pos1, pos2);
vector_2d direction1 = normalize(subtract_vector(pos2, pos1));
vector_2d direction2 = normalize(subtract_vector(pos1, pos2));
vector_2d speed1 = multiply_vector(direction1, distance*distance/500);
vector_2d speed2 = multiply_vector(direction2, distance*distance/500);
e->v1->sim_data.speed = add_vector(e->v1->sim_data.speed, speed1);
e->v2->sim_data.speed = add_vector(e->v2->sim_data.speed, speed2);
}
for(node* i = vertices->first; i != NULL;i = i->next){
visual_vertex* v1 = (visual_vertex*)i->element;
v1->sim_data.speed = multiply_vector(v1->sim_data.speed, ss->friction_factor);
v1->position = add_vector(v1->position, v1->sim_data.speed);
}
}
//function to scale the object around its own center
void scale_constant(IFS_DATA* ifs_data,float scale_x,float scale_y,float scale_z)
{
int i,j;
Matrix trans_matrix;
Matrix T=return_translate(-1*object_x,-1*object_y,-1*object_z);
Matrix scale=return_scale_Matrix(scale_x,scale_y,scale_z);
trans_matrix=multiply(scale,T);
T=return_translate(object_x,object_y,object_z);
trans_matrix=multiply(trans_matrix,T);
//print(trans_matrix);
for (i=0; i<ifs_data->numVertices; ++i)
{
vector v;
v.A[0]=ifs_data->vertices[i].x;
v.A[1]=ifs_data->vertices[i].y;
v.A[2]=ifs_data->vertices[i].z;
v.A[3]=1.0;
//v=create_scale_Matrix(&v,scale_x,scale_y,scale_z);
v=multiply_vector(&trans_matrix,&v);
ifs_data->vertices[i].x=v.A[0];
ifs_data->vertices[i].y=v.A[1];
ifs_data->vertices[i].z=v.A[2];
}
}
/* @param r direction of reflected ray
* @param d direction of primary ray into intersection
* @param n surface normal at intersection
*/
static void reflection(point3 r, const point3 d, const point3 n)
{
/* r = d - 2(d . n)n */
multiply_vector(n, -2.0 * dot_product(d, n), r);
add_vector(r, d, r);
}
void look_ortho(IFS_DATA *ifs_data,float eye1_x,float eye1_y,float eye1_z,float center1_x,float center1_y,float center1_z,float up1_x,float up1_y,float up1_z)
{
vector w, v, up,u;
Matrix m;
w.A[0] = -1*(center1_x - eye1_x);
w.A[1] = -1*(center1_y - eye1_y);
w.A[2] = -1*(center1_z - eye1_z);
w.A[3]=1.0;
// printf("printing w\n");
// print_vector(w);
up.A[0] = up1_x;
up.A[1] = up1_y;
up.A[2] = up1_z;
up.A[3]=1.0;
// printf("printing up\n");
// print_vector(up);
w=normalize(w);
float dot=up.A[0]*w.A[0]+up.A[1]*w.A[1]+up.A[2]*w.A[2];
v.A[0]=up.A[0]-dot*w.A[0];
v.A[1]=up.A[1]-dot*w.A[1];
v.A[2]=up.A[2]-dot*w.A[2];
v.A[3]=1.0;
v=normalize(v);
/* Side = forward x up */
u=cross_product(v, w);
//print_vector(side);
// side=normalize(side);
/* Recompute up as: up = side x forward */
// up=cross_product(side, f);
//print_vector(up);
m.A[0][0] = u.A[0];
m.A[1][0] = u.A[1];
m.A[2][0] = u.A[2];
m.A[3][0] = 0.0;
m.A[0][1] = v.A[0];
m.A[1][1] = v.A[1];
m.A[2][1] = v.A[2];
m.A[3][1] = 0.0;
m.A[0][2] = w.A[0];
m.A[1][2] = w.A[1];
m.A[2][2] = w.A[2];
m.A[3][2] = 0.0;
m.A[0][3] = 0.0;
m.A[1][3] = 0.0;
m.A[2][3] = 0.0;
m.A[3][3] = 1.0;
Matrix T=return_translate(-eye1_x,-eye1_y,-eye1_z);
// print(T);
Matrix trans_matrix=multiply(m,T);
vector o;
o.A[0]=object_x;
o.A[1]=object_y;
o.A[2]=object_z;
o.A[3]=1.0;
o=multiply_vector(&trans_matrix,&o);
object_x=o.A[0];
object_y=o.A[1];
object_z=o.A[2];
//print_vector(o);
// print(trans_matrix);
int i,j;
for (i=0; i<ifs_data->numVertices; ++i)
{
vector v;
v.A[0]=ifs_data->vertices[i].x;
v.A[1]=ifs_data->vertices[i].y;
v.A[2]=ifs_data->vertices[i].z;
v.A[3]=1.0;
v=multiply_vector(&trans_matrix,&v);
//for(=0;i<4;i++)
ifs_data->vertices[i].x=v.A[0];
ifs_data->vertices[i].y=v.A[1];
ifs_data->vertices[i].z=v.A[2];
}
// glMultMatrixf(&m[0][0]);
//glTranslated(-eyex, -eyey, -eyez);
}
/*
* Adds the effect of the given light over the given intersection.
