Example #1
0
/*
====================
RenderCommandBuffers
====================
*/
void idRenderSystemLocal::RenderCommandBuffers( const emptyCommand_t* const cmdHead )
{
	// if there isn't a draw view command, do nothing to avoid swapping a bad frame
	bool	hasView = false;
	for( const emptyCommand_t* cmd = cmdHead ; cmd ; cmd = ( const emptyCommand_t* )cmd->next )
	{
		if( cmd->commandId == RC_DRAW_VIEW_3D || cmd->commandId == RC_DRAW_VIEW_GUI )
		{
			hasView = true;
			break;
		}
	}
	if( !hasView )
	{
		return;
	}
	
	// r_skipBackEnd allows the entire time of the back end
	// to be removed from performance measurements, although
	// nothing will be drawn to the screen.  If the prints
	// are going to a file, or r_skipBackEnd is later disabled,
	// usefull data can be received.
	
	// r_skipRender is usually more usefull, because it will still
	// draw 2D graphics
	if( !r_skipBackEnd.GetBool() )
	{
		if( glConfig.timerQueryAvailable )
		{
			if( tr.timerQueryId == 0 )
			{
				qglGenQueriesARB( 1, & tr.timerQueryId );
			}
			qglBeginQueryARB( GL_TIME_ELAPSED_EXT, tr.timerQueryId );
			RB_ExecuteBackEndCommands( cmdHead );
			qglEndQueryARB( GL_TIME_ELAPSED_EXT );
			qglFlush();
		}
		else
		{
			RB_ExecuteBackEndCommands( cmdHead );
		}
	}
	
	// pass in null for now - we may need to do some map specific hackery in the future
	resolutionScale.InitForMap( NULL );
}
Example #2
0
/*
* R_IssueOcclusionQuery
*/
int R_IssueOcclusionQuery( int query, entity_t *e, vec3_t mins, vec3_t maxs )
{
	static vec4_t verts[8];
	static mesh_t mesh;
	static elem_t indices[] =
	{
		0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, // top
		7, 5, 6, 5, 6, 4, // bottom
		4, 0, 6, 0, 6, 2, // front
		3, 7, 1, 7, 1, 5, // back
		0, 1, 4, 1, 4, 5, // left
		7, 6, 3, 6, 3, 2, // right
	};
	int i;
	vec3_t bbox[8];

	if( query < 0 )
		return -1;
	if( r_queriesBits[query>>3] & ( 1<<( query&7 ) ) )
		return -1;
	r_queriesBits[query>>3] |= ( 1<<( query&7 ) );

	R_RenderOccludingSurfaces();

	mesh.numVerts = 8;
	mesh.xyzArray = verts;
	mesh.numElems = 36;
	mesh.elems = indices;
	r_occlusionShader->flags &= ~( SHADER_CULL_BACK | SHADER_CULL_FRONT );

	qglBeginQueryARB( GL_SAMPLES_PASSED_ARB, r_occlusionQueries[query] );

	R_TransformEntityBBox( e, mins, maxs, bbox, qfalse );
	for( i = 0; i < 8; i++ )
		Vector4Set( verts[i], bbox[i][0], bbox[i][1], bbox[i][2], 1 );

	R_RotateForEntity( e );
	R_BackendSetPassMask( GLSTATE_MASK & ~GLSTATE_DEPTHWRITE );
	R_PushMesh( &mesh, qfalse, MF_NONBATCHED|MF_NOCULL );
	R_RenderMeshBuffer( &r_occluderMB, NULL );

	qglEndQueryARB( GL_SAMPLES_PASSED_ARB );

	return query;
}
Example #3
0
/*
 * RB_RenderDrawSurfList
 */
void
RB_RenderDrawSurfList(drawSurf_t *drawSurfs, int numDrawSurfs)
{
	material_t	*shader, *oldShader;
	int		fogNum, oldFogNum;
	int		entityNum, oldEntityNum;
	int		dlighted, oldDlighted;
	int		pshadowed, oldPshadowed;
	qbool		depthRange, oldDepthRange, isCrosshair, wasCrosshair;
	int		i;
	drawSurf_t              *drawSurf;
	int		oldSort;
	float		originalTime;
	float		depth[2];
	FBO_t		* fbo	= NULL;
	qbool		inQuery = qfalse;

