Esempio n. 1
0
pte_t *
shmem_get_entry(struct shmem_struct *shmem, uintptr_t addr, bool create) {
    assert(addr < shmem->len);
    addr = ROUNDDOWN(addr, PGSIZE);
    shmn_t *shmn = find_shmn(shmem, addr);

    assert(shmn == NULL || (shmn->start <= addr && addr < shmn->end));
    if (shmn == NULL) {
        uintptr_t start = ROUNDDOWN(addr, PGSIZE * SHMN_NENTRY);
        if (!create || (shmn = shmn_create(start)) == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }
        insert_shmn(shmem, shmn);
    }
    int index = (addr - shmn->start) / PGSIZE;
    if (shmn->entry[index] == 0) {
        if (create) {
            struct Page *page = alloc_page();
            if (page != NULL) {
                shmn->entry[index] = (page2pa(page) | PTE_P);
                page_ref_inc(page);
            }
        }
    }
    return shmn->entry + index;
}
Esempio n. 2
0
//page_insert - build the map of phy addr of an Page with the linear addr la
// paramemters:
//  pgdir: the kernel virtual base address of PDT
//  page:  the Page which need to map
//  la:    the linear address need to map
//  perm:  the permission of this Page which is setted in related pte
// return value: always 0
//note: PT is changed, so the TLB need to be invalidate 
int
page_insert(pde_t *pgdir, struct Page *page, uintptr_t la, uint32_t perm) {
    pte_t *ptep = get_pte(pgdir, la, 1);
    //cprintf("insert ptep=%08x\n",ptep);
    if (ptep == NULL) {
        return -E_NO_MEM;
    }
    page_ref_inc(page);
    //cprintf("pageref2 %d\n",page->ref);

    //cprintf("addr=%08x\n\n",la);
    if (*ptep & PTE_V) {
    	//cprintf("pageref3 %d\n",page->ref);
        struct Page *p = pte2page(*ptep);
//        cprintf("guagua\n");
        if (p == page) {
            page_ref_dec(page);
        }

        else {
            page_remove_pte(pgdir, la, ptep);
        }
    }
//    pte_t* pte = get_pte(mm->pgdir,0x50000000,0);
//            struct Page* page=pte2page(*pte);
            //cprintf("insert page addr = %08x\n",page);
    //cprintf("insert page physical =%08x\n",page2pa(page));
    //cprintf(" before *ptep=%08x\n",*ptep);

    //*ptep = page2pa(page);
    //cprintf("ptep start=%08x\n",*ptep);
    //cprintf("perm=%08x\n",perm);
    *ptep = page2pa(page)| PTE_V | perm | PTE_R;
    //cprintf("ptep last=%08x\n",*ptep);
//    cprintf("\ninsert page1 addr=%08x\n",page);
//    cprintf("insert *ptep=%08x\n",*ptep);
   // pte_t* pte = get_pte(pgdir,la,0);
        //cprintf("pgf *pte=%08x\n",*pte);
          //  struct Page* page2=pte2page(*pte);
           // cprintf("page2 addr = %08x\n",page2);

   // struct Page* pg=page;
  //  cprintf("%08x\n",pg);
   // cprintf("%08x\n",page2pa(pg));
    //cprintf("%08x\n",pa2page(page2pa(pg)));
    //tlb_invalidate(pgdir, la);
    return 0;
}
Esempio n. 3
0
void __page_frag_cache_drain(struct page *page, unsigned int count)
{
	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page_ref_count(page) == 0, page);

	if (page_ref_sub_and_test(page, count)) {
		unsigned int order = compound_order(page);

