FgMatrixV<T>
fgDiagonal(const FgMatrixV<T> & vec)
{
    FGASSERT((vec.numRows() == 1) || (vec.numCols() == 1));
    uint            dim = vec.numRows() * vec.numCols();
    FgMatrixV<T>    ret(dim,dim,T(0));
    for (uint ii=0; ii<dim; ++ii)
        ret.elem(ii,ii) = vec[ii];
    return ret;
}
FgMatrixV<T>
fgModulateCols(
    const FgMatrixV<T> &    matrix,
    const FgMatrixV<T> &    modVector)
{
    FGASSERT(matrix.numCols() == modVector.numElems());
    FgMatrixD       ret = matrix;
    for (uint rr=0; rr<matrix.numRows(); ++rr)
        for (uint cc=0; cc<matrix.numCols(); ++cc)
            ret.elem(rr,cc) *= modVector[cc];
    return ret;
}
void
fgRealSymmEigs(
    const FgMatrixV<T>    &rsm,
    FgMatrixV<T>          &val, // RETURNED: Col vector of eigenvalues, smallest to largest
    FgMatrixV<T>          &vec) // RETURNED: Col vectors are respective eigenvectors
{
    // JAMA enters an infinite loop with NaNs:
    for (size_t ii=0; ii<rsm.m_data.size(); ++ii)
        FGASSERT(boost::math::isfinite(rsm.m_data[ii]));
    uint                    dim = rsm.numRows();
    FGASSERT(rsm.numCols() == dim);
        // We use a const cast since we know 'solver' will not modify the elements, even though
        // the Array2D object holds a non-const pointer to our data.
    JAMA::Eigenvalue<T>
        solver(TNT::Array2D<T>(rsm.numRows(),rsm.numCols(),const_cast<T*>(rsm.dataPtr())));
    TNT::Array2D<T>         vecs;
    TNT::Array1D<T>         vals;
    solver.getV(vecs);
    solver.getRealEigenvalues(vals);
    val.resize(dim,1);
    vec.resize(dim,dim);
    int                     idim = static_cast<int>(dim);
    for (int row=0; row<idim; row++) {
        val[row] = vals[row];
        for (uint col=0; col<dim; col++)
            vec.elem(row,col) = vecs[row][col];
    }
}
 // Accumulate in sub-matrix:
 void
 accSubMat(size_t row,size_t col,const FgMatrixV & m)
 {
     FGASSERT((m.nrows+row <= nrows) && (m.ncols+col <= ncols));
     for (uint rr=0; rr<m.nrows; ++rr)
         for (uint cc=0; cc<m.ncols; ++cc)
             elem(row+rr,col+cc) += m.elem(rr,cc);
 }
FgMatrixV<T>
fgConcatVert(
    const FgMatrixV<T> &    upper,
    const FgMatrixV<T> &    lower)
{
    if (upper.empty())
        return lower;
    if (lower.empty())
        return upper;
    FGASSERT(upper.numCols() == lower.numCols());
    FgMatrixV<T>      ret(upper.numRows()+lower.numRows(),upper.numCols());
    for (uint ii=0; ii<upper.numElems(); ++ii)
        ret[ii] = upper[ii];
    uint    off = upper.numElems();
    for (uint ii=0; ii<lower.numElems(); ++ii)
        ret[off+ii] = lower[ii];
    return ret;
}
 FgMatrixV
 operator*(const FgMatrixV & m) const
 {
     FgMatrixV<T> newMat(nrows,m.ncols);
     FGASSERT(ncols == m.nrows);
     for (uint ii=0; ii<nrows; ii++) {
         for (uint jj=0; jj<m.ncols; jj++) {
             newMat.elem(ii,jj) = 0.0;
             for (uint kk=0; kk<ncols; kk++)
                 newMat.elem(ii,jj) += this->elem(ii,kk) * m.elem(kk,jj);
         }
     }
     return newMat;
 }
 explicit
 FgMatrixC(const FgMatrixV<T>& mm) {
     FGASSERT((nrows == mm.numRows()) && (ncols == mm.numCols()));
     for (uint ii=0; ii<nrows*ncols; ++ii)
         m[ii] = mm[ii];
 }
inline FgMatrixC<T,1,2>
fgBounds(const FgMatrixV<T> & mat)
{
    return fgBounds(mat.dataVec());
}
inline T
fgMaxElem(const FgMatrixV<T> & mat)
{return fgMax(mat.dataVec()); }
FgMatrixV<T>
fgConcatHoriz(
    const FgMatrixV<T> &    left,
    const FgMatrixV<T> &    right)
{
    if (left.empty())
        return right;
    if (right.empty())
        return left;
    FGASSERT(left.numRows() == right.numRows());
    uint            numRows = left.numRows(),
                    numCols = left.numCols() + right.numCols();
    FgMatrixV<T>    retval(numRows,numCols);
    for (uint rr=0; rr<numRows; rr++)
    {
        uint    col=0;
        for (uint cc=0; cc<left.numCols(); ++cc)
            retval.elem(rr,col++) = left.elem(rr,cc);
        for (uint cc=0; cc<right.numCols(); ++cc)
            retval.elem(rr,col++) = right.elem(rr,cc);
    }
    return retval;
}
FgMatrixV<T>
fgNormalize(const FgMatrixV<T> & m)
{return m * (1/std::sqrt(m.mag())); }
FgMatrixV<T>
fgConcatVert(
    const FgMatrixV<T> &    upper,
    const FgMatrixV<T> &    middle,
    const FgMatrixV<T> &    lower)
{
    FGASSERT(upper.numCols() == middle.numCols());
    FGASSERT(middle.numCols() == lower.numCols());
    FgMatrixV<T>      retval(upper.numRows()+middle.numRows()+lower.numRows(),upper.numCols());
    uint    row=0;
    for (uint rr=0; rr<upper.numRows(); rr++)
        for (uint col=0; col<upper.numCols(); col++)
            retval.elem(row++,col) = upper.elem(rr,col);
    for (uint rr=0; rr<middle.numRows(); rr++)
        for (uint col=0; col<middle.numCols(); col++)
            retval.elem(row++,col) = middle.elem(rr,col);
    for (uint rr=0; rr<lower.numRows(); rr++)
        for (uint col=0; col<lower.numCols(); col++)
            retval.elem(row++,col) = lower.elem(rr,col);
    return retval;
}