	/* save original time for entity shader offsets */
	originalTime = backEnd.refdef.floatTime;

	/* clear the z buffer, set the modelview, etc */
	RB_BeginDrawingView ();

	fbo = glState.currentFBO;

	/* draw everything */
	oldEntityNum = -1;
	backEnd.currentEntity = &tr.worldEntity;
	oldShader = NULL;
	oldFogNum = -1;
	oldDepthRange	= qfalse;
	wasCrosshair	= qfalse;
	oldDlighted	= qfalse;
	oldPshadowed	= qfalse;
	oldSort = -1;
	depthRange = qfalse;
	depth[0] = 0.f;
	depth[1] = 1.f;

	backEnd.pc.c_surfaces += numDrawSurfs;

	for(i = 0, drawSurf = drawSurfs; i < numDrawSurfs; i++, drawSurf++){
		if(drawSurf->sort == oldSort){
			/* fast path, same as previous sort */
			rb_surfaceTable[ *drawSurf->surface ](drawSurf->surface);
			continue;
		}
		oldSort = drawSurf->sort;
		R_DecomposeSort(drawSurf->sort, &entityNum, &shader, &fogNum, &dlighted, &pshadowed);

		/*
		 * change the tess parameters if needed
		 * a "entityMergable" shader is a shader that can have surfaces from seperate
		 * entities merged into a single batch, like smoke and blood puff sprites */
		if(shader != oldShader || fogNum != oldFogNum || dlighted != oldDlighted || pshadowed !=
		   oldPshadowed
		   || (entityNum != oldEntityNum && !shader->entityMergable)){
			if(oldShader != NULL){
				RB_EndSurface();
			}
			RB_BeginSurface(shader, fogNum);
			backEnd.pc.c_surfBatches++;
			oldShader = shader;
			oldFogNum = fogNum;
			oldDlighted = dlighted;
			oldPshadowed = pshadowed;
		}

		/*
		 * change the modelview matrix if needed
		 *  */
		if(entityNum != oldEntityNum){
			qbool sunflare = qfalse;
			depthRange = isCrosshair = qfalse;

#ifdef REACTION
			/* if we were rendering to a FBO and the previous entity was a sunflare
			 * and the current one isn't, switch back to the main fbo */
			if(oldEntityNum != -1 && fbo &&
			   RF_SUNFLARE == (backEnd.refdef.entities[oldEntityNum].e.renderfx & RF_SUNFLARE) &&
			   0 == (backEnd.refdef.entities[entityNum].e.renderfx & RF_SUNFLARE)){
				if(inQuery){
					inQuery = qfalse;
					qglEndQueryARB(GL_SAMPLES_PASSED_ARB);
				}
				FBO_Bind(fbo);
				qglDepthRange(depth[0], depth[1]);
			}
#endif

			if(entityNum != ENTITYNUM_WORLD){
				backEnd.currentEntity = &backEnd.refdef.entities[entityNum];
				backEnd.refdef.floatTime = originalTime - backEnd.currentEntity->e.shaderTime;
				/* we have to reset the shaderTime as well otherwise image animations start
				 * from the wrong frame */
				tess.shaderTime = backEnd.refdef.floatTime - tess.shader->timeOffset;

				/* set up the transformation matrix */
				R_RotateForEntity(backEnd.currentEntity, &backEnd.viewParms, &backEnd.or);

				/* set up the dynamic lighting if needed */
				if(backEnd.currentEntity->needDlights){
					R_TransformDlights(backEnd.refdef.num_dlights, backEnd.refdef.dlights,
						&backEnd.or);
				}

