bool clang_c_convertert::convert_integer_literal(
  const clang::IntegerLiteral &integer_literal,
  exprt &dest)
{
  typet type;
  if(get_type(integer_literal.getType(), type))
    return true;

  assert(type.is_unsignedbv() || type.is_signedbv());

  llvm::APInt val = integer_literal.getValue();

  exprt the_val;
  if (type.is_unsignedbv())
  {
    the_val =
      constant_exprt(
        integer2binary(val.getZExtValue(), bv_width(type)),
        integer2string(val.getZExtValue()),
        type);
  }
  else
  {
    the_val =
      constant_exprt(
        integer2binary(val.getSExtValue(), bv_width(type)),
        integer2string(val.getSExtValue()),
        type);
  }

  dest.swap(the_val);
  return false;
}
Exemple #2
0
exprt from_integer(const mp_integer &int_value, const typet &type)
{
  exprt expr;

  expr.clear();
  expr.type() = type;
  expr.id("constant");

  const irep_idt &type_id = type.id();

  if(type_id == "unsignedbv" || type_id == "signedbv")
  {
    expr.value(integer2binary(int_value, bv_width(type)));
    return expr;
  }
  if(type_id == "bool")
  {
    if(int_value == 0)
    {
      expr.make_false();
      return expr;
    }
    if(int_value == 1)
    {
      expr.make_true();
      return expr;
    }
  }

  expr.make_nil();
  return expr;
}
Exemple #3
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constant_exprt fixedbvt::to_expr() const
{
  fixedbv_typet type;
  type.set_width(spec.width);
  type.set_integer_bits(spec.integer_bits);
  constant_exprt expr(type);
  assert(spec.width!=0);
  expr.set_value(integer2binary(v, spec.width));
  return expr;
}
Exemple #4
0
bvt bv_utilst::build_constant(const mp_integer &n, std::size_t width)
{
  std::string n_str=integer2binary(n, width);
  bvt result;
  result.resize(width);
  assert(n_str.size()==width);
  for(std::size_t i=0; i<width; i++)
    result[i]=const_literal(n_str[width-i-1]=='1');
  return result;
}
std::string smt1_dect::mathsat_value(const std::string &src)
{
  std::size_t pos=src.find('[');

  if(std::string(src, 0, 2)=="bv" && 
     pos!=std::string::npos &&
     src[src.size()-1]==']') 
  {
    unsigned width=safe_string2unsigned(std::string(src, pos+1, src.size()-pos-2));
    mp_integer i=string2integer(std::string(src, 2, pos-2));
    return integer2binary(i, width);
  }
  
  return "";
}
bool clang_c_convertert::convert_character_literal(
  const clang::CharacterLiteral &char_literal,
  exprt &dest)
{
  typet type;
  if(get_type(char_literal.getType(), type))
    return true;

  dest =
    constant_exprt(
      integer2binary(char_literal.getValue(), bv_width(type)),
      integer2string(char_literal.getValue()),
      type);

  return false;
}
decision_proceduret::resultt smt1_dect::read_result_cvc3(std::istream &in)
{
  std::string line;
  decision_proceduret::resultt res = D_ERROR;

  smt1_prop.reset_assignment();

  typedef hash_map_cont<std::string, std::string, string_hash> valuest;
  valuest values;

  while(str_getline(in, line))
  {
    if(line=="sat")
      res = D_SATISFIABLE;
    else if(line=="unsat")
      res = D_UNSATISFIABLE;
    else if(line.find("Current scope level")!=std::string::npos ||
            line.find("Variable Assignment")!=std::string::npos)
      ; //ignore
    else
    {
      assert(line.substr(0,13)=="  :assumption");
      std::size_t pos=line.find('(');

      if(pos!=std::string::npos)
      {
        std::string var;
        std::string val;

        if(line[pos+1]=='=')
        {
          std::string ops = line.substr(pos+3, line.length()-pos-4);
          std::size_t blank=ops.find(' ');
          var = ops.substr(0, blank);
          val = ops.substr(blank+1, ops.length()-blank);

          if((var.length()>=4 && var.substr(0,4)=="cvc3") ||
             (val.length()>=4 && val.substr(0,4)=="cvc3") ||
             var==val)
            continue;
          else if((var.substr(0,9)=="array_of'") ||
                  (var.substr(0,2)=="bv" && val.substr(0,2)!="bv"))
          {
            std::string t=var; var=val; val=t;
          }
        }
        else if(line.substr(pos+1,3)=="not")
        {
          var = line.substr(pos+5, line.length()-pos-6);
          val = "false";
        }
        else
        {
          var = line.substr(pos+1, line.length()-pos-2);
          assert(var.find(' ')==std::string::npos);
          val = "true";
        }

