static void outputStringBufExprs(ExpressionPtrVec &ev,
                                 CodeGenerator &cg, AnalysisResultPtr ar) {
  for (size_t i = 0; i < ev.size(); i++) {
    ExpressionPtr exp = ev[i];
    cg_printf(".add(");
    outputStringExpr(cg, ar, exp, true);
    cg_printf(")");
  }
}
bool UnaryOpExpression::preOutputCPP(CodeGenerator &cg, AnalysisResultPtr ar,
                                     int state) {

  if (m_op == T_ISSET && m_exp && m_exp->is(Expression::KindOfExpressionList)) {
    ExpressionListPtr exps = dynamic_pointer_cast<ExpressionList>(m_exp);
    int count = exps->getCount();
    if (count > 1) {
      bool fix_e1 = (*exps)[0]->preOutputCPP(cg, ar, 0);
      bool inExpression = ar->inExpression();
      ar->setInExpression(false);
      bool fix_en = false;
      for (int i = 1; i < count; i++) {
        if ((*exps)[i]->preOutputCPP(cg, ar, 0)) {
          fix_en = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      ar->setInExpression(inExpression);
      if (inExpression && fix_en) {
        ar->wrapExpressionBegin(cg);
        std::string tmp = genCPPTemp(cg, ar);
        cg_printf("bool %s = (", tmp.c_str());
        (*exps)[0]->outputCPPExistTest(cg, ar, m_op);
        cg_printf(");\n");
        for (int i = 1; i < count; i++) {
          cg_indentBegin("if (%s) {\n", tmp.c_str());
          ExpressionPtr e = (*exps)[i];
          e->preOutputCPP(cg, ar, 0);
          cg_printf("%s = (", tmp.c_str());
          e->outputCPPExistTest(cg, ar, m_op);
          cg_printf(");\n");
        }
        for (int i = 1; i < count; i++) {
          cg_indentEnd("}\n");
        }
        m_cppTemp = tmp;
      } else if (state & FixOrder) {
        preOutputStash(cg, ar, state);
        fix_e1 = true;
      }
      return fix_e1 || fix_en;
    }
  }

  if (m_op == '@') {
    if (isUnused()) m_exp->setUnused(true);
    bool inExpression = ar->inExpression();
    bool doit = state & FixOrder;
    if (!doit) {
      ar->setInExpression(false);
      if (m_exp->preOutputCPP(cg, ar, state)) {
        doit = true;
      }
      ar->setInExpression(inExpression);
    }
    if (doit && inExpression) {
      cg_printf("%s%d.enable();\n", Option::SilencerPrefix, m_silencer);
      m_exp->preOutputCPP(cg, ar, 0);
      int s = m_silencer;
      m_silencer = -1;
      this->preOutputStash(cg, ar, state | FixOrder);
      m_silencer = s;
      cg_printf("%s%d.disable();\n", Option::SilencerPrefix, m_silencer);
    }
    return doit;
  } else if (m_op == T_PRINT && m_exp && !m_exp->hasEffect()) {
    ExpressionPtrVec ev;
    bool hasVoid = false;
    if (BinaryOpExpression::getConcatList(ev, m_exp, hasVoid) > 1 ||
        hasVoid ) {

      if (!ar->inExpression()) return true;
      ar->wrapExpressionBegin(cg);
      for (int i = 0, s = ev.size(); i < s; i++) {
        ExpressionPtr e = ev[i];
        e->preOutputCPP(cg, ar, 0);
        cg_printf("print(");
        e->outputCPP(cg, ar);
        cg_printf(");\n");
      }
      m_cppTemp = "1";
      return true;
    }
  }

  return Expression::preOutputCPP(cg, ar, state);
}
bool BinaryOpExpression::preOutputCPP(CodeGenerator &cg, AnalysisResultPtr ar,
                                      int state) {
  if (isOpEqual()) return Expression::preOutputCPP(cg, ar, state);
  bool effect2 = m_exp2->hasEffect();
  const char *prefix = 0;
  if (effect2 || m_exp1->hasEffect()) {
    ExpressionPtr self = static_pointer_cast<Expression>(shared_from_this());
    ExpressionPtrVec ev;
    bool hasVoid = false;
    int numConcat = 0;
    bool ok = false;
    if (m_op == '.') {
      numConcat = getConcatList(ev, self, hasVoid);
      ok = hasVoid ||
           (numConcat > MAX_CONCAT_ARGS &&
            (!Option::GenConcat ||
             cg.getOutput() == CodeGenerator::SystemCPP));
    } else if (effect2 && m_op == T_CONCAT_EQUAL) {
      prefix = stringBufferPrefix(cg, ar, m_exp1);
      ok = prefix;
      if (!ok) {
        if (m_exp1->is(KindOfSimpleVariable)) {
          ok = true;
          ev.push_back(m_exp1);
          numConcat++;
        }
      }
      numConcat += getConcatList(ev, m_exp2, hasVoid);
    }
    if (ok) {
      if (!cg.inExpression()) return true;