#ifdef REACTION
				/* if the current entity is a sunflare */
				if(backEnd.currentEntity->e.renderfx & RF_SUNFLARE){
					/* if we're rendering to a fbo */
					if(fbo){
						copyv3(backEnd.currentEntity->e.origin,
							backEnd.sunFlarePos);
						/* switch FBO */
						FBO_Bind(tr.godRaysFbo);

						qglClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
						qglClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

						qglDepthRange(1.f, 1.f);
						if(glRefConfig.occlusionQuery && !inQuery &&
						   !backEnd.hasSunFlare){
							inQuery = qtrue;
							tr.sunFlareQueryActive[tr.sunFlareQueryIndex] = qtrue;
							qglBeginQueryARB(
								GL_SAMPLES_PASSED_ARB,
								tr.sunFlareQuery[tr.sunFlareQueryIndex]);
						}
						/* backEnd.hasSunFlare = qtrue; */
						sunflare = qtrue;
					}else{
						depthRange = qtrue;
					}
				}
#endif

				if(backEnd.currentEntity->e.renderfx & RF_DEPTHHACK){
					/* hack the depth range to prevent view model from poking into walls */
					depthRange = qtrue;

					if(backEnd.currentEntity->e.renderfx & RF_CROSSHAIR)
						isCrosshair = qtrue;
				}
			}else{
				backEnd.currentEntity = &tr.worldEntity;
				backEnd.refdef.floatTime = originalTime;
				backEnd.or = backEnd.viewParms.world;
				/* we have to reset the shaderTime as well otherwise image animations on
				 * the world (like water) continue with the wrong frame */
				tess.shaderTime = backEnd.refdef.floatTime - tess.shader->timeOffset;
				R_TransformDlights(backEnd.refdef.num_dlights, backEnd.refdef.dlights,
					&backEnd.or);
			}

			GL_SetModelviewMatrix(backEnd.or.modelMatrix);

			/*
			 * change depthrange. Also change projection matrix so first person weapon does not look like coming
			 * out of the screen.
			 *  */
			if(oldDepthRange != depthRange || wasCrosshair != isCrosshair){
				if(depthRange){
					if(backEnd.viewParms.stereoFrame != STEREO_CENTER){
						if(isCrosshair){
							if(oldDepthRange){
								/* was not a crosshair but now is, change back proj matrix */
								GL_SetProjectionMatrix(
									backEnd.viewParms.projectionMatrix);
							}
						}else{
							viewParms_t temp = backEnd.viewParms;

							R_SetupProjection(&temp, r_znear->value, 0, qfalse);

							GL_SetProjectionMatrix(temp.projectionMatrix);
						}
					}

#ifdef REACTION
					if(!oldDepthRange){
						depth[0] = 0;
						depth[1] = 0.3f;
						qglDepthRange (0, 0.3);
					}
#endif
				}else{
					if(!wasCrosshair && backEnd.viewParms.stereoFrame != STEREO_CENTER){
						GL_SetProjectionMatrix(backEnd.viewParms.projectionMatrix);
					}

					if(!sunflare)
						qglDepthRange (0, 1);
					depth[0] = 0;
					depth[1] = 1;
				}

				oldDepthRange	= depthRange;
				wasCrosshair	= isCrosshair;
			}

			oldEntityNum = entityNum;
		}

		/* add the triangles for this surface */
		rb_surfaceTable[ *drawSurf->surface ](drawSurf->surface);
	}

	backEnd.refdef.floatTime = originalTime;

	/* draw the contents of the last shader batch */
	if(oldShader != NULL){
		RB_EndSurface();
	}

	if(inQuery){
		inQuery = qfalse;
		qglEndQueryARB(GL_SAMPLES_PASSED_ARB);
	}
	FBO_Bind(fbo);

	/* go back to the world modelview matrix */

	GL_SetModelviewMatrix(backEnd.viewParms.world.modelMatrix);
	/* if ( depthRange ) { */
	qglDepthRange (0, 1);
	/* } */

#if 0
	RB_DrawSun();
#endif
	/* darken down any stencil shadows */
	RB_ShadowFinish();

	/* add light flares on lights that aren't obscured */
	RB_RenderFlares();

	if(glRefConfig.framebufferObject)
		FBO_Bind(NULL);
}
Example #4
0
/*
=============
RB_DrawSurfs

=============
*/
const void	*RB_DrawSurfs( const void *data ) {
	const drawSurfsCommand_t	*cmd;

	// finish any 2D drawing if needed
	if ( tess.numIndexes ) {
		RB_EndSurface();
	}

	cmd = (const drawSurfsCommand_t *)data;

	backEnd.refdef = cmd->refdef;
	backEnd.viewParms = cmd->viewParms;