*
* light: Light that is being applied.
* inter: Intersection over which the light is being applied.
* normal_vec: Normal vector of the intersection point. It is passed by as a
* parameter for optimization purposes.
* rev_dir_vec: Reverse vector of the direction of the ray that comes from the
* eye. It is passed by as a parameter for optimization purposes.
* all_lights_color: Accumulated amount of light sources effect. The effect of
* the given light is added to this total.
* all_lights_color: Accumulated amount of the specular light effect. The
* specular effect of the given light is added to this total.
* conf: Configuration of the scene.
*/
void apply_light_source(Light light,
Intersection inter,
Vector normal_vec,
Vector rev_dir_vec,
Color *all_lights_color,
long double *all_spec_light,
SceneConfig conf)
{
Vector light_vec;
long double light_distance, illum_cos, att_factor, spec_cos;
Color light_filter;
Intersection* shadow_inter;
int shadow_i, shadow_inter_length;
Object shadow_obj;
// Find the vector that points from the intersection point to the light
// source, and normalize it
light_vec = subtract_vectors(light.anchor, inter.posn);
light_distance = normalize_vector(&light_vec);
// We check for any object making a shadow from that light
light_filter = (Color){ .red = 1.0, .green = 1.0, .blue = 1.0 };;
shadow_inter = get_intersections(inter.posn, light_vec, &shadow_inter_length, conf);
// If the intersection is beyond the light source, we ignore it
if(shadow_inter)
{ // Object(s) is/are actually behind the light
for(shadow_i = 0; shadow_i < shadow_inter_length && !is_color_empty(light_filter); shadow_i++)
{
if(shadow_inter[shadow_i].distance < light_distance)
{
shadow_obj = shadow_inter[shadow_i].obj;
if(shadow_obj.translucency_material)
{
light_filter = multiply_color(shadow_obj.translucency_material, multiply_colors(light_filter, shadow_obj.color));
}
else
{
light_filter = get_empty_color();
}
}
}
if(!is_color_empty(light_filter))
{
free(shadow_inter);
shadow_inter = NULL;
}
}
// If there aren't any shadows
if(!shadow_inter)
{
illum_cos = do_dot_product(normal_vec, light_vec);
// We only take it into account if the angle is lower than 90 degrees
if(illum_cos > 0)
{
Vector light_mirror_vec = subtract_vectors(multiply_vector(2 * illum_cos, normal_vec), light_vec);
// Attenuation factor, reduces the light energy depending on the distance
att_factor = get_attenuation_factor(light, light_distance);
spec_cos = do_dot_product(rev_dir_vec, light_mirror_vec);
// We add the light source effect
light_filter = multiply_color(illum_cos * inter.obj.light_material * att_factor, light_filter);
*all_lights_color = add_colors(*all_lights_color, multiply_colors(light_filter, light.color));
// The specular light, is the white stain on the objects
if(spec_cos > 0)
{
*all_spec_light += pow(spec_cos * inter.obj.specular_material * att_factor, inter.obj.specular_pow);
}
}
}
else free(shadow_inter);
}
/*
* Gets the color of the intersection by calculating light intensity,
* (which includes specular light, shadows, transparency, etc)
*
* light: Light for which the attenuation factor is calculated.
* distance: Distance between the light and an illuminated spot.
