ALWAYS_INLINE static
int64_t extract_impl(VRefParam vref_array,
                     int extract_type /* = EXTR_OVERWRITE */,
                     const String& prefix /* = "" */) {
  auto arrByRef = false;
  auto arr_tv = vref_array.wrapped().asTypedValue();
  if (arr_tv->m_type == KindOfRef) {
    arr_tv = arr_tv->m_data.pref->tv();
    arrByRef = true;
  }
  if (!isArrayType(arr_tv->m_type)) {
    raise_warning("extract() expects parameter 1 to be array");
    return 0;
  }

  bool reference = extract_type & EXTR_REFS;
  extract_type &= ~EXTR_REFS;

  VMRegAnchor _;
  auto const varEnv = g_context->getOrCreateVarEnv();
  if (!varEnv) return 0;

  auto& carr = tvAsCVarRef(arr_tv).asCArrRef();
  if (UNLIKELY(reference)) {
    auto extr_refs = [&](Array& arr) {
      if (arr.size() > 0) {
        // force arr to escalate (if necessary) by getting an lvalue to the
        // first element.
        ArrayData* ad = arr.get();
        auto const& first_key = ad->getKey(ad->iter_begin());
        arr.lvalAt(first_key);
      }
      int count = 0;
      for (ArrayIter iter(arr); iter; ++iter) {
        auto name = iter.first().toString();
        if (!modify_extract_name(varEnv, name, extract_type, prefix)) continue;
        // The const_cast is safe because we escalated the array.  We can't use
        // arr.lvalAt(name), because arr may have been modified as a side
        // effect of an earlier iteration.
        auto& ref = const_cast<Variant&>(iter.secondRef());
        g_context->bindVar(name.get(), ref.asTypedValue());
        ++count;
      }
      return count;
    };

    if (arrByRef) {
      return extr_refs(tvAsVariant(vref_array.getRefData()->tv()).asArrRef());
    }
    Array tmp = carr;
    return extr_refs(tmp);
  }

  int count = 0;
  for (ArrayIter iter(carr); iter; ++iter) {
    auto name = iter.first().toString();
    if (!modify_extract_name(varEnv, name, extract_type, prefix)) continue;
    g_context->setVar(name.get(), iter.secondRef().asTypedValue());
    ++count;
  }
  return count;
}