        values[var]=val;
      }
    }
  }

  for(identifier_mapt::iterator
      it=identifier_map.begin();
      it!=identifier_map.end();
      it++)
  {
    it->second.value.make_nil();
    std::string conv_id=convert_identifier(it->first);
    std::string value=values[conv_id];
    if(value=="") continue;

    if(value.substr(0,2)=="bv")
    {
      std::string v=value.substr(2, value.find('[')-2);
      size_t p = value.find('[')+1;
      std::string w=value.substr(p, value.find(']')-p);

      std::string binary=integer2binary(string2integer(v,10),
                                        string2integer(w,10).to_ulong());

      set_value(it->second, "", binary);
    }
    else if(value=="false")
      it->second.value.make_false();
    else if(value=="true")
      it->second.value.make_true();
    else if(value.substr(0,8)=="array_of")
    {
      // We assume that array_of has only concrete arguments...
      irep_idt id(value);
      array_of_mapt::const_iterator fit=array_of_map.begin();
      while(fit!=array_of_map.end() && fit->second!=id) fit++;

      if(fit!=array_of_map.end())
        it->second.value = fit->first;
    }
    else
      set_value(it->second, "", value);
  }

  // Booleans
  for(unsigned v=0; v<smt1_prop.no_variables(); v++)
  {
    std::string value=values["B"+i2string(v)];
    if(value=="") continue;
    smt1_prop.set_assignment(literalt(v, false), value=="true");
  }

  return res;
}
bool smt1_dect::string_to_expr_z3(
  const typet &type,
  const std::string &value,
  exprt &e) const
{
  if(value.substr(0,2)=="bv")
  {
    std::string v=value.substr(2, value.find('[')-2);
    size_t p = value.find('[')+1;
    std::string w=value.substr(p, value.find(']')-p);

    std::string binary=integer2binary(string2integer(v,10),
                                      string2integer(w,10).to_ulong());

    if(type.id()==ID_struct)
    {
      e=binary2struct(to_struct_type(type), binary);
    }
    else if(type.id()==ID_union)
    {
      e=binary2union(to_union_type(type), binary);
    }
    else
    {
      constant_exprt c(type);
      c.set_value(binary);
      e=c;
    }

    return true;
  }
  else if(value.substr(0,6)=="(const") // const arrays
  {
    std::string av = value.substr(7, value.length()-8);

    exprt ae;
    if(!string_to_expr_z3(type.subtype(), av, ae)) return false;

    array_of_exprt ao;
    ao.type() = typet("array");
    ao.type().subtype()=ae.type();
    ao.what() = ae;

    e = ao;

    return true;
  }
  else if(value.substr(0,6)=="(store")
  {
    size_t p1=value.rfind(' ')+1;
    size_t p2=value.rfind(' ', p1-2)+1;

    assert(p1!=std::string::npos && p2!=std::string::npos);

    std::string elem = value.substr(p1, value.size()-p1-1);
    std::string inx = value.substr(p2, p1-p2-1);
    std::string array = value.substr(7, p2-8);

    exprt old;
    if(!string_to_expr_z3(type, array, old)) return false;

    exprt where;
    if(!string_to_expr_z3(array_index_type(), inx, where)) return false;

    exprt new_val;
    if(!string_to_expr_z3(type.subtype(), elem, new_val)) return false;

    e = with_exprt(old, where, new_val);

    return true;
  }
  else if(value=="false")
  {
    e = false_exprt();
    return true;
  }
  else if(value=="true")
  {
    e = true_exprt();
    return true;
  }
  else if(value.substr(0,8)=="array_of")
  {
    // We assume that array_of has only concrete arguments...
    irep_idt id(value);
    array_of_mapt::const_iterator fit=array_of_map.begin();
    while(fit!=array_of_map.end() && fit->second!=id) fit++;

    if(fit==array_of_map.end()) return false;

    e = fit->first;

    return true;
  }
  else if(type.id()==ID_rational)
  {
    constant_exprt result;
    result.type()=rational_typet();

    if(value.substr(0,4)=="val!")
      result.set_value(value.substr(4));
    else
      result.set_value(value);

    e = result;
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}
Exemple #9
0
void bv_refinementt::check_SAT(approximationt &a)
{
  // get values
  get_values(a);