      cg.wrapExpressionBegin();
      std::string buf;
      if (prefix) {
        SimpleVariablePtr sv(static_pointer_cast<SimpleVariable>(m_exp1));
        buf = stringBufferName(Option::TempPrefix, prefix,
                               sv->getName().c_str());
        m_cppTemp = "/**/";
      } else if (numConcat) {
        buf = m_cppTemp = genCPPTemp(cg, ar);
        buf += "_buf";
        cg_printf("StringBuffer %s;\n", buf.c_str());
      } else {
        m_cppTemp = "\"\"";
      }

      for (size_t i = 0; i < ev.size(); i++) {
        ExpressionPtr exp = ev[i];
        bool is_void = !exp->getActualType();
        exp->preOutputCPP(cg, ar, 0);
        if (!is_void) {
          cg_printf("%s.append(", buf.c_str());
          outputStringExpr(cg, ar, exp, true);
          cg_printf(")");
        } else {
          exp->outputCPPUnneeded(cg, ar);
        }
        cg_printf(";\n");
      }

      if (numConcat && !prefix) {
        cg_printf("CStrRef %s(%s.detach());\n",
                  m_cppTemp.c_str(), buf.c_str());
        if (m_op == T_CONCAT_EQUAL) {
          m_exp1->outputCPP(cg, ar);
          cg_printf(" = %s;\n", m_cppTemp.c_str());
        }
      }
      return true;
    }
  }

  if (!isShortCircuitOperator()) {
    return Expression::preOutputCPP(cg, ar, state);
  }

  if (!effect2) {
    return m_exp1->preOutputCPP(cg, ar, state);
  }

  bool fix_e1 = m_exp1->preOutputCPP(cg, ar, 0);
  if (!cg.inExpression()) {
    return fix_e1 || m_exp2->preOutputCPP(cg, ar, 0);
  }

  cg.setInExpression(false);
  bool fix_e2 = m_exp2->preOutputCPP(cg, ar, 0);
  cg.setInExpression(true);

  if (fix_e2) {
    cg.wrapExpressionBegin();
    std::string tmp = genCPPTemp(cg, ar);
    cg_printf("bool %s = (", tmp.c_str());
    m_exp1->outputCPP(cg, ar);
    cg_printf(");\n");
    cg_indentBegin("if (%s%s) {\n",
                   m_op == T_LOGICAL_OR || m_op == T_BOOLEAN_OR ? "!" : "",
                   tmp.c_str());
    m_exp2->preOutputCPP(cg, ar, 0);
    cg_printf("%s = (", tmp.c_str());
    m_exp2->outputCPP(cg, ar);
    cg_printf(");\n");
    cg_indentEnd("}\n");
    m_cppTemp = tmp;
  } else if (state & FixOrder) {
    preOutputStash(cg, ar, state);
    fix_e1 = true;
  }
  return fix_e1 || fix_e2;
}
void BinaryOpExpression::outputCPPImpl(CodeGenerator &cg,
                                       AnalysisResultPtr ar) {

  if (isOpEqual() && outputCPPImplOpEqual(cg, ar)) return;

