void Gl1_Membrane::drawLocalDisplacement(const Vector2r& nodePt, const Vector2r& xy, const shared_ptr<ScalarRange>& range, bool split, char arrow, int lineWd, const Real z){
Vector3r nodePt3(nodePt[0],nodePt[1],0);
if(split){
Vector3r p1=Vector3r(nodePt[0]+xy[0],nodePt[1],0), c1=range->color(xy[0]), p2=Vector3r(nodePt[0],nodePt[1]+xy[1],0), c2=range->color(xy[1]);
if(arrow==0){
glLineWidth(lineWd);
GLUtils::GLDrawLine(nodePt3,p1,c1);
GLUtils::GLDrawLine(nodePt3,p2,c2);
} else {
// this messes OpenGL coords up!??
GLUtils::GLDrawArrow(nodePt3,p1,c1,/*doubled*/arrow>1);
GLUtils::GLDrawArrow(nodePt3,p2,c2,/*doubled*/arrow>1);
}
} else {
Vector3r p1=Vector3r(nodePt[0]+xy[0],nodePt[1]+xy[1],0), c1=range->color(xy.norm());
if(arrow==0){
glLineWidth(lineWd);
GLUtils::GLDrawLine(nodePt3,p1,c1);
} else {
// this messes OpenGL coords up!??
GLUtils::GLDrawArrow(nodePt3,p1,c1,/*doubled*/arrow>1);
}
}
if(!isnan(z)){
glLineWidth(lineWd);
GLUtils::GLDrawLine(nodePt3,Vector3r(nodePt[0],nodePt[1],z),range->color(z));
}
}
py::object ParticleGenerator::pyPsd(bool mass, bool cumulative, bool normalize, const Vector2r& dRange, const Vector2r& tRange, int num) const {
if(!save) throw std::runtime_error("ParticleGenerator.save must be True for calling ParticleGenerator.psd()");
auto tOk=[&tRange](const Real& t){ return isnan(tRange.minCoeff()) || (tRange[0]<=t && t<tRange[1]); };
vector<Vector2r> psd=DemFuncs::psd(genDiamMassTime,/*cumulative*/cumulative,/*normalize*/normalize,num,dRange,
/*diameter getter*/[&tOk](const Vector3r& dmt) ->Real { return tOk(dmt[2])?dmt[0]:NaN; },
/*weight getter*/[&](const Vector3r& dmt) -> Real{ return mass?dmt[1]:1.; }
);//
return DemFuncs::seqVectorToPy(psd,[](const Vector2r& i)->Vector2r{ return i; },/*zip*/false);
}
py::object Outlet::pyPsd(bool _mass, bool cumulative, bool normalize, int _num, const Vector2r& dRange, const Vector2r& tRange, bool zip, bool emptyOk, const py::list& locs__){
py::extract<vector<int>> ll(locs__);
if(!ll.check()) throw std::runtime_error("Outlet.psd: locs must be a list of ints.");
vector<int> locs_vec=ll();
std::set<int> locs_set;
for(auto& i: locs_vec) locs_set.insert(i);
if(!save) throw std::runtime_error("Outlet.psd(): Outlet.save must be True.");
auto tOk=[&tRange](const Real& t){ return isnan(tRange.minCoeff()) || (tRange[0]<=t && t<tRange[1]); };
auto lOk=[&locs_set,this](const size_t& i){ return locs_set.empty() || (i<locs.size() && locs_set.count(locs[i])>0); };
vector<Vector2r> psd=DemFuncs::psd(diamMassTime,cumulative,normalize,_num,dRange,
/*diameter getter*/[&tOk,&lOk](const Vector3r& dmt, const size_t& i)->Real{ return (tOk(dmt[2]) && lOk(i))?dmt[0]:NaN; },
/*weight getter*/[&_mass](const Vector3r& dmt, const size_t& i)->Real{ return _mass?dmt[1]:1.; },
/*emptyOk*/ emptyOk
);
return DemFuncs::seqVectorToPy(psd,[](const Vector2r& i)->Vector2r{ return i; },/*zip*/zip);
}