  // see if the satisfying assignment is spurious in any way

  const typet &type=ns.follow(a.expr.type());
  
  if(type.id()==ID_floatbv)
  {
    // these are all trinary
    assert(a.expr.operands().size()==3);

    if(a.over_state==MAX_STATE) return;
  
    ieee_float_spect spec(to_floatbv_type(type));
    ieee_floatt o0(spec), o1(spec);

    o0.unpack(a.op0_value);
    o1.unpack(a.op1_value);
    
    ieee_floatt result=o0;
    o0.rounding_mode=RM;
    o1.rounding_mode=RM;
    result.rounding_mode=RM;

    if(a.expr.id()==ID_floatbv_plus)
      result+=o1;
    else if(a.expr.id()==ID_floatbv_minus)
      result-=o1;
    else if(a.expr.id()==ID_floatbv_mult)
      result*=o1;
    else if(a.expr.id()==ID_floatbv_div)
      result/=o1;
    else
      assert(false);

    if(result.pack()==a.result_value) // ok
      return;
      
    #ifdef DEBUG
    ieee_floatt rr(spec);
    rr.unpack(a.result_value);
    
    std::cout << "S1: " << o0 << " " << a.expr.id() << " " << o1
              << " != " << rr << std::endl;
    std::cout << "S2: " << integer2binary(a.op0_value, spec.width())
                        << " " << a.expr.id() << " " <<
                           integer2binary(a.op1_value, spec.width())
              << "!=" << integer2binary(a.result_value, spec.width()) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "S3: " << integer2binary(a.op0_value, spec.width())
                        << " " << a.expr.id() << " " <<
                           integer2binary(a.op1_value, spec.width())
              << "==" << integer2binary(result.pack(), spec.width()) << std::endl;
    #endif
  
    //if(a.over_state==1) { std::cout << "DISAGREEMENT!\n"; exit(1); }
    
    if(a.over_state<max_node_refinement)
    {
      bvt r;
      float_utilst float_utils(prop);
      float_utils.spec=spec;
      float_utils.rounding_mode_bits.set(RM);
      
      literalt op0_equal=
        bv_utils.equal(a.op0_bv, float_utils.build_constant(o0));
      
      literalt op1_equal=
        bv_utils.equal(a.op1_bv, float_utils.build_constant(o1));
        
      literalt result_equal=
        bv_utils.equal(a.result_bv, float_utils.build_constant(result));
      
      literalt op0_and_op1_equal=
        prop.land(op0_equal, op1_equal);
      
      prop.l_set_to_true(
        prop.limplies(op0_and_op1_equal, result_equal));
    }
    else
    {
      // give up
      // remove any previous over-approximation
      a.over_assumptions.clear();
      a.over_state=MAX_STATE;
    
      bvt r;
      float_utilst float_utils(prop);
      float_utils.spec=spec;
      float_utils.rounding_mode_bits.set(RM);

      bvt op0=a.op0_bv, op1=a.op1_bv, res=a.result_bv;

      if(a.expr.id()==ID_floatbv_plus)
        r=float_utils.add(op0, op1);
      else if(a.expr.id()==ID_floatbv_minus)
        r=float_utils.sub(op0, op1);
      else if(a.expr.id()==ID_floatbv_mult)
        r=float_utils.mul(op0, op1);
      else if(a.expr.id()==ID_floatbv_div)
        r=float_utils.div(op0, op1);
      else
        assert(0);

      assert(r.size()==res.size());
      bv_utils.set_equal(r, res);
    }
  }
  else if(type.id()==ID_signedbv ||
          type.id()==ID_unsignedbv)
  {
    // these are all binary
    assert(a.expr.operands().size()==2);

    // already full interpretation?
    if(a.over_state>0) return;
  
    bv_spect spec(type);
    bv_arithmetict o0(spec), o1(spec);
    o0.unpack(a.op0_value);
    o1.unpack(a.op1_value);