		/*
		 * __free_pages_ok() is not exported so call
		 * __free_pages() which decrements the ref counter
		 * and increment the ref counter before.
		 */
		page_ref_inc(page);
		__free_pages(page, order);
	}
}
Esempio n. 4
0
int
shmem_insert_entry(struct shmem_struct *shmem, uintptr_t addr, pte_t entry) {
    pte_t *ptep = shmem_get_entry(shmem, addr, 1);
    if (ptep == NULL) {
        return -E_NO_MEM;
    }
    if (*ptep != 0) {
        shmem_remove_entry_pte(ptep);
    }
    if (entry & PTE_P) {
        page_ref_inc(pte2page(entry));
    }
    else if (entry != 0) {
        swap_duplicate(entry);
    }
    *ptep = entry;
    return 0;
}
Esempio n. 5
0
int
shmem_insert_entry(struct shmem_struct *shmem, uintptr_t addr, pte_t entry) {
    pte_t *ptep = shmem_get_entry(shmem, addr, 1);
    if (ptep == NULL) {
        return -E_NO_MEM;
    }
    if (! ptep_invalid(ptep)) {
        shmem_remove_entry_pte(ptep);
    }
    if (ptep_present(&entry)) {
        page_ref_inc(pte2page(entry));
    }
    else if (! ptep_invalid(&entry)) {
        swap_duplicate(entry);
    }
	ptep_copy(ptep, &entry);
    return 0;
}
Esempio n. 6
0
int
page_insert(pgd_t *pgdir, struct Page *page, uintptr_t la, uint32_t perm) {
    pte_t *ptep = get_pte(pgdir, la, 1);
    if (ptep == NULL) {
        return -E_NO_MEM;
    }
    page_ref_inc(page);
    if (*ptep & PTE_P) {
        struct Page *p = pte2page(*ptep);
        if (p == page) {
            page_ref_dec(page);
        }
        else {
            page_remove_pte(pgdir, la, ptep);
        }
    }
    *ptep = page2pa(page) | PTE_P | perm;
    tlb_invalidate(pgdir, la);
    return 0;
}
Esempio n. 7
0
/**
 * page_insert - build the map of phy addr of an Page with the linear addr @la
 * @param pgdir page directory
 * @param page the page descriptor of the page to be inserted
 * @param la logical address of the page
 * @param perm permission of the page
 * @return 0 on success and error code when failed
 */
int
page_insert(pgd_t *pgdir, struct Page *page, uintptr_t la, pte_perm_t perm) {
    pte_t *ptep = get_pte(pgdir, la, 1);
    if (ptep == NULL) {
        return -E_NO_MEM;
    }
    page_ref_inc(page);
    if (*ptep != 0) {
        if (ptep_present(ptep) && pte2page(*ptep) == page) {
            page_ref_dec(page);
            goto out;
        }
        page_remove_pte(pgdir, la, ptep);
    }

out:
	ptep_map(ptep, page2pa(page));
	ptep_set_perm(ptep, perm);
  mp_tlb_update(pgdir, la);
  return 0;
}
Esempio n. 8
0
// check_swap - check the correctness of swap & page replacement algorithm
static void
check_swap(void) {
    size_t nr_used_pages_store = nr_used_pages();
    size_t slab_allocated_store = slab_allocated();

    size_t offset;
    for (offset = 2; offset < max_swap_offset; offset ++) {
        mem_map[offset] = 1;
    }

    struct mm_struct *mm = mm_create();
    assert(mm != NULL);

    extern struct mm_struct *check_mm_struct;
    assert(check_mm_struct == NULL);

    check_mm_struct = mm;

    pgd_t *pgdir = mm->pgdir = init_pgdir_get();
    assert(pgdir[PGX(TEST_PAGE)] == 0);

    struct vma_struct *vma = vma_create(TEST_PAGE, TEST_PAGE + PTSIZE, VM_WRITE | VM_READ);
    assert(vma != NULL);

    insert_vma_struct(mm, vma);

    struct Page *rp0 = alloc_page(), *rp1 = alloc_page();
    assert(rp0 != NULL && rp1 != NULL);

    pte_perm_t perm;
	ptep_unmap (&perm);
	ptep_set_u_write(&perm);
    int ret = page_insert(pgdir, rp1, TEST_PAGE, perm);
    assert(ret == 0 && page_ref(rp1) == 1);

    page_ref_inc(rp1);
    ret = page_insert(pgdir, rp0, TEST_PAGE, perm);
    assert(ret == 0 && page_ref(rp1) == 1 && page_ref(rp0) == 1);