bool Law2_L6Geom_PelletPhys_Pellet::go(const shared_ptr<CGeom>& cg, const shared_ptr<CPhys>& cp, const shared_ptr<Contact>& C){
const L6Geom& g(cg->cast<L6Geom>()); PelletPhys& ph(cp->cast<PelletPhys>());
Real& Fn(ph.force[0]); Eigen::Map<Vector2r> Ft(&ph.force[1]);
if(C->isFresh(scene)) C->data=make_shared<PelletCData>();
Real& uNPl(C->data->cast<PelletCData>().uNPl);
Real& uN0(C->data->cast<PelletCData>().uN0);
assert(C->data && dynamic_pointer_cast<PelletCData>(C->data));
if(iniEqlb && C->isFresh(scene)) uN0=g.uN;
Real uN=g.uN-uN0; // normal displacement, taking iniEqlb in account
// break contact
if(uN>0) return false;
Real d0=g.lens.sum();
if(ph.normPlastCoeff<=0) uNPl=0.;
const Vector2r velT(g.vel[1],g.vel[2]);
ph.torque=Vector3r::Zero();
// normal force
Fn=ph.kn*(uN-uNPl); // trial force
if(ph.normPlastCoeff>0){ // normal plasticity activated
if(Fn>0){
if(ph.ka<=0) Fn=0;
else{ Fn=min(Fn,adhesionForce(uN,uNPl,ph.ka)); assert(Fn>0); }
} else {
Real Fy=yieldForce(uN,d0,ph.kn,ph.normPlastCoeff);
// normal plastic slip
if(Fn<Fy){
Real uNPl0=uNPl; // needed when tracking energy
uNPl=uN-Fy/ph.kn;
if(unlikely(scene->trackEnergy)){
// backwards trapezoid integration
Real Fy0=Fy+yieldForceDerivative(uN,d0,ph.kn,ph.normPlastCoeff)*(uNPl0-uNPl);
Real dissip=.5*abs(Fy0+Fy)*abs(uNPl-uNPl0);
scene->energy->add(dissip,plastSplit?"normPlast":"plast",plastSplit?normPlastIx:plastIx,EnergyTracker::IsIncrement | EnergyTracker::ZeroDontCreate);
tryAddDissipState(DISSIP_NORM_PLAST,dissip,C);
}
if(thinRate>0 && thinRelRMin<1.){
const Vector2r bendVel(g.angVel[1],g.angVel[2]);
Real dRad_0=thinRate*(uNPl0-uNPl)*(scene->dt*bendVel.norm());
for(const Particle* p:{C->leakPA(),C->leakPB()}){
if(!dynamic_cast<Sphere*>(p->shape.get())) continue;
Real dRad=dRad_0; // copy to be modified
auto& s=p->shape->cast<Sphere>();
//Real r0=(C->geom->cast<L6Geom>().lens[p.get()==C->pA.get()?0:1]);
Real r0=cbrt(3*s.nodes[0]->getData<DemData>().mass/(4*M_PI*p->material->density));
Real rMin=r0*thinRelRMin;
if(thinRefRad>0.) rMin*=pow(r0/thinRefRad,thinMinExp);
if(s.radius<=rMin) continue;
// 0..1 norm between rMin and r0
Real r01=(s.radius-rMin)/(r0-rMin);
if(thinExp>0) dRad*=pow(r01,thinExp);
if(thinRefRad>0.) dRad*=pow(r0/thinRefRad,thinRateExp);
boost::mutex::scoped_lock lock(s.nodes[0]->getData<DemData>().lock);
// cerr<<"#"<<p->id<<": radius "<<s.radius<<" -> "<<s.radius-dRad<<endl;
s.radius=max(rMin,s.radius-dRad*r01);
s.color=CompUtils::clamped(1-(s.radius-rMin)/(r0-rMin),0,1);
}
}
Fn=Fy;
}
// in the elastic regime, Fn is trial force already
}
}
/* add fake confinement */
if(confSigma!=0) Fn-=g.contA*confSigma*(confRefRad>0.?pow(g.contA/(M_PI*pow(confRefRad,2)),confExp):1.);
// shear force
Ft+=scene->dt*ph.kt*velT;
Real maxFt=abs(Fn)*ph.tanPhi; assert(maxFt>=0);
// shear plastic slip
if(Ft.squaredNorm()>pow(maxFt,2)){
Real FtNorm=Ft.norm();
Real ratio=maxFt/FtNorm;
if(unlikely(scene->trackEnergy)){
Real dissip=(.5*(FtNorm-maxFt)+maxFt)*(FtNorm-maxFt)/ph.kt;
