void collectLiveEvents( BaseInstrument* instrument )
    {
        AudioChannel* channel                    = instrument->audioChannel;
        std::vector<BaseAudioEvent*>* liveEvents = instrument->getLiveEvents();

        // removal queue
        std::vector<BaseAudioEvent*> removes;

        int i = 0;
        for ( i; i < liveEvents->size(); i++ )
        {
            BaseAudioEvent* audioEvent = liveEvents->at( i );

            if ( !audioEvent->isDeletable())
                channel->addLiveEvent( audioEvent );
            else
                removes.push_back( audioEvent );
        }
        // removal queue filled ? process it so we can safely
        // remove "deleted" AudioEvents without errors occurring
        if ( removes.size() > 0 )
        {
            int i = 0;
            for ( i; i < removes.size(); i++ )
            {
                BaseAudioEvent* audioEvent = removes[ i ];
                instrument->removeEvent( audioEvent, true );
            }
        }
    }
void ChannelMergerNode::process(size_t framesToProcess)
{
    AudioNodeOutput* output = this->output(0);
    ASSERT(output);
    ASSERT_UNUSED(framesToProcess, framesToProcess == output->bus()->length());

    // Output bus not updated yet, so just output silence.
    if (m_desiredNumberOfOutputChannels != output->numberOfChannels()) {
        output->bus()->zero();
        return;
    }
    
    // Merge all the channels from all the inputs into one output.
    unsigned outputChannelIndex = 0;
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < numberOfInputs(); ++i) {
        AudioNodeInput* input = this->input(i);
        if (input->isConnected()) {
            unsigned numberOfInputChannels = input->bus()->numberOfChannels();
            
            // Merge channels from this particular input.
            for (unsigned j = 0; j < numberOfInputChannels; ++j) {
                AudioChannel* inputChannel = input->bus()->channel(j);
                AudioChannel* outputChannel = output->bus()->channel(outputChannelIndex);
                outputChannel->copyFrom(inputChannel);
                
                ++outputChannelIndex;
            }
        }
    }
    
    ASSERT(outputChannelIndex == output->numberOfChannels());
}
void ChannelMergerHandler::process(size_t framesToProcess) {
  AudioNodeOutput& output = this->output(0);
  DCHECK_EQ(framesToProcess, output.bus()->length());

  unsigned numberOfOutputChannels = output.numberOfChannels();
  DCHECK_EQ(numberOfInputs(), numberOfOutputChannels);

  // Merge multiple inputs into one output.
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < numberOfOutputChannels; ++i) {
    AudioNodeInput& input = this->input(i);
    DCHECK_EQ(input.numberOfChannels(), 1u);
    AudioChannel* outputChannel = output.bus()->channel(i);
    if (input.isConnected()) {
      // The mixing rules will be applied so multiple channels are down-
      // mixed to mono (when the mixing rule is defined). Note that only
      // the first channel will be taken for the undefined input channel
      // layout.
      //
      // See:
      // http://webaudio.github.io/web-audio-api/#channel-up-mixing-and-down-mixing
      AudioChannel* inputChannel = input.bus()->channel(0);
      outputChannel->copyFrom(inputChannel);

    } else {
      // If input is unconnected, fill zeros in the channel.
      outputChannel->zero();
    }
  }
}
void EqualPowerPanner::pan(double azimuth, double /*elevation*/, AudioBus* inputBus, AudioBus* outputBus, size_t framesToProcess)
{
    // FIXME: implement stereo sources
    bool isInputSafe = inputBus && inputBus->numberOfChannels() == 1 && framesToProcess <= inputBus->length();
    ASSERT(isInputSafe);
    if (!isInputSafe)
        return;

    bool isOutputSafe = outputBus && outputBus->numberOfChannels() == 2 && framesToProcess <= outputBus->length();
    ASSERT(isOutputSafe);
    if (!isOutputSafe)
        return;

    AudioChannel* channel = inputBus->channel(0);
    float* sourceP = channel->data();                               
    float* destinationL = outputBus->channelByType(AudioBus::ChannelLeft)->data();
    float* destinationR = outputBus->channelByType(AudioBus::ChannelRight)->data();

    if (!sourceP || !destinationL || !destinationR)
        return;