  bool wrapped = true;
  switch (m_op) {
  case T_CONCAT_EQUAL:
    if (const char *prefix = stringBufferPrefix(cg, ar, m_exp1)) {
      SimpleVariablePtr sv = static_pointer_cast<SimpleVariable>(m_exp1);
      ExpressionPtrVec ev;
      bool hasVoid = false;
      getConcatList(ev, m_exp2, hasVoid);
      cg_printf("%s", stringBufferName(Option::TempPrefix, prefix,
                                       sv->getName().c_str()).c_str());
      outputStringBufExprs(ev, cg, ar);
      return;
    }
    cg_printf("concat_assign");
    break;
  case '.':
    {
      ExpressionPtr self = static_pointer_cast<Expression>(shared_from_this());
      ExpressionPtrVec ev;
      bool hasVoid = false;
      int num = getConcatList(ev, self, hasVoid);
      assert(!hasVoid);
      if ((num <= MAX_CONCAT_ARGS ||
           (Option::GenConcat &&
            cg.getOutput() != CodeGenerator::SystemCPP))) {
        assert(num >= 2);
        if (num == 2) {
          cg_printf("concat(");
        } else {
          if (num > MAX_CONCAT_ARGS) ar->m_concatLengths.insert(num);
          cg_printf("concat%d(", num);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < ev.size(); i++) {
          ExpressionPtr exp = ev[i];
          if (i) cg_printf(", ");
          outputStringExpr(cg, ar, exp, false);
        }
        cg_printf(")");
      } else {
        cg_printf("StringBuffer()");
        outputStringBufExprs(ev, cg, ar);
        cg_printf(".detach()");
      }
    }
    return;
  case T_LOGICAL_XOR:         cg_printf("logical_xor");   break;
  case '|':                   cg_printf("bitwise_or");    break;
  case '&':                   cg_printf("bitwise_and");   break;
  case '^':                   cg_printf("bitwise_xor");   break;
  case T_IS_IDENTICAL:        cg_printf("same");          break;
  case T_IS_NOT_IDENTICAL:    cg_printf("!same");         break;
  case T_IS_EQUAL:            cg_printf("equal");         break;
  case T_IS_NOT_EQUAL:        cg_printf("!equal");        break;
  case '<':                   cg_printf("less");          break;
  case T_IS_SMALLER_OR_EQUAL: cg_printf("not_more");      break;
  case '>':                   cg_printf("more");          break;
  case T_IS_GREATER_OR_EQUAL: cg_printf("not_less");      break;
  case '/':                   cg_printf("divide");        break;
  case '%':                   cg_printf("modulo");        break;
  case T_INSTANCEOF:          cg_printf("instanceOf");    break;
  default:
    wrapped = !isUnused();
    break;
  }

  if (wrapped) cg_printf("(");

  ExpressionPtr first = m_exp1;
  ExpressionPtr second = m_exp2;

  // we could implement these functions natively on String and Array classes
  switch (m_op) {
  case '+':
  case '-':
  case '*':
  case '/': {
    TypePtr actualType = first->getActualType();

    if (actualType &&
        (actualType->is(Type::KindOfString) ||
         (m_op != '+' && actualType->is(Type::KindOfArray)))) {
      cg_printf("(Variant)(");
      first->outputCPP(cg, ar);
      cg_printf(")");
    } else {
      bool flag = castIfNeeded(getActualType(), actualType, cg, ar, getScope());
      first->outputCPP(cg, ar);
      if (flag) {
        cg_printf(")");
      }
    }
    break;
  }
  case T_SL:
  case T_SR:
    cg_printf("toInt64(");
    first->outputCPP(cg, ar);
    cg_printf(")");
    break;
  default:
    first->outputCPP(cg, ar);
    break;
  }

  switch (m_op) {
  case T_PLUS_EQUAL:          cg_printf(" += ");   break;
  case T_MINUS_EQUAL:         cg_printf(" -= ");   break;
  case T_MUL_EQUAL:           cg_printf(" *= ");   break;
  case T_DIV_EQUAL:           cg_printf(" /= ");   break;
  case T_MOD_EQUAL:           cg_printf(" %%= ");  break;
  case T_AND_EQUAL:           cg_printf(" &= ");   break;
  case T_OR_EQUAL:            cg_printf(" |= ");   break;
  case T_XOR_EQUAL:           cg_printf(" ^= ");   break;
  case T_SL_EQUAL:            cg_printf(" <<= ");  break;
  case T_SR_EQUAL:            cg_printf(" >>= ");  break;
  case T_BOOLEAN_OR:          cg_printf(" || ");   break;
  case T_BOOLEAN_AND:         cg_printf(" && ");   break;
  case T_LOGICAL_OR:          cg_printf(" || ");   break;
  case T_LOGICAL_AND:         cg_printf(" && ");   break;
  default:
    switch (m_op) {
    case '+':                   cg_printf(" + ");    break;
    case '-':                   cg_printf(" - ");    break;
    case '*':                   cg_printf(" * ");    break;
    case T_SL:                  cg_printf(" << ");   break;
    case T_SR:                  cg_printf(" >> ");   break;
    default:
      cg_printf(", ");
      break;
    }
    break;
  }

  switch (m_op) {
  case '+':
  case '-':
  case '*':
  case '/': {
    TypePtr actualType = second->getActualType();