    // division by zero is never spurious

    if((a.expr.id()==ID_div || a.expr.id()==ID_mod) &&
       o1==0)
      return;

    if(a.expr.id()==ID_mult)
      o0*=o1;
    else if(a.expr.id()==ID_div)
      o0/=o1;
    else if(a.expr.id()==ID_mod)
      o0%=o1;
    else
      assert(false);

    if(o0.pack()==a.result_value) // ok
      return;

    if(a.over_state==0)
    {
      // we give up right away and add the full interpretation
      bvt r;
      if(a.expr.id()==ID_mult)
      {
        r=bv_utils.multiplier(
          a.op0_bv, a.op1_bv,
          a.expr.type().id()==ID_signedbv?bv_utilst::SIGNED:bv_utilst::UNSIGNED);
      }
      else if(a.expr.id()==ID_div)
      {
        r=bv_utils.divider(
          a.op0_bv, a.op1_bv,
          a.expr.type().id()==ID_signedbv?bv_utilst::SIGNED:bv_utilst::UNSIGNED);
      }
      else if(a.expr.id()==ID_mod)
      {
        r=bv_utils.remainder(
          a.op0_bv, a.op1_bv,
          a.expr.type().id()==ID_signedbv?bv_utilst::SIGNED:bv_utilst::UNSIGNED);
      }
      else
        assert(0);

      bv_utils.set_equal(r, a.result_bv);
    }
    else
      assert(0);
  }
  else
    assert(0);

  status() << "Found spurious `" << a.as_string()
           << "' (state " << a.over_state << ")" << eom;

  progress=true;
  if(a.over_state<MAX_STATE)
    a.over_state++;
}
exprt convert_float_literal(const std::string &src)
{
  mp_integer significand;
  mp_integer exponent;
  bool is_float, is_long, is_fixed, is_accum;
  unsigned base;
  
  parse_float(src, significand, exponent, base, is_float, is_long, is_fixed, is_accum);

  exprt result=exprt(ID_constant);
  
  result.set(ID_C_cformat, src);
  
  // In ANSI-C, float literals are double by default
  // unless marked with 'f'.

  if(is_float)
  {
    result.type()=float_type();
    result.type().set(ID_C_cpp_type, ID_float);
  }
  else if(is_long)
  {
    result.type()=long_double_type();
    result.type().set(ID_C_cpp_type, ID_long_double);
  }
  else if(is_fixed)
  {
    result.type()=fixed_type();
    result.type().set(ID_C_cpp_type, ID_fixed);
  }
  else if(is_accum)
  {
    result.type()=accum_type();
    result.type().set(ID_C_cpp_type, ID_accum);
  }
  else
  {
    result.type()=double_type(); // default
    result.type().set(ID_C_cpp_type, ID_double);
  }


  if(config.ansi_c.use_fixed_for_float || is_fixed || is_accum)
  {
    unsigned width=result.type().get_int(ID_width);
    unsigned fraction_bits;
    const irep_idt integer_bits=result.type().get(ID_integer_bits);
    
    assert(width!=0);

    if(is_fixed)
    {
      fraction_bits = width - 1;
    }
    else if(is_accum)
    {
      fraction_bits = width - 9;
    }
    else if(integer_bits==irep_idt())
      fraction_bits=width/2; // default
    else
      fraction_bits=width-safe_string2int(id2string(integer_bits));

    mp_integer factor=mp_integer(1)<<fraction_bits;
    mp_integer value=significand*factor;
    
    if(value!=0)
    {
      if(exponent<0)
        value/=power(base, -exponent);
      else
      {
        value*=power(base, exponent);    

        if(value>=power(2, width-1))
        {
          // saturate: use "biggest value"
          value=power(2, width-1)-1;
        }
        else if(value<=-power(2, width-1)-1)
        {
          // saturate: use "smallest value"
          value=-power(2, width-1);
        }
      }
    }

    result.set(ID_value, integer2binary(value, width));  
  }
  else
  {
    ieee_floatt a;

    a.spec=to_floatbv_type(result.type());
    
    if(base==10)
      a.from_base10(significand, exponent);
    else if(base==2) // hex
      a.build(significand, exponent);
    else
      assert(false);

    result.set(ID_value,
      integer2binary(a.pack(), a.spec.width()));  
  }
  
  return result;
}
Exemple #11
0
constant_exprt ieee_floatt::to_expr() const
{
  constant_exprt result(spec.to_type());
  result.set_value(integer2binary(pack(), spec.width()));
  return result;
}
decision_proceduret::resultt smt2_dect::read_result_mathsat(std::istream &in)
{
  std::string line;
  decision_proceduret::resultt res=D_ERROR;

  smt2_prop.reset_assignment();

  typedef hash_map_cont<std::string, std::string, string_hash> valuest;
  valuest values;