    // Pan smoothly from left to right with azimuth going from -30 -> +30 degrees.
    double desiredPanPosition;
    if (azimuth > 30.0)
        desiredPanPosition = 1.0;
    else if (azimuth < -30.0)
        desiredPanPosition = 0.0;
    else
        desiredPanPosition = (azimuth + 30.0) / 60.0;

    double desiredGainL = 0.5 * cos(piDouble * desiredPanPosition) + 0.5;
    double desiredGainR = sqrt(1.0 - desiredGainL*desiredGainL);

    // Don't de-zipper on first render call.
    if (m_isFirstRender) {
        m_isFirstRender = false;
        m_gainL = desiredGainL;
        m_gainR = desiredGainR;
    }

    // Cache in local variables.
    double gainL = m_gainL;
    double gainR = m_gainR;

    // Get local copy of smoothing constant.
    const double SmoothingConstant = m_smoothingConstant;

    int n = framesToProcess;

    while (n--) {
        float input = *sourceP++;
        gainL += (desiredGainL - gainL) * SmoothingConstant;
        gainR += (desiredGainR - gainR) * SmoothingConstant;
        *destinationL++ = static_cast<float>(input * gainL);
        *destinationR++ = static_cast<float>(input * gainR);
    }

    m_gainL = gainL;
    m_gainR = gainR;
}
Exemple #5
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    std::vector<AudioChannel*> getAudioEvents( std::vector<AudioChannel*> channels, int bufferPosition,
                                               int bufferEnd, bool addLiveInstruments )
    {
        // clear previous channel contents (note we don't delete the channels anywhere as we re-use them)
        channels.clear();

        int i, l;

        // note we update the channels mix properties here as they might change during playback

        for ( i = 0, l = instruments.size(); i < l; ++i )
        {
            BaseInstrument* instrument      = instruments.at( i );
            AudioChannel* instrumentChannel = instrument->audioChannel;

            instrumentChannel->reset();
            instrumentChannel->mixVolume = instrument->volume;

            if ( !instrumentChannel->muted )
            {
                if ( AudioEngine::playing )
                    collectSequencedEvents( instrument, bufferPosition, bufferEnd );

                if ( addLiveInstruments && instrument->hasLiveEvents() )
                    collectLiveEvents( instrument );

                channels.push_back( instrumentChannel );
            }
        }
        return channels;
    }
Exemple #6
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void synthesize(float hz, float timbre, float volume)
{
    LOG("hz=%f timbre=%f volume=%f\n", hz, timbre, volume);

    whiteNoiseChannel.setVolume(volume * 96.f);
    whiteNoiseChannel.setSpeed(hz * arraysize(whiteNoise));
}
Exemple #7
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bool Sequencer::getAudioEvents( std::vector<AudioChannel*>* channels, int bufferPosition,
                                       int bufferSize, bool addLiveInstruments, bool flushChannels )
{
    channels->clear();

    int bufferEnd    = bufferPosition + ( bufferSize - 1 );          // the highest SampleEnd value we'll query
    bool loopStarted = bufferEnd > AudioEngine::max_buffer_position; // whether this request exceeds the min_buffer_position - max_buffer_position range

    int i, l;

    // note we update the channels mix properties here as they might change during playback

    for ( i = 0, l = ( int ) instruments.size(); i < l; ++i )
    {
        BaseInstrument* instrument      = instruments.at( i );
        AudioChannel* instrumentChannel = instrument->audioChannel;

        // clear previous channel contents when requested
        if ( flushChannels )
            instrumentChannel->reset();

        if ( !instrumentChannel->muted )
        {
            if ( playing )
                collectSequencedEvents( instrument, bufferPosition, bufferEnd );

            if ( addLiveInstruments && instrument->hasLiveEvents() )
                collectLiveEvents( instrument );

            channels->push_back( instrumentChannel );
        }
    }
    return loopStarted;
}
    /**
     * used by the getAudioEvents-method of the sequencer, this validates
     * the present AudioEvents against the requested position
     * and updates and flushes the removal queue
     *
     * @param instrument     {BaseInstrument*} instrument to gather events from
     * @param bufferPosition {int} the current buffers start pointer
     * @param bufferEnd      {int} the current buffers end pointer
     */
    void collectSequencedEvents( BaseInstrument* instrument, int bufferPosition, int bufferEnd )
    {
        if ( !instrument->hasEvents() )
            return;