scene->energy->add(dissip,"plast",plastIx,EnergyTracker::IsIncrement | EnergyTracker::ZeroDontCreate);
tryAddDissipState(DISSIP_SHEAR_PLAST,dissip,C);
}
Ft*=ratio;
}
assert(!isnan(Fn)); assert(!isnan(Ft[0]) && !isnan(Ft[1]));
// elastic potential energy
if(unlikely(scene->trackEnergy)) scene->energy->add(0.5*(pow(Fn,2)/ph.kn+Ft.squaredNorm()/ph.kt),"elast",elastPotIx,EnergyTracker::IsResettable);
return true;
}
bool Law2_L6Geom_HertzPhys_DMT::go(const shared_ptr<CGeom>& cg, const shared_ptr<CPhys>& cp, const shared_ptr<Contact>& C){
const L6Geom& g(cg->cast<L6Geom>()); HertzPhys& ph(cp->cast<HertzPhys>());
Real& Fn(ph.force[0]); Eigen::Map<Vector2r> Ft(&ph.force[1]);
ph.torque=Vector3r::Zero();
const Real& dt(scene->dt);
const Real& velN(g.vel[0]);
const Vector2r velT(g.vel[1],g.vel[2]);
// current normal stiffness
Real kn0=ph.K*sqrt(ph.R);
// TODO: this not really valid for Schwarz?
ph.kn=(3/2.)*kn0*sqrt(-g.uN);
// normal elastic and adhesion forces
// those are only split in the DMT model, Fna is zero for Schwarz or Hertz
Real Fne, Fna=0.;
if(ph.alpha==0.){
if(g.uN>0){
// TODO: track nonzero energy of broken contact with adhesion
// TODO: take residual shear force in account?
// if(unlikely(scene->trackEnergy)) scene->energy->add(normalElasticEnergy(ph.kn0,0),"dmtComeGo",dmtIx,EnergyTracker::IsIncrement|EnergyTracker::ZeroDontCreate);
return false;
}
// pure Hertz/DMT
Fne=-kn0*pow_i_2(-g.uN,3); // elastic force
// DMT adhesion ("sticking") force
// See Dejaguin1975 ("Effect of Contact Deformation on the Adhesion of Particles"), eq (44)
// Derjaguin has Fs=2πRφ(ε), which is derived for sticky sphere (with surface energy)
// in contact with a rigid plane (without surface energy); therefore the value here is twice that of Derjaguin
// See also Chiara's thesis, pg 39 eq (3.19).
Fna=4*M_PI*ph.R*ph.gamma;
} else {
// Schwarz model
// new contacts with adhesion add energy to the system, which is then taken away again
if(unlikely(scene->trackEnergy) && C->isFresh(scene)){
// TODO: scene->energy->add(???,"dmtComeGo",dmtIx,EnergyTracker::IsIncrement)
}
const Real& gamma(ph.gamma); const Real& R(ph.R); const Real& alpha(ph.alpha); const Real& K(ph.K);
Real delta=-g.uN; // inverse convention
Real Pc=-6*M_PI*R*gamma/(pow(alpha,2)+3);
Real xi=sqrt(((2*M_PI*gamma)/(3*K))*(1-3/(pow(alpha,2)+3)));
Real deltaMin=-3*cbrt(R*pow(xi,4)); // -3R(-1/3)*ξ^(-4/3)
// broken contact
if(delta<deltaMin){
// TODO: track energy
return false;
}
// solution brackets
// XXX: a is for sure also greater than delta(a) for Hertz model, with delta>0
// this should be combined with aMin which gives the function apex
Real aMin=pow_i_3(xi*R,2); // (ξR)^(2/3)
Real a0=pow_i_3(4,2)*aMin; // (4ξR)^(2/3)=4^(2/3) (ξR)^(2/3)
Real aLo=(delta<0?aMin:a0);
Real aHi=aMin+sqrt(R*(delta-deltaMin));
auto delta_diff_ddiff=[&](const Real& a){
Real aInvSqrt=1/sqrt(a);
return boost::math::make_tuple(