    // check try_alloc_swap_entry

    swap_entry_t entry = try_alloc_swap_entry();
    assert(swap_offset(entry) == 1);
    mem_map[1] = 1;
    assert(try_alloc_swap_entry() == 0);

    // set rp1, Swap, Active, add to hash_list, active_list

    swap_page_add(rp1, entry);
    swap_active_list_add(rp1);
    assert(PageSwap(rp1));

    mem_map[1] = 0;
    entry = try_alloc_swap_entry();
    assert(swap_offset(entry) == 1);
    assert(!PageSwap(rp1));

    // check swap_remove_entry

    assert(swap_hash_find(entry) == NULL);
    mem_map[1] = 2;
    swap_remove_entry(entry);
    assert(mem_map[1] == 1);

    swap_page_add(rp1, entry);
    swap_inactive_list_add(rp1);
    swap_remove_entry(entry);
    assert(PageSwap(rp1));
    assert(rp1->index == entry && mem_map[1] == 0);

    // check page_launder, move page from inactive_list to active_list

    assert(page_ref(rp1) == 1);
    assert(nr_active_pages == 0 && nr_inactive_pages == 1);
    assert(list_next(&(inactive_list.swap_list)) == &(rp1->swap_link));

    page_launder();
    assert(nr_active_pages == 1 && nr_inactive_pages == 0);
    assert(PageSwap(rp1) && PageActive(rp1));

    entry = try_alloc_swap_entry();
    assert(swap_offset(entry) == 1);
    assert(!PageSwap(rp1) && nr_active_pages == 0);
    assert(list_empty(&(active_list.swap_list)));

    // set rp1 inactive again

    assert(page_ref(rp1) == 1);
    swap_page_add(rp1, 0);
    assert(PageSwap(rp1) && swap_offset(rp1->index) == 1);
    swap_inactive_list_add(rp1);
    mem_map[1] = 1;
    assert(nr_inactive_pages == 1);
    page_ref_dec(rp1);

    size_t count = nr_used_pages();
    swap_remove_entry(entry);
    assert(nr_inactive_pages == 0 && nr_used_pages() == count - 1);

    // check swap_out_mm

    pte_t *ptep0 = get_pte(pgdir, TEST_PAGE, 0), *ptep1;
    assert(ptep0 != NULL && pte2page(*ptep0) == rp0);

    ret = swap_out_mm(mm, 0);
    assert(ret == 0);

    ret = swap_out_mm(mm, 10);
    assert(ret == 1 && mm->swap_address == TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE);

    ret = swap_out_mm(mm, 10);
    assert(ret == 0 && *ptep0 == entry && mem_map[1] == 1);
    assert(PageDirty(rp0) && PageActive(rp0) && page_ref(rp0) == 0);
    assert(nr_active_pages == 1 && list_next(&(active_list.swap_list)) == &(rp0->swap_link));

    // check refill_inactive_scan()

    refill_inactive_scan();
    assert(!PageActive(rp0) && page_ref(rp0) == 0);
    assert(nr_inactive_pages == 1 && list_next(&(inactive_list.swap_list)) == &(rp0->swap_link));

    page_ref_inc(rp0);
    page_launder();
    assert(PageActive(rp0) && page_ref(rp0) == 1);
    assert(nr_active_pages == 1 && list_next(&(active_list.swap_list)) == &(rp0->swap_link));

    page_ref_dec(rp0);
    refill_inactive_scan();
    assert(!PageActive(rp0));

    // save data in rp0

    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < PGSIZE; i ++) {
        ((char *)page2kva(rp0))[i] = (char)i;
    }

    page_launder();
    assert(nr_inactive_pages == 0 && list_empty(&(inactive_list.swap_list)));
    assert(mem_map[1] == 1);

    rp1 = alloc_page();
    assert(rp1 != NULL);
    ret = swapfs_read(entry, rp1);
    assert(ret == 0);

    for (i = 0; i < PGSIZE; i ++) {
        assert(((char *)page2kva(rp1))[i] == (char)i);
    }