        AudioChannel* channel                     = instrument->audioChannel;
        std::vector<BaseAudioEvent*>* audioEvents = instrument->getEvents();

        // removal queue
        std::vector<BaseAudioEvent*> removes;

        // channel has an internal loop (e.g. drum machine) ? recalculate requested
        // buffer position by subtracting all measures above the first
        if ( channel->maxBufferPosition > 0 )
        {
            int samplesPerBar = AudioEngine::samples_per_bar;

            while ( bufferPosition >= channel->maxBufferPosition )
            {
                bufferPosition -= samplesPerBar;
                bufferEnd      -= samplesPerBar;
            }
        }
        int i = 0, amount = audioEvents->size();
        for ( i; i < amount; i++ )
        {
            BaseAudioEvent* audioEvent = audioEvents->at( i );

            if ( audioEvent->isEnabled() )
            {
                int sampleStart = audioEvent->getSampleStart();
                int sampleEnd   = audioEvent->getSampleEnd();

                if ( audioEvent->isLoopeable() ||
                   ( sampleStart >= bufferPosition && sampleStart <= bufferEnd ) ||
                   ( sampleStart <  bufferPosition && sampleEnd >= bufferPosition ))
                {
                    if ( !audioEvent->isDeletable())
                        channel->addEvent( audioEvent );
                    else
                        removes.push_back( audioEvent );
                }
            }
        }
        // removal queue filled ? process it so we can safely
        // remove "deleted" AudioEvents without errors occurring
        if ( removes.size() > 0 )
        {
            int i = 0;
            for ( i; i < removes.size(); i++ )
            {
                BaseAudioEvent* audioEvent = removes[ i ];
                instrument->removeEvent( audioEvent, false );
            }
        }
    }
// Pulls on our provider to get rendered audio stream.
OSStatus AudioDestinationMac::render(UInt32 numberOfFrames, AudioBufferList* ioData)
{
    AudioBuffer* buffers = ioData->mBuffers;
    m_renderBus.setChannelMemory(0, (float*)buffers[0].mData, numberOfFrames);
    m_renderBus.setChannelMemory(1, (float*)buffers[1].mData, numberOfFrames);

    //@tofix - add support for local/live audio input.
    m_callback.render(m_input->m_audioBus, &m_renderBus, numberOfFrames);

    // Clamp values at 0db (i.e., [-1.0, 1.0])
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < m_renderBus.numberOfChannels(); ++i) {
        AudioChannel* channel = m_renderBus.channel(i);
        VectorMath::vclip(channel->data(), 1, &kLowThreshold, &kHighThreshold, channel->mutableData(), 1, numberOfFrames);
    }

    return noErr;
}
Exemple #10
0
void synthInit()
{
    Random gen = Random();

    //Generate the White Noise
    for (int i = 0; i != arraysize(whiteNoise); i++) {
        whiteNoise[i] = gen.random() * 0x7fff;
    }

    whiteNoiseChannel.play(noiseAsset);
}
void ChannelMergerNode::process(size_t framesToProcess)
{
    AudioNodeOutput* output = this->output(0);
    ASSERT(output);
    ASSERT_UNUSED(framesToProcess, framesToProcess == output->bus()->length());

    // Output bus not updated yet, so just output silence.
    if (m_desiredNumberOfOutputChannels != output->numberOfChannels()) {
        output->bus()->zero();
        return;
    }

    // Merge all the channels from all the inputs into one output.
    unsigned outputChannelIndex = 0;
    unsigned maxAllowedOutputChannels = output->numberOfChannels();

    for (unsigned i = 0; i < numberOfInputs(); ++i) {
        AudioNodeInput* input = this->input(i);
        if (input->isConnected()) {
            unsigned numberOfInputChannels = input->bus()->numberOfChannels();

            // Merge channels from this particular input, but be careful not to exceed the number of
            // output channels.  (This can happen if there are many inputs with each input
            // containing many channels.)
            for (unsigned j = 0; j < numberOfInputChannels; ++j) {
                if (outputChannelIndex < maxAllowedOutputChannels) {
                    AudioChannel* inputChannel = input->bus()->channel(j);
                    AudioChannel* outputChannel = output->bus()->channel(outputChannelIndex);
                    outputChannel->copyFrom(inputChannel);