* mirror_level: Current level of reflection.
* conf: Configuration of the scene.
*/
Color get_intersection_color(Vector eye,
Vector dir_vec,
Intersection *inter_list,
int inter_length,
int mirror_level,
int transparency_level,
SceneConfig conf)
{
Intersection inter;
int light_index;
long double spec_light_factor, mirror_factor, transparency_factor;
Vector normal_vec, rev_dir_vec, reflection_vec;
Light light;
Color all_lights_color, color_found, reflection_color,
transparency_color, final_color;
inter = inter_list[transparency_level];
// Light intensity
all_lights_color = (Color){ .red = 0.0, .green = 0.0, .blue = 0.0 };
// Specular light intensity
spec_light_factor = 0.0;
normal_vec = get_normal_vector(&inter);
// Pick up the normal vector that is pointing to the eye
if(do_dot_product(normal_vec, dir_vec) > 0)
normal_vec = multiply_vector(-1, normal_vec);
// Initialize reverse direction vector for mirrors and specular light
rev_dir_vec = multiply_vector(-1, dir_vec);
for(light_index = 0; light_index < conf.lights_length; light_index++)
{
light = conf.lights[light_index];
apply_light_source(light, inter, normal_vec, rev_dir_vec, &all_lights_color, &spec_light_factor, conf);
}
// We add the environmental light of the scene
all_lights_color = add_colors(all_lights_color, multiply_color(inter.obj.light_ambiental, conf.environment_light));
if(spec_light_factor > 1.0)
spec_light_factor = 1.0;
color_found = multiply_colors(all_lights_color, inter.obj.color);
// Specular light gives a color between enlightened color and the light color.
color_found.red += (1 - color_found.red) * spec_light_factor;
color_found.green += (1 - color_found.green) * spec_light_factor;
color_found.blue += (1 - color_found.blue) * spec_light_factor;
// Get transparency color
transparency_factor = inter.obj.transparency_material;
if (transparency_level < conf.max_transparency_level &&
transparency_factor > 0.0)
{
if(transparency_level + 1 < inter_length)
{
transparency_color = get_intersection_color(eye,dir_vec,inter_list,inter_length,0,transparency_level+1, conf);
}
else
{
transparency_color = conf.background;
}
}
else
{
transparency_factor = 0.0;
transparency_color = get_empty_color();
}
// Get reflection color
mirror_factor = inter.obj.mirror_material;
if (mirror_level < conf.max_mirror_level &&
mirror_factor > 0.0)
{
reflection_vec = subtract_vectors(multiply_vector(2 * do_dot_product(normal_vec, rev_dir_vec), normal_vec), rev_dir_vec);
reflection_color = get_color(inter.posn, reflection_vec, mirror_level + 1, conf);
}
else
{
mirror_factor = 0;
reflection_color = get_empty_color();
}
// Calculate final color
transparency_color = multiply_color(transparency_factor, transparency_color);
reflection_color = multiply_color((1.0-transparency_factor) * mirror_factor, reflection_color);
color_found = multiply_color((1.0-transparency_factor) * (1.0-mirror_factor), color_found);
final_color = add_colors(transparency_color, add_colors(reflection_color, color_found));
return final_color;
}
/*
* Returns the color that is seen from the position 'eye' when looking at the
* tridimensional scene towards the direction 'dir_vec'.
*
* eye: Position from which the scene is seen.
* dir_vec: Direction at which the eye is looking. This vector must be normalized.
* mirror_level: Current level of reflection.
* conf: Configuration of the scene.
*/
Color get_color(Vector eye, Vector dir_vec, int mirror_level, SceneConfig conf)
{
Intersection *inter_list;
Color color;
// Get intersections on the given direction. Intersections are ordered from the nearest to the farthest.
int inter_list_length;
inter_list = get_intersections(eye, dir_vec, &inter_list_length, conf);
// If we don't find an intersection we return the background, otherwise we check for the intersections's color.