    // page fault now

    *(char *)(TEST_PAGE) = 0xEF;

    rp0 = pte2page(*ptep0);
    assert(page_ref(rp0) == 1);
    assert(PageSwap(rp0) && PageActive(rp0));

    entry = try_alloc_swap_entry();
    assert(swap_offset(entry) == 1 && mem_map[1] == SWAP_UNUSED);
    assert(!PageSwap(rp0) && nr_active_pages == 0 && nr_inactive_pages == 0);

    // clear accessed flag

    assert(rp0 == pte2page(*ptep0));
    assert(!PageSwap(rp0));

    ret = swap_out_mm(mm, 10);
    assert(ret == 0);
    assert(!PageSwap(rp0) && ptep_present(ptep0));

    // change page table

    ret = swap_out_mm(mm, 10);
    assert(ret == 1);
    assert(*ptep0 == entry && page_ref(rp0) == 0 && mem_map[1] == 1);

    count = nr_used_pages();
    refill_inactive_scan();
    page_launder();
    assert(count - 1 == nr_used_pages());

    ret = swapfs_read(entry, rp1);
    assert(ret == 0 && *(char *)(page2kva(rp1)) == (char)0xEF);
    free_page(rp1);

    // duplictate *ptep0

    ptep1 = get_pte(pgdir, TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE, 0);
    assert(ptep1 != NULL && ptep_invalid(ptep1));
    swap_duplicate(*ptep0);
	ptep_copy(ptep1, ptep0);
	mp_tlb_invalidate (pgdir, TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE);

    // page fault again
    // update for copy on write

    *(char *)(TEST_PAGE + 1) = 0x88;
    *(char *)(TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE) = 0x8F;
    *(char *)(TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE + 1) = 0xFF;
    assert(pte2page(*ptep0) != pte2page(*ptep1));
    assert(*(char *)(TEST_PAGE) == (char)0xEF);
    assert(*(char *)(TEST_PAGE + 1) == (char)0x88);
    assert(*(char *)(TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE) == (char)0x8F);
    assert(*(char *)(TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE + 1) == (char)0xFF);

    rp0 = pte2page(*ptep0);
    rp1 = pte2page(*ptep1);
    assert(!PageSwap(rp0) && PageSwap(rp1) && PageActive(rp1));

    entry = try_alloc_swap_entry();
    assert(!PageSwap(rp0) && !PageSwap(rp1));
    assert(swap_offset(entry) == 1 && mem_map[1] == SWAP_UNUSED);
    assert(list_empty(&(active_list.swap_list)));
    assert(list_empty(&(inactive_list.swap_list)));

	ptep_set_accessed(&perm);
    page_insert(pgdir, rp0, TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE, perm);

    // check swap_out_mm

    *(char *)(TEST_PAGE) = *(char *)(TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE) = 0xEE;
    mm->swap_address = TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE * 2;
    ret = swap_out_mm(mm, 2);
    assert(ret == 0);
    assert(ptep_present(ptep0) && ! ptep_accessed(ptep0));
    assert(ptep_present(ptep1) && ! ptep_accessed(ptep1));

    ret = swap_out_mm(mm, 2);
    assert(ret == 2);
    assert(mem_map[1] == 2 && page_ref(rp0) == 0);

    refill_inactive_scan();
    page_launder();
    assert(mem_map[1] == 2 && swap_hash_find(entry) == NULL);

    // check copy entry

    swap_remove_entry(entry);
	ptep_unmap(ptep1);
    assert(mem_map[1] == 1);

    swap_entry_t store;
    ret = swap_copy_entry(entry, &store);
    assert(ret == -E_NO_MEM);
    mem_map[2] = SWAP_UNUSED;

    ret = swap_copy_entry(entry, &store);
    assert(ret == 0 && swap_offset(store) == 2 && mem_map[2] == 0);
    mem_map[2] = 1;
	ptep_copy(ptep1, &store);

    assert(*(char *)(TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE) == (char)0xEE && *(char *)(TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE + 1)== (char)0x88);

    *(char *)(TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE) = 1, *(char *)(TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE + 1) = 2;
    assert(*(char *)TEST_PAGE == (char)0xEE && *(char *)(TEST_PAGE + 1) == (char)0x88);

    ret = swap_in_page(entry, &rp0);
    assert(ret == 0);
    ret = swap_in_page(store, &rp1);
    assert(ret == 0);
    assert(rp1 != rp0);