                    ++outputChannelIndex;
                }
            }
        }
        if (outputChannelIndex >= maxAllowedOutputChannels)
            break;
    }

    ASSERT(outputChannelIndex == output->numberOfChannels());
}
Exemple #12
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    void collectLiveEvents( BaseInstrument* instrument )
    {
        AudioChannel* channel                    = instrument->audioChannel;
        std::vector<BaseAudioEvent*>* liveEvents = instrument->getLiveEvents();

        // removal queue
        std::vector<BaseAudioEvent*> removes;

        int i = 0;
        for ( i; i < liveEvents->size(); i++ )
        {
            BaseAudioEvent* audioEvent = liveEvents->at( i );

            if ( !audioEvent->deletable())
                channel->addLiveEvent( audioEvent );
            else
                removes.push_back( audioEvent );
        }
        // removal queue filled ? process it so we can safely
        // remove "deleted" AudioEvents without errors occurring
        if ( removes.size() > 0 )
        {
            int i = 0;
            for ( i; i < removes.size(); i++ )
            {
                BaseAudioEvent* audioEvent = removes[ i ];

                // remove audio event from the list
                if ( std::find( liveEvents->begin(), liveEvents->end(), audioEvent ) != liveEvents->end())
                {
                    liveEvents->erase( std::find( liveEvents->begin(), liveEvents->end(), audioEvent ));
                }
                instrument->removeEvent( audioEvent );
            }
        }
    }
void ChannelMergerNode::process(ContextRenderLock& r, size_t framesToProcess)
{
    auto output = this->output(0);
    ASSERT_UNUSED(framesToProcess, framesToProcess == output->bus(r)->length());

    // Output bus not updated yet, so just output silence. See Note * in checkNumberOfChannelsForInput
    if (m_desiredNumberOfOutputChannels != output->numberOfChannels())
    {
        output->bus(r)->zero();
        return;
    }
    
    // Merge all the channels from all the inputs into one output.
    uint32_t outputChannelIndex = 0;
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numberOfInputs(); ++i)
    {
        auto input = this->input(i);
        
        if (input->isConnected())
        {
            uint32_t numberOfInputChannels = input->bus(r)->numberOfChannels();
            
            // Merge channels from this particular input.
            for (uint32_t j = 0; j < numberOfInputChannels; ++j)
            {
                AudioChannel* inputChannel = input->bus(r)->channel(j);
                AudioChannel* outputChannel = output->bus(r)->channel(outputChannelIndex);
                
                outputChannel->copyFrom(inputChannel);
                ++outputChannelIndex;
            }
        }
    }
    
    ASSERT(outputChannelIndex == output->numberOfChannels());
}
int PulseAudioDriver::setup(bool capture, bool playback, const QString& )
{
	PENTER;
	
	sample_spec.rate = frame_rate;
	sample_spec.channels = 2;
	sample_spec.format = PA_SAMPLE_FLOAT32NE;
	
	assert(pa_sample_spec_valid(&sample_spec));
	
	if (channel_map_set && channel_map.channels != sample_spec.channels) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Channel map doesn't match file.\n");
		return -1;
	}
	
	/* Set up a new main loop */
	if (!(mainloop = pa_mainloop_new())) {
		fprintf(stderr, "pa_mainloop_new() failed.\n");
		return -1;
	}

	mainloop_api = pa_mainloop_get_api(mainloop);

	int r = pa_signal_init(mainloop_api);
	assert(r == 0);

	/* Create a new connection context */
	if (!(context = pa_context_new(mainloop_api, "Traverso"))) {
		fprintf(stderr, "pa_context_new() failed.\n");
		return -1;
	}

	pa_context_set_state_callback(context, context_state_callback, this);

	/* Connect the context */
	pa_context_connect(context, "", (pa_context_flags_t)0, NULL);

	int ret;
	/* Run the main loop */
// 	if (pa_mainloop_run(mainloop, &ret) < 0) {
// 		fprintf(stderr, "pa_mainloop_run() failed.\n");
// 		return -1;
// 	}


	AudioChannel* audiochannel;
	int port_flags;
	char buf[32];
	
	// TODO use the found maxchannel count for the playback stream, instead of assuming 2 !!
	for (int chn = 0; chn < 2; chn++) {

		snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, "playback_%d", chn+1);

		audiochannel = device->register_playback_channel(buf, "32 bit float audio", port_flags, frames_per_cycle, chn);
		audiochannel->set_latency( frames_per_cycle + capture_frame_latency );
		playbackChannels.append(audiochannel);
	}