    if (actualType &&
        (actualType->is(Type::KindOfString) ||
         (m_op != '+' && actualType->is(Type::KindOfArray)))) {
      cg_printf("(Variant)(");
      second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
      cg_printf(")");
    } else {
      bool flag = castIfNeeded(getActualType(), actualType, cg, ar, getScope());
      second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
      if (flag) {
        cg_printf(")");
      }
    }
    break;
  }
  case T_INSTANCEOF:
    {
      if (second->isScalar()) {
        std::string s = second->getLiteralString();
        std::string sLower = Util::toLower(s);
        if (sLower != "") {
          cg_printString(sLower, ar, shared_from_this());
        } else {
          second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
        }
      } else {
        second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
      }
      break;
    }
  case T_PLUS_EQUAL:
  case T_MINUS_EQUAL:
  case T_MUL_EQUAL:
    {
      TypePtr t1 = first->getCPPType();
      TypePtr t2 = second->getType();
      if (t1 && !t1->is(Type::KindOfArray) &&
          t2 && Type::IsCastNeeded(ar, t2, t1)) {
        t1->outputCPPCast(cg, ar, getScope());
        cg_printf("(");
        second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
        cg_printf(")");
      } else {
        second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
      }
      break;
    }
  case T_BOOLEAN_OR:
  case T_BOOLEAN_AND:
  case T_LOGICAL_AND:
  case T_LOGICAL_OR:
    if (isUnused()) {
      cg_printf("(");
      if (second->outputCPPUnneeded(cg, ar)) {
        cg_printf(",");
      }
      cg_printf("false)");
    } else {
      second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
    }
    break;
  default:
    second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
  }

  if (wrapped) cg_printf(")");
}
void BinaryOpExpression::outputCPPImpl(CodeGenerator &cg,
                                       AnalysisResultPtr ar) {

    if (isOpEqual() && outputCPPImplOpEqual(cg, ar)) return;

    bool wrapped = true;
    switch (m_op) {
    case T_CONCAT_EQUAL:
        if (const char *prefix = stringBufferPrefix(cg, ar, m_exp1)) {
            SimpleVariablePtr sv = static_pointer_cast<SimpleVariable>(m_exp1);
            ExpressionPtrVec ev;
            bool hasVoid = false;
            getConcatList(ev, m_exp2, hasVoid);
            cg_printf("%s", stringBufferName(Option::TempPrefix, prefix,
                                             sv->getName().c_str()).c_str());
            outputStringBufExprs(ev, cg, ar);
            return;
        }
        cg_printf("concat_assign");
        break;
    case '.':
    {
        ExpressionPtr self = static_pointer_cast<Expression>(shared_from_this());
        ExpressionPtrVec ev;
        bool hasVoid = false;
        int num = getConcatList(ev, self, hasVoid);
        assert(!hasVoid);
        if (num <= MAX_CONCAT_ARGS) {
            assert(num >= 2);
            if (num == 2) {
                cg_printf("concat(");
            } else {
                if (num > MAX_CONCAT_ARGS) ar->m_concatLengths.insert(num);
                cg_printf("concat%d(", num);
            }
            for (size_t i = 0; i < ev.size(); i++) {
                ExpressionPtr exp = ev[i];
                if (i) cg_printf(", ");
                outputStringExpr(cg, ar, exp, false);
            }
            cg_printf(")");
        } else {
            cg_printf("StringBuffer()");
            outputStringBufExprs(ev, cg, ar);
            cg_printf(".detach()");
        }
    }
    return;
    case T_LOGICAL_XOR:
        cg_printf("logical_xor");
        break;
    case '|':
        cg_printf("bitwise_or");
        break;
    case '&':
        cg_printf("bitwise_and");
        break;
    case '^':
        cg_printf("bitwise_xor");
        break;
    case T_IS_IDENTICAL:
        cg_printf("same");
        break;
    case T_IS_NOT_IDENTICAL:
        cg_printf("!same");
        break;
    case T_IS_EQUAL:
        cg_printf("equal");
        break;
    case T_IS_NOT_EQUAL:
        cg_printf("!equal");
        break;
    case '<':
        cg_printf("less");
        break;
    case T_IS_SMALLER_OR_EQUAL:
        cg_printf("not_more");
        break;
    case '>':
        cg_printf("more");
        break;
    case T_IS_GREATER_OR_EQUAL:
        cg_printf("not_less");
        break;
    case '/':
        cg_printf("divide");
        break;
    case '%':
        cg_printf("modulo");
        break;
    case T_INSTANCEOF:
        cg_printf("instanceOf");
        break;
    default:
        wrapped = !isUnused();
        break;
    }

    if (wrapped) cg_printf("(");

    ExpressionPtr first = m_exp1;
    ExpressionPtr second = m_exp2;