if (!inter_list) return conf.background;
color = get_intersection_color(eye, dir_vec, inter_list, inter_list_length, mirror_level, 0, conf);
free(inter_list);
return color;
}
static unsigned int ray_color(const point3 e, double t,
const point3 d,
idx_stack *stk,
const rectangular_node rectangulars,
const sphere_node spheres,
const light_node lights,
color object_color, int bounces_left)
{
rectangular_node hit_rec = NULL, light_hit_rec = NULL;
sphere_node hit_sphere = NULL, light_hit_sphere = NULL;
double diffuse, specular;
point3 l, _l, r, rr;
object_fill fill;
color reflection_part;
color refraction_part;
/* might be a reflection ray, so check how many times we've bounced */
if (bounces_left == 0) {
SET_COLOR(object_color, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
return 0;
}
/* check for intersection with a sphere or a rectangular */
intersection ip= ray_hit_object(e, d, t, MAX_DISTANCE, rectangulars,
&hit_rec, spheres, &hit_sphere);
if (!hit_rec && !hit_sphere)
return 0;
/* pick the fill of the object that was hit */
fill = hit_rec ?
hit_rec->element.rectangular_fill :
hit_sphere->element.sphere_fill;
void *hit_obj = hit_rec ? (void *) hit_rec : (void *) hit_sphere;
/* assume it is a shadow */
SET_COLOR(object_color, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
for (light_node light = lights; light; light = light->next) {
/* calculate the intersection vector pointing at the light */
subtract_vector(ip.point, light->element.position, l);
multiply_vector(l, -1, _l);
normalize(_l);
/* check for intersection with an object. use ignore_me
* because we don't care about this normal
*/
ray_hit_object(ip.point, _l, MIN_DISTANCE, length(l),
rectangulars, &light_hit_rec,
spheres, &light_hit_sphere);
/* the light was not block by itself(lit object) */
if (light_hit_rec || light_hit_sphere)
continue;
compute_specular_diffuse(&diffuse, &specular, d, l,
ip.normal, fill.phong_power);
localColor(object_color, light->element.light_color,
diffuse, specular, &fill);
}
reflection(r, d, ip.normal);
double idx = idx_stack_top(stk).idx, idx_pass = fill.index_of_refraction;
if (idx_stack_top(stk).obj == hit_obj) {
idx_stack_pop(stk);
idx_pass = idx_stack_top(stk).idx;
} else {
idx_stack_element e = { .obj = hit_obj,
.idx = fill.index_of_refraction
};
idx_stack_push(stk, e);
}
refraction(rr, d, ip.normal, idx, idx_pass);
double R = (fill.T > 0.1) ?
fresnel(d, rr, ip.normal, idx, idx_pass) :
1.0;
/* totalColor = localColor +
mix((1-fill.Kd) * fill.R * reflection, T * refraction, R)
*/
if (fill.R > 0) {
/* if we hit something, add the color */
int old_top = stk->top;
if (ray_color(ip.point, MIN_DISTANCE, r, stk, rectangulars, spheres,
lights, reflection_part,
bounces_left - 1)) {
multiply_vector(reflection_part, R * (1.0 - fill.Kd) * fill.R,
reflection_part);
add_vector(object_color, reflection_part,
object_color);
}
stk->top = old_top;
}
/* calculate refraction ray */
if ((length(rr) > 0.0) && (fill.T > 0.0) &&
(fill.index_of_refraction > 0.0)) {
normalize(rr);
if (ray_color(ip.point, MIN_DISTANCE, rr, stk,rectangulars, spheres,
lights, refraction_part,
bounces_left - 1)) {
multiply_vector(refraction_part, (1 - R) * fill.T,
refraction_part);
add_vector(object_color, refraction_part,
object_color);
}
}
protect_color_overflow(object_color);
return 1;
}
/* @param background_color this is not ambient light */
void raytracing(void* args)
{
arg *data = (arg*) args;
point3 u, v, w, d;
color object_color = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 };
const viewpoint *view = (*data).View;
color back = { 0.0 , 0.1 , 0.1 };