	// TODO use the found maxchannel count for the capture stream, instead of assuming 0 !!
	for (int chn = 0; chn < 2; chn++) {

		snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, "capture_%d", chn+1);

		audiochannel = device->register_capture_channel(buf, "32 bit float audio", port_flags, frames_per_cycle, chn);
		audiochannel->set_latency( frames_per_cycle + capture_frame_latency );
		captureChannels.append(audiochannel);
	}

	return 1;
}
Exemple #15
0
void Reverb::process(const AudioBus* sourceBus, AudioBus* destinationBus, size_t framesToProcess)
{
    // Do a fairly comprehensive sanity check.
    // If these conditions are satisfied, all of the source and destination pointers will be valid for the various matrixing cases.
    bool isSafeToProcess = sourceBus && destinationBus && sourceBus->numberOfChannels() > 0 && destinationBus->numberOfChannels() > 0
        && framesToProcess <= MaxFrameSize && framesToProcess <= sourceBus->length() && framesToProcess <= destinationBus->length();

    ASSERT(isSafeToProcess);
    if (!isSafeToProcess)
        return;

    // For now only handle mono or stereo output
    if (destinationBus->numberOfChannels() > 2) {
        destinationBus->zero();
        return;
    }

    AudioChannel* destinationChannelL = destinationBus->channel(0);
    const AudioChannel* sourceChannelL = sourceBus->channel(0);

    // Handle input -> output matrixing...
    size_t numInputChannels = sourceBus->numberOfChannels();
    size_t numOutputChannels = destinationBus->numberOfChannels();
    size_t numReverbChannels = m_convolvers.size();

    if (numInputChannels == 2 && numReverbChannels == 2 && numOutputChannels == 2) {
        // 2 -> 2 -> 2
        const AudioChannel* sourceChannelR = sourceBus->channel(1);
        AudioChannel* destinationChannelR = destinationBus->channel(1);
        m_convolvers[0]->process(sourceChannelL, destinationChannelL, framesToProcess);
        m_convolvers[1]->process(sourceChannelR, destinationChannelR, framesToProcess);
    } else  if (numInputChannels == 1 && numOutputChannels == 2 && numReverbChannels == 2) {
        // 1 -> 2 -> 2
        for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
            AudioChannel* destinationChannel = destinationBus->channel(i);
            m_convolvers[i]->process(sourceChannelL, destinationChannel, framesToProcess);
        }
    } else if (numInputChannels == 1 && numReverbChannels == 1 && numOutputChannels == 2) {
        // 1 -> 1 -> 2
        m_convolvers[0]->process(sourceChannelL, destinationChannelL, framesToProcess);

        // simply copy L -> R
        AudioChannel* destinationChannelR = destinationBus->channel(1);
        bool isCopySafe = destinationChannelL->data() && destinationChannelR->data() && destinationChannelL->length() >= framesToProcess && destinationChannelR->length() >= framesToProcess;
        ASSERT(isCopySafe);
        if (!isCopySafe)
            return;
        memcpy(destinationChannelR->mutableData(), destinationChannelL->data(), sizeof(float) * framesToProcess);
    } else if (numInputChannels == 1 && numReverbChannels == 1 && numOutputChannels == 1) {
        // 1 -> 1 -> 1
        m_convolvers[0]->process(sourceChannelL, destinationChannelL, framesToProcess);
    } else if (numInputChannels == 2 && numReverbChannels == 4 && numOutputChannels == 2) {
        // 2 -> 4 -> 2 ("True" stereo)
        const AudioChannel* sourceChannelR = sourceBus->channel(1);
        AudioChannel* destinationChannelR = destinationBus->channel(1);

        AudioChannel* tempChannelL = m_tempBuffer->channel(0);
        AudioChannel* tempChannelR = m_tempBuffer->channel(1);

        // Process left virtual source
        m_convolvers[0]->process(sourceChannelL, destinationChannelL, framesToProcess);
        m_convolvers[1]->process(sourceChannelL, destinationChannelR, framesToProcess);

