void testCutoff14() {
    System system;
    VerletIntegrator integrator(0.01);
    NonbondedForce* nonbonded = new NonbondedForce();
    nonbonded->setNonbondedMethod(NonbondedForce::CutoffNonPeriodic);
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
        system.addParticle(1.0);
        nonbonded->addParticle(0, 1.5, 0);
    }
    const double cutoff = 3.5;
    nonbonded->setCutoffDistance(cutoff);
    const double eps = 30.0;
    nonbonded->setReactionFieldDielectric(eps);
    vector<pair<int, int> > bonds;
    bonds.push_back(pair<int, int>(0, 1));
    bonds.push_back(pair<int, int>(1, 2));
    bonds.push_back(pair<int, int>(2, 3));
    bonds.push_back(pair<int, int>(3, 4));
    nonbonded->createExceptionsFromBonds(bonds, 0.0, 0.0);
    int first14, second14;
    for (int i = 0; i < nonbonded->getNumExceptions(); i++) {
        int particle1, particle2;
        double chargeProd, sigma, epsilon;
        nonbonded->getExceptionParameters(i, particle1, particle2, chargeProd, sigma, epsilon);
        if ((particle1 == 0 && particle2 == 3) || (particle1 == 3 && particle2 == 0))
            first14 = i;
        if ((particle1 == 1 && particle2 == 4) || (particle1 == 4 && particle2 == 1))
            second14 = i;
    }
    system.addForce(nonbonded);
    Context context(system, integrator, platform);
    vector<Vec3> positions(5);
    positions[0] = Vec3(0, 0, 0);
    positions[1] = Vec3(1, 0, 0);
    positions[2] = Vec3(2, 0, 0);
    positions[3] = Vec3(3, 0, 0);
    positions[4] = Vec3(4, 0, 0);
    for (int i = 1; i < 5; ++i) {

        // Test LJ forces

        nonbonded->setParticleParameters(0, 0, 1.5, 1);
        for (int j = 1; j < 5; ++j)
            nonbonded->setParticleParameters(j, 0, 1.5, 0);
        nonbonded->setParticleParameters(i, 0, 1.5, 1);
        nonbonded->setExceptionParameters(first14, 0, 3, 0, 1.5, i == 3 ? 0.5 : 0.0);
        nonbonded->setExceptionParameters(second14, 1, 4, 0, 1.5, 0.0);
        context.reinitialize();
        context.setPositions(positions);
        State state = context.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);
        const vector<Vec3>& forces = state.getForces();
        double r = positions[i][0];
        double x = 1.5/r;
        double e = 1.0;
        double force = 4.0*e*(12*std::pow(x, 12.0)-6*std::pow(x, 6.0))/r;
        double energy = 4.0*e*(std::pow(x, 12.0)-std::pow(x, 6.0));
        if (i == 3) {
            force *= 0.5;
            energy *= 0.5;
        }
        if (i < 3 || r > cutoff) {
            force = 0;
            energy = 0;
        }
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(Vec3(-force, 0, 0), forces[0], TOL);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(Vec3(force, 0, 0), forces[i], TOL);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(energy, state.getPotentialEnergy(), TOL);