pow(a,2)/R-4*xi*sqrt(a)-delta, // subtract delta as we need f(x)=0
2*a/R-2*xi*aInvSqrt,
2/R+xi*pow(aInvSqrt,3)
);
};
// use a0 (defined as δ(a0)=0) as intial guess for new contacts, since they are likely close to the equilibrium condition
// use the previous value for old contacts
Real aInit=(C->isFresh(scene)?a0:ph.contRad);
boost::uintmax_t iter=100;
Real a=boost::math::tools::halley_iterate(delta_diff_ddiff,aInit,aLo,aHi,digits,iter);
// increment call and iteration count
#ifdef WOO_SCHWARZ_COUNTERS
nCallsIters.add(0,1);
nCallsIters.add(1,iter);
#endif
ph.contRad=a;
Real Pne=pow(sqrt(pow(a,3)*(K/R))-alpha*sqrt(-Pc),2)+Pc;
Fne=-Pne; // inverse convention
if(isnan(Pne)){
cerr<<"R="<<R<<", K="<<K<<", xi="<<xi<<", alpha="<<alpha<<endl;
cerr<<"delta="<<delta<<", deltaMin="<<deltaMin<<", aMin="<<aMin<<", aLo="<<aLo<<", aHi="<<aHi<<", a="<<a<<", iter="<<iter<<", Pne="<<Pne<<"; \n\n";
abort();
}
}
// viscous coefficient, both for normal and tangential force
// Antypov2012 (10)
// XXX: max(-g.uN,0.) for adhesive models so that eta is not NaN
Real eta=(ph.alpha_sqrtMK>0?ph.alpha_sqrtMK*pow_1_4(max(-g.uN,0.)):0.);
// cerr<<"eta="<<eta<<", -g.uN="<<-g.uN<<"; ";
Real Fnv=eta*velN; // viscous force
// DMT ONLY (for now at least):
if(ph.alpha==0. && noAttraction && Fne+Fnv>0) Fnv=-Fne; // avoid viscosity which would induce attraction with DMT
// total normal force
Fn=Fne+Fna+Fnv;
// normal viscous dissipation
if(unlikely(scene->trackEnergy)) scene->energy->add(Fnv*velN*dt,"viscN",viscNIx,EnergyTracker::IsIncrement|EnergyTracker::ZeroDontCreate);
// shear sense; zero shear stiffness in tension (XXX: should be different with adhesion)
ph.kt=ph.kt0*sqrt(g.uN<0?-g.uN:0);
Ft+=dt*ph.kt*velT;
// sliding: take adhesion in account
Real maxFt=std::abs(min(0.,Fn)*ph.tanPhi);
if(Ft.squaredNorm()>pow(maxFt,2)){
// sliding
Real FtNorm=Ft.norm();
Real ratio=maxFt/FtNorm;
// sliding dissipation
if(unlikely(scene->trackEnergy)) scene->energy->add((.5*(FtNorm-maxFt)+maxFt)*(FtNorm-maxFt)/ph.kt,"plast",plastIx,EnergyTracker::IsIncrement | EnergyTracker::ZeroDontCreate);
// cerr<<"uN="<<g.uN<<",Fn="<<Fn<<",|Ft|="<<Ft.norm()<<",maxFt="<<maxFt<<",ratio="<<ratio<<",Ft2="<<(Ft*ratio).transpose()<<endl;
Ft*=ratio;
} else {
// viscous tangent force (only applied in the absence of sliding)
Ft+=eta*velT;
if(unlikely(scene->trackEnergy)) scene->energy->add(eta*velT.dot(velT)*dt,"viscT",viscTIx,EnergyTracker::IsIncrement|EnergyTracker::ZeroDontCreate);
}
assert(!isnan(Fn)); assert(!isnan(Ft[0]) && !isnan(Ft[1]));
// elastic potential energy
if(unlikely(scene->trackEnergy)){
// XXX: this is incorrect with adhesion
// skip if in tension, since we would get NaN from delta^(2/5)
if(g.uN<0) scene->energy->add(normalElasticEnergy(kn0,-g.uN)+0.5*Ft.squaredNorm()/ph.kt,"elast",elastPotIx,EnergyTracker::IsResettable);
}
LOG_DEBUG("uN="<<g.uN<<", Fn="<<Fn<<"; duT/dt="<<velT[0]<<","<<velT[1]<<", Ft="<<Ft[0]<<","<<Ft[1]);
return true;
}