        // Process right virtual source
        m_convolvers[2]->process(sourceChannelR, tempChannelL, framesToProcess);
        m_convolvers[3]->process(sourceChannelR, tempChannelR, framesToProcess);

        destinationBus->sumFrom(*m_tempBuffer);
    } else if (numInputChannels == 1 && numReverbChannels == 4 && numOutputChannels == 2) {
        // 1 -> 4 -> 2 (Processing mono with "True" stereo impulse response)
        // This is an inefficient use of a four-channel impulse response, but we should handle the case.
        AudioChannel* destinationChannelR = destinationBus->channel(1);

        AudioChannel* tempChannelL = m_tempBuffer->channel(0);
        AudioChannel* tempChannelR = m_tempBuffer->channel(1);

        // Process left virtual source
        m_convolvers[0]->process(sourceChannelL, destinationChannelL, framesToProcess);
        m_convolvers[1]->process(sourceChannelL, destinationChannelR, framesToProcess);

        // Process right virtual source
        m_convolvers[2]->process(sourceChannelL, tempChannelL, framesToProcess);
        m_convolvers[3]->process(sourceChannelL, tempChannelR, framesToProcess);

        destinationBus->sumFrom(*m_tempBuffer);
    } else {
        // Handle gracefully any unexpected / unsupported matrixing
        // FIXME: add code for 5.1 support...
        destinationBus->zero();
    }
}
Exemple #16
0
    /**
     * starts the render thread
     * NOTE: the render thread is always active, even when the
     * sequencer is paused
     */
    void start()
    {
        OPENSL_STREAM *p;

        p = android_OpenAudioDevice( AudioEngineProps::SAMPLE_RATE,     AudioEngineProps::INPUT_CHANNELS,
                                     AudioEngineProps::OUTPUT_CHANNELS, AudioEngineProps::BUFFER_SIZE );

        // hardware unavailable ? halt thread, trigger JNI callback for error handler
        if ( p == NULL )
        {
            Observer::handleHardwareUnavailable();
            return;
        }
        // audio hardware available, start render thread

        int buffer_size, i, c, ci;
        buffer_size        = AudioEngineProps::BUFFER_SIZE;
        int outputChannels = AudioEngineProps::OUTPUT_CHANNELS;
        bool isMono        = outputChannels == 1;
        std::vector<AudioChannel*> channels;
        std::vector<AudioChannel*> channels2; // used when loop starts for gathering events at the start range

        bool loopStarted = false;   // whether the current buffer will exceed the end offset of the loop (read remaining samples from the start)
        int loopOffset = 0;         // the offset within the current buffer where we start reading from the current loops start offset
        int loopAmount = 0;         // amount of samples we must read from the current loops start offset

        float recbufferIn   [ buffer_size ];                  // used for recording from device input
        float outbuffer     [ buffer_size * outputChannels ]; // the output buffer rendered by the hardware

        // generate buffers for temporary channel buffer writes
        AudioBuffer* channelBuffer = new AudioBuffer( outputChannels, buffer_size );
        AudioBuffer* inbuffer      = new AudioBuffer( outputChannels, buffer_size ); // accumulates all channels ("master strip")
        AudioBuffer* recbuffer     = new AudioBuffer( AudioEngineProps::INPUT_CHANNELS, buffer_size );

        thread = 1;

        // signal processors
        Finalizer* limiter = new Finalizer  ( 2, 500,  AudioEngineProps::SAMPLE_RATE, outputChannels );
        LPFHPFilter* hpf   = new LPFHPFilter(( float ) AudioEngineProps::SAMPLE_RATE, 55, outputChannels );

        while ( thread )
        {
            // erase previous buffer contents
            inbuffer->silenceBuffers();

            // gather the audio events by the buffer range currently being processed
            int endPosition = bufferPosition + buffer_size;
            channels        = sequencer::getAudioEvents( channels, bufferPosition, endPosition, true );

            // read pointer exceeds maximum allowed offset ? => sequencer has started its loop
            // we must now also gather extra events at the start position of the seq. range
            loopStarted = endPosition > max_buffer_position;
            loopOffset  = (( max_buffer_position + 1 ) - bufferPosition );
            loopAmount  = buffer_size - loopOffset;

            if ( loopStarted )
            {
                // were we bouncing the audio ? save file and stop rendering
                if ( bouncing )
                {
                    DiskWriter::writeBufferToFile( AudioEngineProps::SAMPLE_RATE, AudioEngineProps::OUTPUT_CHANNELS, false );