        // Test Coulomb forces

        const double q = 0.7;
        nonbonded->setParticleParameters(0, q, 1.5, 0);
        nonbonded->setParticleParameters(i, q, 1.5, 0);
        nonbonded->setExceptionParameters(first14, 0, 3, i == 3 ? q*q/1.2 : 0, 1.5, 0);
        nonbonded->setExceptionParameters(second14, 1, 4, 0, 1.5, 0);
        context.reinitialize();
        context.setPositions(positions);
        state = context.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);
        const vector<Vec3>& forces2 = state.getForces();
        force = ONE_4PI_EPS0*q*q/(r*r);
        energy = ONE_4PI_EPS0*q*q/r;
        if (i == 3) {
            force /= 1.2;
            energy /= 1.2;
        }
        if (i < 3 || r > cutoff) {
            force = 0;
            energy = 0;
        }
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(Vec3(-force, 0, 0), forces2[0], TOL);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(Vec3(force, 0, 0), forces2[i], TOL);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(energy, state.getPotentialEnergy(), TOL);
    }
}
void testExclusionsAnd14() {
    System system;
    NonbondedForce* nonbonded = new NonbondedForce();
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
        system.addParticle(1.0);
        nonbonded->addParticle(0, 1.5, 0);
    }
    vector<pair<int, int> > bonds;
    bonds.push_back(pair<int, int>(0, 1));
    bonds.push_back(pair<int, int>(1, 2));
    bonds.push_back(pair<int, int>(2, 3));
    bonds.push_back(pair<int, int>(3, 4));
    nonbonded->createExceptionsFromBonds(bonds, 0.0, 0.0);
    int first14, second14;
    for (int i = 0; i < nonbonded->getNumExceptions(); i++) {
        int particle1, particle2;
        double chargeProd, sigma, epsilon;
        nonbonded->getExceptionParameters(i, particle1, particle2, chargeProd, sigma, epsilon);
        if ((particle1 == 0 && particle2 == 3) || (particle1 == 3 && particle2 == 0))
            first14 = i;
        if ((particle1 == 1 && particle2 == 4) || (particle1 == 4 && particle2 == 1))
            second14 = i;
    }
    system.addForce(nonbonded);
    VerletIntegrator integrator(0.01);
    Context context(system, integrator, platform);
    for (int i = 1; i < 5; ++i) {

        // Test LJ forces

        vector<Vec3> positions(5);
        const double r = 1.0;
        for (int j = 0; j < 5; ++j) {
            nonbonded->setParticleParameters(j, 0, 1.5, 0);
            positions[j] = Vec3(0, j, 0);
        }
        nonbonded->setParticleParameters(0, 0, 1.5, 1);
        nonbonded->setParticleParameters(i, 0, 1.5, 1);
        nonbonded->setExceptionParameters(first14, 0, 3, 0, 1.5, i == 3 ? 0.5 : 0.0);
        nonbonded->setExceptionParameters(second14, 1, 4, 0, 1.5, 0.0);
        positions[i] = Vec3(r, 0, 0);
        context.reinitialize();
        context.setPositions(positions);
        State state = context.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);
        const vector<Vec3>& forces = state.getForces();
        double x = 1.5/r;
        double eps = 1.0;
        double force = 4.0*eps*(12*std::pow(x, 12.0)-6*std::pow(x, 6.0))/r;
        double energy = 4.0*eps*(std::pow(x, 12.0)-std::pow(x, 6.0));
        if (i == 3) {
            force *= 0.5;
            energy *= 0.5;
        }
        if (i < 3) {
            force = 0;
            energy = 0;
        }
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(Vec3(-force, 0, 0), forces[0], TOL);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(Vec3(force, 0, 0), forces[i], TOL);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(energy, state.getPotentialEnergy(), TOL);

        // Test Coulomb forces

        nonbonded->setParticleParameters(0, 2, 1.5, 0);
        nonbonded->setParticleParameters(i, 2, 1.5, 0);
        nonbonded->setExceptionParameters(first14, 0, 3, i == 3 ? 4/1.2 : 0, 1.5, 0);
        nonbonded->setExceptionParameters(second14, 1, 4, 0, 1.5, 0);
        context.reinitialize();
        context.setPositions(positions);
        state = context.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);
        const vector<Vec3>& forces2 = state.getForces();
        force = ONE_4PI_EPS0*4/(r*r);
        energy = ONE_4PI_EPS0*4/r;
        if (i == 3) {
            force /= 1.2;
            energy /= 1.2;
        }
        if (i < 3) {
            force = 0;
            energy = 0;
        }
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(Vec3(-force, 0, 0), forces2[0], TOL);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(Vec3(force, 0, 0), forces2[i], TOL);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(energy, state.getPotentialEnergy(), TOL);
    }
}