return getgrnam(groupName.c_str())->gr_gid;
	}

	static string primaryGroupFor(const string &userName) {
		gid_t gid = getpwnam(userName.c_str())->pw_gid;
		return getgrgid(gid)->gr_name;
	}

	TEST_METHOD(1) {
		// Basic spawning test.
		Options options = createOptions();
		options.appRoot      = "stub/rack";
		options.startCommand = "ruby\t" "start.rb";
		options.startupFile  = "start.rb";
		SpawnerPtr spawner = createSpawner(options);
		process = spawner->spawn(options);
		process->requiresShutdown = false;
		ensure_equals(process->sockets->size(), 1u);
		
		Connection conn = process->sockets->front().checkoutConnection();
		ScopeGuard guard(boost::bind(checkin, process, &conn));
		writeExact(conn.fd, "ping\n");
		ensure_equals(readAll(conn.fd), "pong\n");
	}

	TEST_METHOD(2) {
		// It enforces the given start timeout.
		Options options = createOptions();
		options.appRoot      = "stub";
		options.startCommand = "sleep\t" "60";
		options.startupFile  = ".";
void
Group::spawnThreadRealMain(const SpawnerPtr &spawner, const Options &options, unsigned int restartsInitiated) {
	TRACE_POINT();
	this_thread::disable_interruption di;
	this_thread::disable_syscall_interruption dsi;

	PoolPtr pool = getPool();
	Pool::DebugSupportPtr debug = pool->debugSupport;
	
	bool done = false;
	while (!done) {
		bool shouldFail = false;
		if (debug != NULL && debug->spawning) {
			UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
			this_thread::restore_interruption ri(di);
			this_thread::restore_syscall_interruption rsi(dsi);
			this_thread::interruption_point();
			string iteration;
			{
				LockGuard g(debug->syncher);
				debug->spawnLoopIteration++;
				iteration = toString(debug->spawnLoopIteration);
			}
			P_DEBUG("Begin spawn loop iteration " << iteration);
			debug->debugger->send("Begin spawn loop iteration " +
				iteration);
			
			vector<string> cases;
			cases.push_back("Proceed with spawn loop iteration " + iteration);
			cases.push_back("Fail spawn loop iteration " + iteration);
			MessagePtr message = debug->messages->recvAny(cases);
			shouldFail = message->name == "Fail spawn loop iteration " + iteration;
		}

		ProcessPtr process;
		ExceptionPtr exception;
		try {
			UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
			this_thread::restore_interruption ri(di);
			this_thread::restore_syscall_interruption rsi(dsi);
			if (shouldFail) {
				throw SpawnException("Simulated failure");
			} else {
				process = spawner->spawn(options);
				process->setGroup(shared_from_this());
			}
		} catch (const thread_interrupted &) {
			break;
		} catch (const tracable_exception &e) {
			exception = copyException(e);
			// Let other (unexpected) exceptions crash the program so
			// gdb can generate a backtrace.
		}

		UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
		ScopeGuard guard(boost::bind(Process::forceTriggerShutdownAndCleanup, process));
		boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex> lock(pool->syncher);

		if (!isAlive()) {
			if (process != NULL) {
				P_DEBUG("Group is being shut down so dropping process " <<
					process->inspect() << " which we just spawned and exiting spawn loop");
			} else {
				P_DEBUG("The group is being shut down. A process failed "
					"to be spawned anyway, so ignoring this error and exiting "
					"spawn loop");
			}
			// We stop immediately because any previously assumed invariants
			// may have been violated.
			break;
		} else if (restartsInitiated != this->restartsInitiated) {
			if (process != NULL) {
				P_DEBUG("A restart was issued for the group, so dropping process " <<
					process->inspect() << " which we just spawned and exiting spawn loop");
			} else {
				P_DEBUG("A restart was issued for the group. A process failed "
					"to be spawned anyway, so ignoring this error and exiting "
					"spawn loop");
			}
			// We stop immediately because any previously assumed invariants
			// may have been violated.
			break;
		}

		verifyInvariants();
		assert(m_spawning);
		assert(processesBeingSpawned > 0);

		processesBeingSpawned--;
		assert(processesBeingSpawned == 0);

		UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
		vector<Callback> actions;
		if (process != NULL) {
			AttachResult result = attach(process, actions);
			if (result == AR_OK) {
				guard.clear();
				if (getWaitlist.empty()) {
					pool->assignSessionsToGetWaiters(actions);
				} else {
					assignSessionsToGetWaiters(actions);
				}
				P_DEBUG("New process count = " << enabledCount <<
					", remaining get waiters = " << getWaitlist.size());
			} else {
				done = true;
				P_DEBUG("Unable to attach spawned process " << process->inspect());
				if (result == AR_ANOTHER_GROUP_IS_WAITING_FOR_CAPACITY) {
					pool->possiblySpawnMoreProcessesForExistingGroups();
				}
			}
		} else {
			// TODO: sure this is the best thing? if there are
			// processes currently alive we should just use them.
			P_ERROR("Could not spawn process for group " << name <<
				": " << exception->what() << "\n" <<
				exception->backtrace());
			if (enabledCount == 0) {
				enableAllDisablingProcesses(actions);
			}
			Pool::assignExceptionToGetWaiters(getWaitlist, exception, actions);
			pool->assignSessionsToGetWaiters(actions);
			done = true;
		}

		done = done
			|| (processLowerLimitsSatisfied() && getWaitlist.empty())
			|| processUpperLimitsReached()
			|| pool->atFullCapacity(false);
		m_spawning = !done;
		if (done) {
			P_DEBUG("Spawn loop done");
		} else {
			processesBeingSpawned++;
			P_DEBUG("Continue spawning");
		}

		UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
		pool->fullVerifyInvariants();
		lock.unlock();
		UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
		runAllActions(actions);
		UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
	}

	if (debug != NULL && debug->spawning) {
		debug->debugger->send("Spawn loop done");
	}
}
// Included in DirectSpawnerTest.cpp and SmartSpawnerTest.cpp.

	typedef boost::shared_ptr<Spawner> SpawnerPtr;

	TEST_METHOD(1) {
		set_test_name("Basic spawning test");
		SpawningKit::AppPoolOptions options = createOptions();
		options.appRoot      = "stub/rack";
		options.startCommand = "ruby start.rb";
		options.startupFile  = "start.rb";
		SpawnerPtr spawner = createSpawner(options);
		result = spawner->spawn(options);
		ensure_equals(result.sockets.size(), 1u);

		FileDescriptor fd(connectToServer(result.sockets[0].address,
			__FILE__, __LINE__), NULL, 0);
		writeExact(fd, "ping\n");
		ensure_equals(readAll(fd, 1024).first, "pong\n");
	}

	TEST_METHOD(2) {
		set_test_name("It enforces the given start timeout");
		SpawningKit::AppPoolOptions options = createOptions();
		options.appRoot      = "stub";
		options.startCommand = "sleep 60";
		options.startupFile  = ".";
		options.startTimeout = 100;

		if (defaultLogLevel == (LoggingKit::Level) DEFAULT_LOG_LEVEL) {
			// If the user did not customize the test's log level,
			// then we'll want to tone down the noise.