uint8_t *pixels = data->pixels;
int start_j,end_j;
/* Separate to count the pixels */
if(pthread_equal(pthread_self(),THREAD[0])) {
start_j = 0;
end_j = 128;
} else if(pthread_equal(pthread_self(),THREAD[1])) {
start_j = 128;
end_j = 256;
} else if(pthread_equal(pthread_self(),THREAD[2])) {
start_j = 256;
end_j = 384;
} else if(pthread_equal(pthread_self(),THREAD[3])) {
start_j = 384;
end_j = 512;
}
/* calculate u, v, w */
calculateBasisVectors(u, v, w, view);
idx_stack stk;
int factor = sqrt(SAMPLES);
#pragma omp parallel for num_threads(64) \
private(stk), private(d), \
private(object_color)
for (int j = start_j ; j < end_j; j++) {
for (int i = 0 ; i < (*data).row; i++) {
double r = 0, g = 0, b = 0;
/* MSAA */
for (int s = 0; s < SAMPLES; s++) {
idx_stack_init(&stk);
rayConstruction(d, u, v, w,
i * factor + s / factor,
j * factor + s % factor,
view,
(*data).row * factor, (*data).col * factor);
if (ray_color(view->vrp, 0.0, d, &stk,(*data).rectangulars,
(*data).spheres, (*data).lights, object_color,
MAX_REFLECTION_BOUNCES)) {
r += object_color[0];
g += object_color[1];
b += object_color[2];
} else {
r += back[0];
g += back[1];
b += back[2];
}
pixels[((i + (j * (*data).row)) * 3) + 0] = r * 255 / SAMPLES;
pixels[((i + (j * (*data).row)) * 3) + 1] = g * 255 / SAMPLES;
pixels[((i + (j * (*data).row)) * 3) + 2] = b * 255 / SAMPLES;
}
}
}
}
int main (int argc, char* args[]) {
//SDL Window setup
if (init(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT) == 1) {
return 0;
}
int i = 0;
int j = 0;
int offset = 0;
struct vector2d translation = {-SCREEN_WIDTH / 2, -SCREEN_HEIGHT / 2};
//set up icons used to represent player lives
for (i = 0; i < LIVES; i++) {
init_player(&lives[i]);
lives[i].lives = 1;
//shrink lives
for (j = 0; j < P_VERTS; j++) {
divide_vector(&lives[i].obj_vert[j], 2);
}
//convert screen space vector into world space
struct vector2d top_left = {20 + offset, 20};
add_vector(&top_left, &translation);
lives[i].location = top_left;
update_player(&lives[i]);
offset += 20;
}
//set up player and asteroids in world space
init_player(&p);
init_asteroids(asteroids, ASTEROIDS);
int sleep = 0;
int quit = 0;
SDL_Event event;
Uint32 next_game_tick = SDL_GetTicks();
//render loop
while(quit == 0) {
//check for new events every frame
SDL_PumpEvents();
const Uint8 *state = SDL_GetKeyboardState(NULL);
if (state[SDL_SCANCODE_ESCAPE]) {
quit = 1;
}
if (state[SDL_SCANCODE_UP]) {
struct vector2d thrust = get_direction(&p);
multiply_vector(&thrust, .06);
apply_force(&p.velocity, thrust);
}
if (state[SDL_SCANCODE_LEFT]) {
rotate_player(&p, -4);
}
if (state[SDL_SCANCODE_RIGHT]) {
rotate_player(&p, 4);
}
while (SDL_PollEvent(&event)) {
switch(event.type) {
case SDL_KEYDOWN:
switch( event.key.keysym.sym ) {
case SDLK_SPACE:
if (p.lives > 0) {
shoot_bullet(&p);
}
break;
}
}
}
//draw to the pixel buffer
clear_pixels(pixels, 0x00000000);
draw_player(pixels, &p);
draw_player(pixels, &lives[0]);
draw_player(pixels, &lives[1]);
draw_player(pixels, &lives[2]);
draw_asteroids(pixels, asteroids, ASTEROIDS);
update_player(&p);
bounds_player(&p);
bounds_asteroids(asteroids, ASTEROIDS);
int res = collision_asteroids(asteroids, ASTEROIDS, &p.location, p.hit_radius);
if (res != -1) {
p.lives--;
p.location.x = 0;
p.location.y = 0;
p.velocity.x = 0;
p.velocity.y = 0;
int i = LIVES - 1;
for ( i = LIVES; i >= 0; i--) {
if(lives[i].lives > 0) {
lives[i].lives = 0;
break;
}
}
}
int i = 0;
struct vector2d translation = {-SCREEN_WIDTH / 2, -SCREEN_HEIGHT / 2};
for (i = 0; i < BULLETS; i++) {
//only check for collision for bullets that are shown on screen