    // free memory

    swap_list_del(rp0), swap_list_del(rp1);
    swap_page_del(rp0), swap_page_del(rp1);

    assert(page_ref(rp0) == 1 && page_ref(rp1) == 1);
    assert(nr_active_pages == 0 && list_empty(&(active_list.swap_list)));
    assert(nr_inactive_pages == 0 && list_empty(&(inactive_list.swap_list)));

    for (i = 0; i < HASH_LIST_SIZE; i ++) {
        assert(list_empty(hash_list + i));
    }

    page_remove(pgdir, TEST_PAGE);
    page_remove(pgdir, (TEST_PAGE + PGSIZE));

#if PMXSHIFT != PUXSHIFT
    free_page(pa2page(PMD_ADDR(*get_pmd(pgdir, TEST_PAGE, 0))));
#endif
#if PUXSHIFT != PGXSHIFT
    free_page(pa2page(PUD_ADDR(*get_pud(pgdir, TEST_PAGE, 0))));
#endif
    free_page(pa2page(PGD_ADDR(*get_pgd(pgdir, TEST_PAGE, 0))));
    pgdir[PGX(TEST_PAGE)] = 0;

    mm->pgdir = NULL;
    mm_destroy(mm);
    check_mm_struct = NULL;

    assert(nr_active_pages == 0 && nr_inactive_pages == 0);
    for (offset = 0; offset < max_swap_offset; offset ++) {
        mem_map[offset] = SWAP_UNUSED;
    }

    assert(nr_used_pages_store == nr_used_pages());
    assert(slab_allocated_store == slab_allocated());

    kprintf("check_swap() succeeded.\n");
}
Esempio n. 9
0
File: swap.c Progetto: jefjin/ucore
// check_swap - check the correctness of swap & page replacement algorithm
static void
check_swap(void) {
    size_t nr_free_pages_store = nr_free_pages();
    size_t slab_allocated_store = slab_allocated();

    size_t offset;
    for (offset = 2; offset < max_swap_offset; offset ++) {
        mem_map[offset] = 1;
    }

    struct mm_struct *mm = mm_create();
    assert(mm != NULL);

    extern struct mm_struct *check_mm_struct;
    assert(check_mm_struct == NULL);

    check_mm_struct = mm;

    pde_t *pgdir = mm->pgdir = boot_pgdir;
    assert(pgdir[0] == 0);

    struct vma_struct *vma = vma_create(0, PTSIZE, VM_WRITE | VM_READ);
    assert(vma != NULL);

    insert_vma_struct(mm, vma);

    struct Page *rp0 = alloc_page(), *rp1 = alloc_page();
    assert(rp0 != NULL && rp1 != NULL);

    uint32_t perm = PTE_U | PTE_W;
    int ret = page_insert(pgdir, rp1, 0, perm);
    assert(ret == 0 && page_ref(rp1) == 1);

    page_ref_inc(rp1);
    ret = page_insert(pgdir, rp0, 0, perm);
    assert(ret == 0 && page_ref(rp1) == 1 && page_ref(rp0) == 1);

    // check try_alloc_swap_entry

    swap_entry_t entry = try_alloc_swap_entry();
    assert(swap_offset(entry) == 1);
    mem_map[1] = 1;
    assert(try_alloc_swap_entry() == 0);

    // set rp1, Swap, Active, add to hash_list, active_list

    swap_page_add(rp1, entry);
    swap_active_list_add(rp1);
    assert(PageSwap(rp1));

    mem_map[1] = 0;
    entry = try_alloc_swap_entry();
    assert(swap_offset(entry) == 1);
    assert(!PageSwap(rp1));

    // check swap_remove_entry

    assert(swap_hash_find(entry) == NULL);
    mem_map[1] = 2;
    swap_remove_entry(entry);
    assert(mem_map[1] == 1);

    swap_page_add(rp1, entry);
    swap_inactive_list_add(rp1);
    swap_remove_entry(entry);
    assert(PageSwap(rp1));
    assert(rp1->index == entry && mem_map[1] == 0);