                    // broadcast update via JNI, pass buffer identifier name to identify last recording
                    Observer::handleBounceComplete( 1 );
                    thread = 0; // stop thread, halts rendering
                    break;
                }
                else
                {
                    endPosition -= max_buffer_position;
                    channels2 = sequencer::getAudioEvents( channels2, min_buffer_position, min_buffer_position + buffer_size, false );

                    // er? the channels are magically merged by above invocation..., performing the insert below adds the same events TWICE*POP*!?!?
                    //channels.insert( channels.end(), channels2.begin(), channels2.end() ); // merge the channels into one

                    channels2.clear();  // would clear on next "getAudioEvents"-query... but why wait ?
                }
            }

            // record audio from Android device ?
            if ( recordFromDevice && AudioEngineProps::INPUT_CHANNELS > 0 )
            {
                int recSamps                  = android_AudioIn( p, recbufferIn, AudioEngineProps::BUFFER_SIZE );
                SAMPLE_TYPE* recBufferChannel = recbuffer->getBufferForChannel( 0 );

                for ( int j = 0; j < recSamps; ++j )
                {
                    recBufferChannel[ j ] = recbufferIn[ j ];//static_cast<float>( recbufferIn[ j ] );

                    // merge recording into current input buffer for instant monitoring
                    if ( monitorRecording )
                    {
                        for ( int k = 0; k < outputChannels; ++k )
                            inbuffer->getBufferForChannel( k )[ j ] = recBufferChannel[ j ];
                    }
                }
            }

            // channel loop
            int j = 0;
            int channelAmount = channels.size();

            for ( j; j < channelAmount; ++j )
            {
                AudioChannel* channel = channels[ j ];
                bool isCached         = channel->hasCache;                // whether this channel has a fully cached buffer
                bool mustCache        = AudioEngineProps::CHANNEL_CACHING && channel->canCache() && !isCached; // whether to cache this channels output
                bool gotBuffer        = false;
                int cacheReadPos      = 0;  // the offset we start ready from the channel buffer (when writing to cache)

                SAMPLE_TYPE channelVolume                = ( SAMPLE_TYPE ) channel->mixVolume;
                std::vector<BaseAudioEvent*> audioEvents = channel->audioEvents;
                int amount                               = audioEvents.size();

                // clear previous channel buffer content
                channelBuffer->silenceBuffers();

                bool useChannelRange  = channel->maxBufferPosition != 0; // channel has its own buffer range (i.e. drummachine)
                int maxBufferPosition = useChannelRange ? channel->maxBufferPosition : max_buffer_position;

                // we make a copy of the current buffer position indicator
                int bufferPos = bufferPosition;

                // ...in case the AudioChannels maxBufferPosition differs from the sequencer loop range
                // note that these buffer positions are always a full bar in length (as we loop measures)
                while ( bufferPos > maxBufferPosition )
                    bufferPos -= bytes_per_bar;

                // only render sequenced events when the sequencer isn't in the paused state
                // and the channel volume is actually at an audible level! ( > 0 )

                if ( playing && amount > 0 && channelVolume > 0.0 )
                {
                    if ( !isCached )
                    {
                        // write the audioEvent buffers into the main output buffer
                        for ( int k = 0; k < amount; ++k )
                        {
                            BaseAudioEvent* audioEvent = audioEvents[ k ];

                            if ( !audioEvent->isLocked())   // make sure we are allowed to query the contents
                            {
                                audioEvent->lock();         // prevent buffer mutations during this read cycle
                                audioEvent->mixBuffer( channelBuffer, bufferPos, min_buffer_position,
                                                       maxBufferPosition, loopStarted, loopOffset, useChannelRange );

                                audioEvent->unlock();   // release lock
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        channel->readCachedBuffer( channelBuffer, bufferPos );
                    }
                }

                // perform live rendering for this instrument
                if ( channel->hasLiveEvents )
                {
                    int lAmount = channel->liveEvents.size();

                    // the volume of the live events is divided by the channel mix as a live event
                    // is played on the same instrument, but just as a different voice (note the
                    // events can have their own mix level)

                    float lAmp = channel->mixVolume > 0.0 ? MAX_PHASE / channel->mixVolume : MAX_PHASE;

                    for ( int k = 0; k < lAmount; ++k )
                    {
                        BaseAudioEvent* vo = channel->liveEvents[ k ];
                        channelBuffer->mergeBuffers( vo->synthesize( buffer_size ), 0, 0, lAmp );
                    }
                }