if (p.bullets[i].alive == TRUE) {
//convert bullet screen space location to world space to compare
//with asteroids world space to detect a collision
struct vector2d world = add_vector_new(&p.bullets[i].location, &translation);
int index = collision_asteroids(asteroids, ASTEROIDS, &world, 1);
//collision occured
if (index != -1) {
asteroids[index].alive = 0;
p.bullets[i].alive = FALSE;
if (asteroids[index].size != SMALL) {
spawn_asteroids(asteroids, ASTEROIDS, asteroids[index].size, asteroids[index].location);
}
}
}
}
update_asteroids(asteroids, ASTEROIDS);
//draw buffer to the texture representing the screen
SDL_UpdateTexture(screen, NULL, pixels, SCREEN_WIDTH * sizeof (Uint32));
//draw to the screen
SDL_RenderClear(renderer);
SDL_RenderCopy(renderer, screen, NULL, NULL);
SDL_RenderPresent(renderer);
//time it takes to render 1 frame in milliseconds
next_game_tick += 1000 / 60;
sleep = next_game_tick - SDL_GetTicks();
if( sleep >= 0 ) {
SDL_Delay(sleep);
}
}
//free the screen buffer
free(pixels);
//Destroy window
SDL_DestroyWindow(window);
//Quit SDL subsystems
SDL_Quit();
return 0;
}
/* @return 1 means hit, otherwise 0; */
static int rayRectangularIntersection(const point3 ray_e,
const point3 ray_d,
rectangular *rec,
intersection *ip, double *t1)
{
point3 e01, e03, p;
subtract_vector(rec->vertices[1], rec->vertices[0], e01);
subtract_vector(rec->vertices[3], rec->vertices[0], e03);
cross_product(ray_d, e03, p);
double det = dot_product(e01, p);
/* Reject rays orthagonal to the normal vector.
* I.e. rays parallell to the plane.
*/
if (det < 1e-4)
return 0;
double inv_det = 1.0 / det;
point3 s;
subtract_vector(ray_e, rec->vertices[0], s);
double alpha = inv_det * dot_product(s, p);
if ((alpha > 1.0) || (alpha < 0.0))
return 0;
point3 q;
cross_product(s, e01, q);
double beta = inv_det * dot_product(ray_d, q);
if ((beta > 1.0) || (beta < 0.0))
return 0;
*t1 = inv_det * dot_product(e03, q);
if (alpha + beta > 1.0f) {
/* for the second triangle */
point3 e23, e21;
subtract_vector(rec->vertices[3], rec->vertices[2], e23);
subtract_vector(rec->vertices[1], rec->vertices[2], e21);
cross_product(ray_d, e21, p);
det = dot_product(e23, p);
if (det < 1e-4)
return 0;
inv_det = 1.0 / det;
subtract_vector(ray_e, rec->vertices[2], s);
alpha = inv_det * dot_product(s, p);
if (alpha < 0.0)
return 0;
cross_product(s, e23, q);
beta = inv_det * dot_product(ray_d, q);
if ((beta < 0.0) || (beta + alpha > 1.0))
return 0;
*t1 = inv_det * dot_product(e21, q);
}
if (*t1 < 1e-4)
return 0;
COPY_POINT3(ip->normal, rec->normal);
if (dot_product(ip->normal, ray_d)>0.0)
multiply_vector(ip->normal, -1, ip->normal);
multiply_vector(ray_d, *t1, ip->point);
add_vector(ray_e, ip->point, ip->point);
return 1;
}
static unsigned int ray_color(const point3 e, double t,
const point3 d,
idx_stack *stk,
const rectangular_node rectangulars,
const sphere_node spheres,
const light_node lights,
color object_color, int bounces_left)
{
rectangular_node hit_rec = NULL, light_hit_rec = NULL;
sphere_node hit_sphere = NULL, light_hit_sphere = NULL;
double diffuse, specular;
point3 l, _l, r, rr;
object_fill fill;
color reflection_part;
color refraction_part;
/* might be a reflection ray, so check how many times we've bounced */
if (bounces_left == 0) {
SET_COLOR(object_color, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
return 0;
}
/* check for intersection with a sphere or a rectangular */
intersection ip= ray_hit_object(e, d, t, MAX_DISTANCE, rectangulars,
&hit_rec, spheres, &hit_sphere);
if (!hit_rec && !hit_sphere)
return 0;
/* pick the fill of the object that was hit */
fill = hit_rec ?