    // check page_launder, move page from inactive_list to active_list

    assert(page_ref(rp1) == 1);
    assert(nr_active_pages == 0 && nr_inactive_pages == 1);
    assert(list_next(&(inactive_list.swap_list)) == &(rp1->swap_link));

    page_launder();
    assert(nr_active_pages == 1 && nr_inactive_pages == 0);
    assert(PageSwap(rp1) && PageActive(rp1));

    entry = try_alloc_swap_entry();
    assert(swap_offset(entry) == 1);
    assert(!PageSwap(rp1) && nr_active_pages == 0);
    assert(list_empty(&(active_list.swap_list)));

    // set rp1 inactive again

    assert(page_ref(rp1) == 1);
    swap_page_add(rp1, 0);
    assert(PageSwap(rp1) && swap_offset(rp1->index) == 1);
    swap_inactive_list_add(rp1);
    mem_map[1] = 1;
    assert(nr_inactive_pages == 1);
    page_ref_dec(rp1);

    size_t count = nr_free_pages();
    swap_remove_entry(entry);
    assert(nr_inactive_pages == 0 && nr_free_pages() == count + 1);

    // check swap_out_mm

    pte_t *ptep0 = get_pte(pgdir, 0, 0), *ptep1;
    assert(ptep0 != NULL && pte2page(*ptep0) == rp0);

    ret = swap_out_mm(mm, 0);
    assert(ret == 0);

    ret = swap_out_mm(mm, 10);
    assert(ret == 1 && mm->swap_address == PGSIZE);

    ret = swap_out_mm(mm, 10);
    assert(ret == 0 && *ptep0 == entry && mem_map[1] == 1);
    assert(PageDirty(rp0) && PageActive(rp0) && page_ref(rp0) == 0);
    assert(nr_active_pages == 1 && list_next(&(active_list.swap_list)) == &(rp0->swap_link));

    // check refill_inactive_scan()

    refill_inactive_scan();
    assert(!PageActive(rp0) && page_ref(rp0) == 0);
    assert(nr_inactive_pages == 1 && list_next(&(inactive_list.swap_list)) == &(rp0->swap_link));

    page_ref_inc(rp0);
    page_launder();
    assert(PageActive(rp0) && page_ref(rp0) == 1);
    assert(nr_active_pages == 1 && list_next(&(active_list.swap_list)) == &(rp0->swap_link));

    page_ref_dec(rp0);
    refill_inactive_scan();
    assert(!PageActive(rp0));

    // save data in rp0

    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < PGSIZE; i ++) {
        ((char *)page2kva(rp0))[i] = (char)i;
    }

    page_launder();
    assert(nr_inactive_pages == 0 && list_empty(&(inactive_list.swap_list)));
    assert(mem_map[1] == 1);

    rp1 = alloc_page();
    assert(rp1 != NULL);
    ret = swapfs_read(entry, rp1);
    assert(ret == 0);

    for (i = 0; i < PGSIZE; i ++) {
        assert(((char *)page2kva(rp1))[i] == (char)i);
    }

    // page fault now

    *(char *)0 = 0xEF;

    rp0 = pte2page(*ptep0);
    assert(page_ref(rp0) == 1);
    assert(PageSwap(rp0) && PageActive(rp0));

    entry = try_alloc_swap_entry();
    assert(swap_offset(entry) == 1 && mem_map[1] == SWAP_UNUSED);
    assert(!PageSwap(rp0) && nr_active_pages == 0 && nr_inactive_pages == 0);

    // clear accessed flag

    assert(rp0 == pte2page(*ptep0));
    assert(!PageSwap(rp0));

    ret = swap_out_mm(mm, 10);
    assert(ret == 0);
    assert(!PageSwap(rp0) && (*ptep0 & PTE_P));

    // change page table

    ret = swap_out_mm(mm, 10);
    assert(ret == 1);
    assert(*ptep0 == entry && page_ref(rp0) == 0 && mem_map[1] == 1);

    count = nr_free_pages();
    refill_inactive_scan();
    page_launder();
    assert(count + 1 == nr_free_pages());

    ret = swapfs_read(entry, rp1);
    assert(ret == 0 && *(char *)(page2kva(rp1)) == (char)0xEF);
    free_page(rp1);