	// clear the z buffer, set the modelview, etc
	RB_BeginDrawingView ();

	if (glRefConfig.framebufferObject && (backEnd.viewParms.flags & VPF_DEPTHCLAMP) && glRefConfig.depthClamp)
	{
		qglEnable(GL_DEPTH_CLAMP);
	}

	if (glRefConfig.framebufferObject && !(backEnd.refdef.rdflags & RDF_NOWORLDMODEL) && (r_depthPrepass->integer || (backEnd.viewParms.flags & VPF_DEPTHSHADOW)))
	{
		FBO_t *oldFbo = glState.currentFBO;

		backEnd.depthFill = qtrue;
		qglColorMask(GL_FALSE, GL_FALSE, GL_FALSE, GL_FALSE);
		RB_RenderDrawSurfList( cmd->drawSurfs, cmd->numDrawSurfs );
		qglColorMask(!backEnd.colorMask[0], !backEnd.colorMask[1], !backEnd.colorMask[2], !backEnd.colorMask[3]);
		backEnd.depthFill = qfalse;

		if (tr.msaaResolveFbo)
		{
			// If we're using multisampling, resolve the depth first
			FBO_FastBlit(tr.renderFbo, NULL, tr.msaaResolveFbo, NULL, GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT, GL_NEAREST);
		}
		else if (tr.renderFbo == NULL)
		{
			// If we're rendering directly to the screen, copy the depth to a texture
			GL_BindToTMU(tr.renderDepthImage, 0);
			qglCopyTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT24, 0, 0, glConfig.vidWidth, glConfig.vidHeight, 0);
		}

		if (r_ssao->integer)
		{
			// need the depth in a texture we can do GL_LINEAR sampling on, so copy it to an HDR image
			FBO_BlitFromTexture(tr.renderDepthImage, NULL, NULL, tr.hdrDepthFbo, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0);
		}

		if (r_sunlightMode->integer && backEnd.viewParms.flags & VPF_USESUNLIGHT)
		{
			vec4_t quadVerts[4];
			vec2_t texCoords[4];
			vec4_t box;

			FBO_Bind(tr.screenShadowFbo);

			box[0] = backEnd.viewParms.viewportX      * tr.screenShadowFbo->width  / (float)glConfig.vidWidth;
			box[1] = backEnd.viewParms.viewportY      * tr.screenShadowFbo->height / (float)glConfig.vidHeight;
			box[2] = backEnd.viewParms.viewportWidth  * tr.screenShadowFbo->width  / (float)glConfig.vidWidth;
			box[3] = backEnd.viewParms.viewportHeight * tr.screenShadowFbo->height / (float)glConfig.vidHeight;

			qglViewport(box[0], box[1], box[2], box[3]);
			qglScissor(box[0], box[1], box[2], box[3]);

			box[0] = backEnd.viewParms.viewportX               / (float)glConfig.vidWidth;
			box[1] = backEnd.viewParms.viewportY               / (float)glConfig.vidHeight;
			box[2] = box[0] + backEnd.viewParms.viewportWidth  / (float)glConfig.vidWidth;
			box[3] = box[1] + backEnd.viewParms.viewportHeight / (float)glConfig.vidHeight;

			texCoords[0][0] = box[0]; texCoords[0][1] = box[3];
			texCoords[1][0] = box[2]; texCoords[1][1] = box[3];
			texCoords[2][0] = box[2]; texCoords[2][1] = box[1];
			texCoords[3][0] = box[0]; texCoords[3][1] = box[1];

			box[0] = -1.0f;
			box[1] = -1.0f;
			box[2] =  1.0f;
			box[3] =  1.0f;

			VectorSet4(quadVerts[0], box[0], box[3], 0, 1);
			VectorSet4(quadVerts[1], box[2], box[3], 0, 1);
			VectorSet4(quadVerts[2], box[2], box[1], 0, 1);
			VectorSet4(quadVerts[3], box[0], box[1], 0, 1);

			GL_State( GLS_DEPTHTEST_DISABLE );

			GLSL_BindProgram(&tr.shadowmaskShader);