                // apply the processing chains processors / modulators
                ProcessingChain* chain = channel->processingChain;
                std::vector<BaseProcessor*> processors = chain->getActiveProcessors();

                for ( int k = 0; k < processors.size(); k++ )
                {
                    BaseProcessor* processor = processors[ k ];
                    bool canCacheProcessor   = processor->isCacheable();

                    // only apply processor when we're not caching or cannot cache its output
                    if ( !isCached || !canCacheProcessor )
                    {
                        // cannot cache this processor and we're caching ? write all contents
                        // of the channelBuffer into the channels cache
                        if ( mustCache && !canCacheProcessor )
                            mustCache = !writeChannelCache( channel, channelBuffer, cacheReadPos );

                        processors[ k ]->process( channelBuffer, channel->isMono );
                    }
                }

                // write cache if it didn't happen yet ;) (bus processors are (currently) non-cacheable)
                if ( mustCache )
                    mustCache = !writeChannelCache( channel, channelBuffer, cacheReadPos );

                // write the channel buffer into the combined output buffer, apply channel volume
                // note live events are always audible as their volume is relative to the instrument
                if ( channel->hasLiveEvents && channelVolume == 0.0 ) channelVolume = MAX_PHASE;
                inbuffer->mergeBuffers( channelBuffer, 0, 0, channelVolume );
            }

            // TODO: create bus processors for these ?

            // apply high pass filtering to prevent extreme low rumbling and nasty filter offsets
            hpf->process( inbuffer, buffer_size );

            // limit the audio to prevent clipping
            limiter->process( inbuffer, isMono );

            // write the accumulated buffers into the output buffer
            for ( i = 0, c = 0; i < buffer_size; i++, c += outputChannels )
            {
                for ( ci = 0; ci < outputChannels; ci++ )
                {
                    float sample = ( float ) inbuffer->getBufferForChannel( ci )[ i ] * volume; // apply master volume

                    // extreme limiting (still above the thresholds?)
                    if ( sample < -MAX_PHASE )
                        sample = -MAX_PHASE;

                    else if ( sample > +MAX_PHASE )
                        sample = +MAX_PHASE;

                    outbuffer[ c + ci ] = sample;
                }

                // update the buffer pointers and sequencer position
                if ( playing )
                {
                    if ( ++bufferPosition % bytes_per_tick == 0 )
                       handleSequencerPositionUpdate( android_GetTimestamp( p ));

                    if ( bufferPosition > max_buffer_position )
                        bufferPosition = min_buffer_position;
               }
            }
            // render the buffer in the audio hardware (unless we're bouncing as writing the output
            // makes it both unnecessarily audible and stalls this thread's execution
            if ( !bouncing )
                android_AudioOut( p, outbuffer, buffer_size * AudioEngineProps::OUTPUT_CHANNELS );

            // record the output if recording state is active
            if ( playing && ( recordOutput || recordFromDevice ))
            {
                if ( recordFromDevice ) // recording from device input ? > write the record buffer
                    DiskWriter::appendBuffer( recbuffer );
                else                    // recording global output ? > write the combined buffer
                    DiskWriter::appendBuffer( inbuffer );

                // exceeded maximum recording buffer amount ? > write current recording
                if ( DiskWriter::bufferFull() || haltRecording )
                {
                    int amountOfChannels = recordFromDevice ? AudioEngineProps::INPUT_CHANNELS : outputChannels;
                    DiskWriter::writeBufferToFile( AudioEngineProps::SAMPLE_RATE, amountOfChannels, true );

                    if ( !haltRecording )
                    {
                        DiskWriter::generateOutputBuffer(); // allocate new buffer for next iteration
                        ++recordingFileId;
                    }
                    else {
                        haltRecording = false;
                    }
                }
            }

            // tempo update queued ?
            if ( queuedTempo != tempo )
                handleTempoUpdate( queuedTempo, true );
        }
        android_CloseAudioDevice( p );

        // clear heap memory allocated before thread loop
        delete inbuffer;
        delete channelBuffer;
        delete limiter;
        delete hpf;
    }