    // duplictate *ptep0

    ptep1 = get_pte(pgdir, PGSIZE, 0);
    assert(ptep1 != NULL && *ptep1 == 0);
    swap_duplicate(*ptep0);
    *ptep1 = *ptep0;

    // page fault again

    *(char *)0 = 0xFF;
    *(char *)(PGSIZE + 1) = 0x88;
    assert(pte2page(*ptep0) == pte2page(*ptep1));
    rp0 = pte2page(*ptep0);
    assert(*(char *)1 == (char)0x88 && *(char *)PGSIZE == (char)0xFF);

    assert(page_ref(rp0) == 2 && rp0->index == entry && mem_map[1] == 0);

    assert(PageSwap(rp0) && PageActive(rp0));
    entry = try_alloc_swap_entry();
    assert(swap_offset(entry) == 1 && mem_map[1] == SWAP_UNUSED);
    assert(!PageSwap(rp0));
    assert(list_empty(&(active_list.swap_list)));
    assert(list_empty(&(inactive_list.swap_list)));

    // check swap_out_mm

    *(char *)0 = *(char *)PGSIZE = 0xEE;
    mm->swap_address = PGSIZE * 2;
    ret = swap_out_mm(mm, 2);
    assert(ret == 0);
    assert((*ptep0 & PTE_P) && !(*ptep0 & PTE_A));
    assert((*ptep1 & PTE_P) && !(*ptep1 & PTE_A));

    ret = swap_out_mm(mm, 2);
    assert(ret == 2);
    assert(mem_map[1] == 2 && page_ref(rp0) == 0);

    refill_inactive_scan();
    page_launder();
    assert(mem_map[1] == 2 && swap_hash_find(entry) == NULL);

    // check copy entry

    swap_remove_entry(entry);
    *ptep1 = 0;
    assert(mem_map[1] == 1);

    swap_entry_t store;
    ret = swap_copy_entry(entry, &store);
    assert(ret == -E_NO_MEM);
    mem_map[2] = SWAP_UNUSED;

    ret = swap_copy_entry(entry, &store);
    assert(ret == 0 && swap_offset(store) == 2 && mem_map[2] == 0);
    mem_map[2] = 1;
    *ptep1 = store;

    assert(*(char *)PGSIZE == (char)0xEE && *(char *)(PGSIZE + 1)== (char)0x88);

    *(char *)PGSIZE = 1, *(char *)(PGSIZE + 1) = 2;
    assert(*(char *)0 == (char)0xEE && *(char *)1 == (char)0x88);

    ret = swap_in_page(entry, &rp0);
    assert(ret == 0);
    ret = swap_in_page(store, &rp1);
    assert(ret == 0);
    assert(rp1 != rp0);

    // free memory

    swap_list_del(rp0), swap_list_del(rp1);
    swap_page_del(rp0), swap_page_del(rp1);

    assert(page_ref(rp0) == 1 && page_ref(rp1) == 1);
    assert(nr_active_pages == 0 && list_empty(&(active_list.swap_list)));
    assert(nr_inactive_pages == 0 && list_empty(&(inactive_list.swap_list)));

    for (i = 0; i < HASH_LIST_SIZE; i ++) {
        assert(list_empty(hash_list + i));
    }

    page_remove(pgdir, 0);
    page_remove(pgdir, PGSIZE);

    free_page(pa2page(pgdir[0]));
    pgdir[0] = 0;

    mm->pgdir = NULL;
    mm_destroy(mm);
    check_mm_struct = NULL;

    assert(nr_active_pages == 0 && nr_inactive_pages == 0);
    for (offset = 0; offset < max_swap_offset; offset ++) {
        mem_map[offset] = SWAP_UNUSED;
    }

    assert(nr_free_pages_store == nr_free_pages());
    assert(slab_allocated_store == slab_allocated());

    cprintf("check_swap() succeeded.\n");
}