  while(str_getline(in, line))
  {
    if(line=="sat")
      res=D_SATISFIABLE;
    else if(line=="unsat")
      res=D_UNSATISFIABLE;
    else if(line.size()>=2 && line[0]=='(')
    {
      // ( (B0 true) )
      std::size_t pos1=line.find('(', 1);
      std::size_t pos2=line.find(' ', pos1);
      std::size_t pos3=line.find(')', pos2);
      if(pos1!=std::string::npos &&
         pos2!=std::string::npos &&
         pos3!=std::string::npos)
      {
        std::string id=std::string(line, pos1+1, pos2-pos1-1);
        std::string value=std::string(line, pos2+1, pos3-pos2-1);
        values[id]=value;
      }
    }
  }

  for(identifier_mapt::iterator
      it=identifier_map.begin();
      it!=identifier_map.end();
      it++)
  {
    it->second.value.make_nil();
    std::string conv_id=convert_identifier(it->first);
    std::string value=values[conv_id];
    if(value=="") continue;
    if (value.substr(0, 5) == "(_ bv") {
      // value is "(_ bvDECIMAL_VALUE SIZE"
      // convert to binary
      value = value.substr(5);
      size_t pos = value.find(' ');
      std::string v = value.substr(0, pos);
      std::string w = value.substr(pos+1);
      value = integer2binary(string2integer(v, 10),
                             string2integer(w, 10).to_ulong());
    }
    set_value(it->second, value);
  }

  // Booleans
  for(unsigned v=0; v<smt2_prop.no_variables(); v++)
  {
    std::string value=values["B"+i2string(v)];
    if(value=="") continue;
    smt2_prop.set_assignment(literalt(v, false), value=="true");
  }

  return res;
}
exprt ieee_floatt::to_expr() const
{
  exprt result=exprt(ID_constant, spec.to_type());
  result.set(ID_value, integer2binary(pack(), spec.width()));
  return result;
}
bool clang_c_convertert::convert_float_literal(
  const clang::FloatingLiteral &floating_literal,
  exprt &dest)
{
  if(!config.ansi_c.use_fixed_for_float)
  {
    std::cerr << "floatbv unsupported, sorry" << std::endl;
    return false;
  }

  typet type;
  if(get_type(floating_literal.getType(), type))
    return true;

  llvm::APFloat val = floating_literal.getValue();

  llvm::SmallVector<char, 32> string;
  val.toString(string, 32, 0);

  unsigned width = bv_width(type);
  mp_integer value;
  std::string float_string;

  if(!val.isInfinity())
  {
    mp_integer significand;
    mp_integer exponent;

    float_string = parse_float(string, significand, exponent);

    unsigned fraction_bits;
    const std::string &integer_bits = type.integer_bits().as_string();

    if (integer_bits == "")
      fraction_bits = width / 2;
    else
      fraction_bits = width - atoi(integer_bits.c_str());

    mp_integer factor = mp_integer(1) << fraction_bits;
    value = significand * factor;

    if(exponent < 0)
      value /= power(10, -exponent);
    else
    {
      value *= power(10, exponent);

      if(value <= -power(2, width - 1) - 1)
      {
        // saturate: use "smallest value"
        value = -power(2, width - 1);
      }
    }
  }
  else
  {
    // saturate: use "biggest value"
    value = power(2, width - 1) - 1;
    float_string = "2147483647.99999999976716935634613037109375";
  }

  dest =
    constant_exprt(
      integer2binary(value, bv_width(type)),
      float_string,
      type);

  return false;
}
Exemple #15
0
exprt convert_float_literal(const std::string &src)
{
  mp_integer significand;
  mp_integer exponent;
  bool is_float, is_long, is_imaginary;
  bool is_decimal, is_float80, is_float128; // GCC extensions
  unsigned base;
  
  parse_float(src, significand, exponent, base,
              is_float, is_long, is_imaginary,
              is_decimal, is_float80, is_float128);

  exprt result=exprt(ID_constant);
  
  result.set(ID_C_cformat, src);
  
  // In ANSI-C, float literals are double by default,
  // unless marked with 'f'.
  // All of these can be complex as well.
  // This can be overriden with
  // config.ansi_c.single_precision_constant.