			GL_BindToTMU(tr.renderDepthImage, TB_COLORMAP);
			
			if (r_shadowCascadeZFar->integer != 0)
			{
				GL_BindToTMU(tr.sunShadowDepthImage[0], TB_SHADOWMAP);
				GL_BindToTMU(tr.sunShadowDepthImage[1], TB_SHADOWMAP2);
				GL_BindToTMU(tr.sunShadowDepthImage[2], TB_SHADOWMAP3);
				GL_BindToTMU(tr.sunShadowDepthImage[3], TB_SHADOWMAP4);

				GLSL_SetUniformMat4(&tr.shadowmaskShader, UNIFORM_SHADOWMVP,  backEnd.refdef.sunShadowMvp[0]);
				GLSL_SetUniformMat4(&tr.shadowmaskShader, UNIFORM_SHADOWMVP2, backEnd.refdef.sunShadowMvp[1]);
				GLSL_SetUniformMat4(&tr.shadowmaskShader, UNIFORM_SHADOWMVP3, backEnd.refdef.sunShadowMvp[2]);
				GLSL_SetUniformMat4(&tr.shadowmaskShader, UNIFORM_SHADOWMVP4, backEnd.refdef.sunShadowMvp[3]);
			}
			else
			{
				GL_BindToTMU(tr.sunShadowDepthImage[3], TB_SHADOWMAP);
				GLSL_SetUniformMat4(&tr.shadowmaskShader, UNIFORM_SHADOWMVP, backEnd.refdef.sunShadowMvp[3]);
			}
			
			GLSL_SetUniformVec3(&tr.shadowmaskShader, UNIFORM_VIEWORIGIN,  backEnd.refdef.vieworg);
			{
				vec4_t viewInfo;
				vec3_t viewVector;

				float zmax = backEnd.viewParms.zFar;
				float ymax = zmax * tan(backEnd.viewParms.fovY * M_PI / 360.0f);
				float xmax = zmax * tan(backEnd.viewParms.fovX * M_PI / 360.0f);

				float zmin = r_znear->value;

				VectorScale(backEnd.refdef.viewaxis[0], zmax, viewVector);
				GLSL_SetUniformVec3(&tr.shadowmaskShader, UNIFORM_VIEWFORWARD, viewVector);
				VectorScale(backEnd.refdef.viewaxis[1], xmax, viewVector);
				GLSL_SetUniformVec3(&tr.shadowmaskShader, UNIFORM_VIEWLEFT,    viewVector);
				VectorScale(backEnd.refdef.viewaxis[2], ymax, viewVector);
				GLSL_SetUniformVec3(&tr.shadowmaskShader, UNIFORM_VIEWUP,      viewVector);

				VectorSet4(viewInfo, zmax / zmin, zmax, 0.0, 0.0);

				GLSL_SetUniformVec4(&tr.shadowmaskShader, UNIFORM_VIEWINFO, viewInfo);
			}


			RB_InstantQuad2(quadVerts, texCoords); //, color, shaderProgram, invTexRes);
		}

		if (r_ssao->integer)
		{
			vec4_t quadVerts[4];
			vec2_t texCoords[4];

			FBO_Bind(tr.quarterFbo[0]);

			qglViewport(0, 0, tr.quarterFbo[0]->width, tr.quarterFbo[0]->height);
			qglScissor(0, 0, tr.quarterFbo[0]->width, tr.quarterFbo[0]->height);

			VectorSet4(quadVerts[0], -1,  1, 0, 1);
			VectorSet4(quadVerts[1],  1,  1, 0, 1);
			VectorSet4(quadVerts[2],  1, -1, 0, 1);
			VectorSet4(quadVerts[3], -1, -1, 0, 1);

			texCoords[0][0] = 0; texCoords[0][1] = 1;
			texCoords[1][0] = 1; texCoords[1][1] = 1;
			texCoords[2][0] = 1; texCoords[2][1] = 0;
			texCoords[3][0] = 0; texCoords[3][1] = 0;

			GL_State( GLS_DEPTHTEST_DISABLE );

			GLSL_BindProgram(&tr.ssaoShader);

			GL_BindToTMU(tr.hdrDepthImage, TB_COLORMAP);

			{
				vec4_t viewInfo;

				float zmax = backEnd.viewParms.zFar;
				float zmin = r_znear->value;

				VectorSet4(viewInfo, zmax / zmin, zmax, 0.0, 0.0);