hit_rec->element.rectangular_fill :
hit_sphere->element.sphere_fill;
void *hit_obj = hit_rec ? (void *) hit_rec : (void *) hit_sphere;
/* assume it is a shadow */
SET_COLOR(object_color, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
for (light_node light = lights; light; light = light->next) {
/* calculate the intersection vector pointing at the light */
subtract_vector(ip.point, light->element.position, l);
multiply_vector(l, -1, _l);
normalize(_l);
/* check for intersection with an object. use ignore_me
* because we don't care about this normal
*/
ray_hit_object(ip.point, _l, MIN_DISTANCE, length(l),
rectangulars, &light_hit_rec,
spheres, &light_hit_sphere);
/* the light was not block by itself(lit object) */
if (light_hit_rec || light_hit_sphere)
continue;
compute_specular_diffuse(&diffuse, &specular, d, l,
ip.normal, fill.phong_power);
localColor(object_color, light->element.light_color,
diffuse, specular, &fill);
}
reflection(r, d, ip.normal);
double idx = idx_stack_top(stk).idx, idx_pass = fill.index_of_refraction;
if (idx_stack_top(stk).obj == hit_obj) {
idx_stack_pop(stk);
idx_pass = idx_stack_top(stk).idx;
} else {
idx_stack_element e = { .obj = hit_obj,
.idx = fill.index_of_refraction
};
idx_stack_push(stk, e);
}
refraction(rr, d, ip.normal, idx, idx_pass);
double R = (fill.T > 0.1) ?
fresnel(d, rr, ip.normal, idx, idx_pass) :
1.0;
/* totalColor = localColor +
mix((1-fill.Kd) * fill.R * reflection, T * refraction, R)
*/
if (fill.R > 0) {
/* if we hit something, add the color */
int old_top = stk->top;
if (ray_color(ip.point, MIN_DISTANCE, r, stk, rectangulars, spheres,
lights, reflection_part,
bounces_left - 1)) {
multiply_vector(reflection_part, R * (1.0 - fill.Kd) * fill.R,
reflection_part);
add_vector(object_color, reflection_part,
object_color);
}
stk->top = old_top;
}
/* calculate refraction ray */
if ((length(rr) > 0.0) && (fill.T > 0.0) &&
(fill.index_of_refraction > 0.0)) {
normalize(rr);
if (ray_color(ip.point, MIN_DISTANCE, rr, stk,rectangulars, spheres,
lights, refraction_part,
bounces_left - 1)) {
multiply_vector(refraction_part, (1 - R) * fill.T,
refraction_part);
add_vector(object_color, refraction_part,
object_color);
}
}
protect_color_overflow(object_color);
return 1;
}
static void *parallel (void* range1)
{
Thread_range *range = (Thread_range *)range1;
point3 d;
idx_stack stk;
color object_color = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 };
for (int j = range->height1; j < range->height2; j++) {
for (int i = 0; i < range->ptr->width; i++) {
double r = 0, g = 0, b = 0;
/* MSAA */
for (int s = 0; s < SAMPLES; s++) {
idx_stack_init(&stk);
rayConstruction(d, range->ptr->u,
range->ptr->v, range->ptr->w,
i * range->ptr->factor + s / range->ptr->factor,
j * range->ptr->factor + s % range->ptr->factor,
range->ptr->view,
range->ptr->width * range->ptr->factor,
range->ptr->height * range->ptr->factor);
if (ray_color(range->ptr->view->vrp, 0.0, d,
&(stk), range->ptr->rectangulars,
range->ptr->spheres,
range->ptr->lights, object_color,
MAX_REFLECTION_BOUNCES)) {
r += object_color[0];
g += object_color[1];
b += object_color[2];
} else {
r += range->ptr->background_color[0];
g += range->ptr->background_color[1];
b += range->ptr->background_color[2];
}
range->ptr->pixels[((i + (j * range->ptr->width)) * 3) + 0] = r * 255 / SAMPLES;
range->ptr->pixels[((i + (j * range->ptr->width)) * 3) + 1] = g * 255 / SAMPLES;
range->ptr->pixels[((i + (j * range->ptr->width)) * 3) + 2] = b * 255 / SAMPLES;
}
}
}
return NULL;
}