  if(is_float)
    result.type()=float_type();
  else if(is_long)
    result.type()=long_double_type();
  else if(is_float80)
  {
    result.type()=ieee_float_spect(64, 15).to_type();
    result.type().set(ID_C_c_type, ID_long_double);
  }
  else if(is_float128)
  {
    result.type()=ieee_float_spect::quadruple_precision().to_type();
    result.type().set(ID_C_c_type, ID_gcc_float128);
  }
  else
  {
    // default
    if(config.ansi_c.single_precision_constant)
      result.type()=float_type(); // default
    else
      result.type()=double_type(); // default
  }

  if(is_decimal)
  {
    // TODO - should set ID_gcc_decimal32/ID_gcc_decimal64/ID_gcc_decimal128,
    // but these aren't handled anywhere
  }
  
  if(config.ansi_c.use_fixed_for_float)
  {
    unsigned width=result.type().get_int(ID_width);
    unsigned fraction_bits;
    const irep_idt integer_bits=result.type().get(ID_integer_bits);
    
    assert(width!=0);

    if(integer_bits==irep_idt())
      fraction_bits=width/2; // default
    else
      fraction_bits=width-safe_string2int(id2string(integer_bits));

    mp_integer factor=mp_integer(1)<<fraction_bits;
    mp_integer value=significand*factor;
    
    if(value!=0)
    {
      if(exponent<0)
        value/=power(base, -exponent);
      else
      {
        value*=power(base, exponent);    

        if(value>=power(2, width-1))
        {
          // saturate: use "biggest value"
          value=power(2, width-1)-1;
        }
        else if(value<=-power(2, width-1)-1)
        {
          // saturate: use "smallest value"
          value=-power(2, width-1);
        }
      }
    }

    result.set(ID_value, integer2binary(value, width));  
  }
  else
  {
    ieee_floatt a;

    a.spec=to_floatbv_type(result.type());
    
    if(base==10)
      a.from_base10(significand, exponent);
    else if(base==2) // hex
      a.build(significand, exponent);
    else
      assert(false);

    result.set(ID_value,
      integer2binary(a.pack(), a.spec.width()));  
  }

  if(is_imaginary)
  {
    complex_typet complex_type;
    complex_type.subtype()=result.type();
    exprt complex_expr(ID_complex, complex_type);
    complex_expr.operands().resize(2);
    complex_expr.op0()=gen_zero(result.type());
    complex_expr.op1()=result;
    return complex_expr;
  }
  
  return result;
}
Exemple #16
0
exprt bv_arithmetict::to_expr() const
{
  constant_exprt result(spec.to_type());
  result.set_value(integer2binary(value, spec.width));
  return result;
}
Exemple #17
0
std::string cvc_convt::array_index(unsigned i)
{
    return "0bin"+integer2binary(i, config.ansi_c.int_width);
}
Exemple #18
0
void convert_float_literal(const std::string &src, exprt &dest)
{
  mp_integer significand;
  mp_integer exponent;
  bool is_float, is_long;
  unsigned base;

  parse_float(src, significand, exponent, base, is_float, is_long);

  dest = exprt("constant");

  dest.cformat(src);

  if(is_float)
  {
    dest.type() = float_type();
    dest.type().set("#cpp_type", "float");
  }
  else if(is_long)
  {
    dest.type() = long_double_type();
    dest.type().set("#cpp_type", "long_double");
  }
  else
  {
    dest.type() = double_type();
    dest.type().set("#cpp_type", "double");
  }

  if(config.ansi_c.use_fixed_for_float)
  {
    unsigned width = atoi(dest.type().width().c_str());
    unsigned fraction_bits;
    const std::string &integer_bits = dest.type().integer_bits().as_string();

    if(integer_bits == "")
      fraction_bits = width / 2;
    else
      fraction_bits = width - atoi(integer_bits.c_str());

    mp_integer factor = mp_integer(1) << fraction_bits;
    mp_integer value = significand * factor;

    if(value != 0)
    {
      if(exponent < 0)
        value /= power(base, -exponent);
      else
      {
        value *= power(base, exponent);

        if(value >= power(2, width - 1))
        {
          // saturate: use "biggest value"
          value = power(2, width - 1) - 1;
        }
        else if(value <= -power(2, width - 1) - 1)
        {
          // saturate: use "smallest value"
          value = -power(2, width - 1);
        }
      }
    }

    dest.value(integer2binary(value, width));
  }
  else
  {
    ieee_floatt a;

    a.spec = to_floatbv_type(dest.type());

    if(base == 10)
      a.from_base10(significand, exponent);
    else if(base == 2) // hex
      a.build(significand, exponent);
    else
      assert(false);

    dest.value(integer2binary(a.pack(), a.spec.width()));
  }
}