				GLSL_SetUniformVec4(&tr.ssaoShader, UNIFORM_VIEWINFO, viewInfo);
			}

			RB_InstantQuad2(quadVerts, texCoords); //, color, shaderProgram, invTexRes);


			FBO_Bind(tr.quarterFbo[1]);

			qglViewport(0, 0, tr.quarterFbo[1]->width, tr.quarterFbo[1]->height);
			qglScissor(0, 0, tr.quarterFbo[1]->width, tr.quarterFbo[1]->height);

			GLSL_BindProgram(&tr.depthBlurShader[0]);

			GL_BindToTMU(tr.quarterImage[0],  TB_COLORMAP);
			GL_BindToTMU(tr.hdrDepthImage, TB_LIGHTMAP);

			{
				vec4_t viewInfo;

				float zmax = backEnd.viewParms.zFar;
				float zmin = r_znear->value;

				VectorSet4(viewInfo, zmax / zmin, zmax, 0.0, 0.0);

				GLSL_SetUniformVec4(&tr.depthBlurShader[0], UNIFORM_VIEWINFO, viewInfo);
			}

			RB_InstantQuad2(quadVerts, texCoords); //, color, shaderProgram, invTexRes);


			FBO_Bind(tr.screenSsaoFbo);

			qglViewport(0, 0, tr.screenSsaoFbo->width, tr.screenSsaoFbo->height);
			qglScissor(0, 0, tr.screenSsaoFbo->width, tr.screenSsaoFbo->height);

			GLSL_BindProgram(&tr.depthBlurShader[1]);

			GL_BindToTMU(tr.quarterImage[1],  TB_COLORMAP);
			GL_BindToTMU(tr.hdrDepthImage, TB_LIGHTMAP);

			{
				vec4_t viewInfo;

				float zmax = backEnd.viewParms.zFar;
				float zmin = r_znear->value;

				VectorSet4(viewInfo, zmax / zmin, zmax, 0.0, 0.0);

				GLSL_SetUniformVec4(&tr.depthBlurShader[1], UNIFORM_VIEWINFO, viewInfo);
			}


			RB_InstantQuad2(quadVerts, texCoords); //, color, shaderProgram, invTexRes);
		}

		// reset viewport and scissor
		FBO_Bind(oldFbo);
		SetViewportAndScissor();
	}

	if (glRefConfig.framebufferObject && (backEnd.viewParms.flags & VPF_DEPTHCLAMP) && glRefConfig.depthClamp)
	{
		qglDisable(GL_DEPTH_CLAMP);
	}

	if (!(backEnd.viewParms.flags & VPF_DEPTHSHADOW))
	{
		RB_RenderDrawSurfList( cmd->drawSurfs, cmd->numDrawSurfs );

		if (r_drawSun->integer)
		{
			RB_DrawSun(0.1, tr.sunShader);
		}

		if (r_drawSunRays->integer)
		{
			FBO_t *oldFbo = glState.currentFBO;
			FBO_Bind(tr.sunRaysFbo);
			
			qglClearColor( 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f );
			qglClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );

			if (glRefConfig.occlusionQuery)
			{
				tr.sunFlareQueryActive[tr.sunFlareQueryIndex] = qtrue;
				qglBeginQueryARB(GL_SAMPLES_PASSED_ARB, tr.sunFlareQuery[tr.sunFlareQueryIndex]);
			}

			RB_DrawSun(0.3, tr.sunFlareShader);

			if (glRefConfig.occlusionQuery)
			{
				qglEndQueryARB(GL_SAMPLES_PASSED_ARB);
			}

			FBO_Bind(oldFbo);
		}

		// darken down any stencil shadows
		RB_ShadowFinish();		

		// add light flares on lights that aren't obscured
		RB_RenderFlares();
	}

	if (glRefConfig.framebufferObject && tr.renderCubeFbo && backEnd.viewParms.targetFbo == tr.renderCubeFbo)
	{
		FBO_Bind(NULL);
		GL_SelectTexture(TB_CUBEMAP);
		GL_BindToTMU(tr.cubemaps[backEnd.viewParms.targetFboCubemapIndex], TB_CUBEMAP);
		qglGenerateMipmapEXT(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP);
		GL_SelectTexture(0);
	}

	return (const void *)(cmd + 1);
}