    // we could implement these functions natively on String and Array classes
    switch (m_op) {
    case '+':
    case '-':
    case '*':
    case '/':
        if (!first->outputCPPArithArg(cg, ar, m_op == '+')) {
            TypePtr argType = first->hasCPPTemp() ?
                              first->getType() : first->getActualType();
            bool flag = castIfNeeded(getActualType(), argType, cg, ar, getScope());
            first->outputCPP(cg, ar);
            if (flag) {
                cg_printf(")");
            }
        }
        break;
    case T_SL:
    case T_SR:
        ASSERT(first->getType()->is(Type::KindOfInt64));
        first->outputCPP(cg, ar);
        break;
    default:
        first->outputCPP(cg, ar);
        break;
    }

    switch (m_op) {
    case T_PLUS_EQUAL:
        cg_printf(" += ");
        break;
    case T_MINUS_EQUAL:
        cg_printf(" -= ");
        break;
    case T_MUL_EQUAL:
        cg_printf(" *= ");
        break;
    case T_DIV_EQUAL:
        cg_printf(" /= ");
        break;
    case T_MOD_EQUAL:
        cg_printf(" %%= ");
        break;
    case T_AND_EQUAL:
        cg_printf(" &= ");
        break;
    case T_OR_EQUAL:
        cg_printf(" |= ");
        break;
    case T_XOR_EQUAL:
        cg_printf(" ^= ");
        break;
    case T_SL_EQUAL:
        cg_printf(" <<= ");
        break;
    case T_SR_EQUAL:
        cg_printf(" >>= ");
        break;
    case T_BOOLEAN_OR:
        cg_printf(" || ");
        break;
    case T_BOOLEAN_AND:
        cg_printf(" && ");
        break;
    case T_LOGICAL_OR:
        cg_printf(" || ");
        break;
    case T_LOGICAL_AND:
        cg_printf(" && ");
        break;
    default:
        switch (m_op) {
        case '+':
            cg_printf(" + ");
            break;
        case '-':
            cg_printf(" - ");
            break;
        case '*':
            cg_printf(" * ");
            break;
        case T_SL:
            cg_printf(" << ");
            break;
        case T_SR:
            cg_printf(" >> ");
            break;
        default:
            cg_printf(", ");
            break;
        }
        break;
    }

    switch (m_op) {
    case '+':
    case '-':
    case '*':
    case '/':
        if (!second->outputCPPArithArg(cg, ar, m_op == '+')) {
            TypePtr argType = second->hasCPPTemp() ?
                              second->getType() : second->getActualType();
            bool flag = castIfNeeded(getActualType(), argType, cg, ar, getScope());
            second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
            if (flag) {
                cg_printf(")");
            }
        }
        break;
    case T_INSTANCEOF:
    {
        if (second->isScalar()) {
            ScalarExpressionPtr scalar =
                dynamic_pointer_cast<ScalarExpression>(second);
            bool notQuoted = scalar && !scalar->isQuoted();
            std::string s = second->getLiteralString();
            if (s == "static" && notQuoted) {
                cg_printf("FrameInjection::GetStaticClassName(fi.getThreadInfo())");
            } else if (s != "") {
                if (s == "self" && notQuoted) {
                    ClassScopeRawPtr cls = getOriginalClass();
                    if (cls) {
                        s = cls->getOriginalName();
                    }
                } else if (s == "parent" && notQuoted) {
                    ClassScopeRawPtr cls = getOriginalClass();
                    if (cls && !cls->getParent().empty()) {
                        s = cls->getParent();
                    }
                }
                cg_printString(s, ar, shared_from_this());
            } else {
                second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
            }
        } else {
            second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
        }
        break;
    }
    case T_PLUS_EQUAL:
    case T_MINUS_EQUAL:
    case T_MUL_EQUAL:
    {
        TypePtr t1 = first->getCPPType();
        TypePtr t2 = second->getType();
        if (t1 && !t1->is(Type::KindOfArray) &&
                t2 && Type::IsCastNeeded(ar, t2, t1)) {
            t1->outputCPPCast(cg, ar, getScope());
            cg_printf("(");
            second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
            cg_printf(")");
        } else {
            second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
        }
        break;
    }
    case T_BOOLEAN_OR:
    case T_BOOLEAN_AND:
    case T_LOGICAL_AND:
    case T_LOGICAL_OR:
        if (isUnused()) {
            cg_printf("(");
            if (second->outputCPPUnneeded(cg, ar)) {
                cg_printf(",");
            }
            cg_printf("false)");
        } else {
            second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
        }
        break;
    default:
        second->outputCPP(cg, ar);
    }

    if (wrapped) cg_printf(")");
}