Point Sphere::Sample(const Point &p, float u1, float u2,
Normal *ns) const {
// Compute coordinate system for sphere sampling
Point Pcenter = (*ObjectToWorld)(Point(0,0,0));
Vector wc = Normalize(Pcenter - p);
Vector wcX, wcY;
CoordinateSystem(wc, &wcX, &wcY);
// Sample uniformly on sphere if $\pt{}$ is inside it
if (DistanceSquared(p, Pcenter) - radius*radius < 1e-4f)
return Sample(u1, u2, ns);
// Sample sphere uniformly inside subtended cone
float sinThetaMax2 = radius*radius / DistanceSquared(p, Pcenter);
float cosThetaMax = sqrtf(max(0.f, 1.f - sinThetaMax2));
DifferentialGeometry dgSphere;
float thit, rayEpsilon;
Point ps;
Ray r(p, UniformSampleCone(u1, u2, cosThetaMax, wcX, wcY, wc), 1e-3f);
if (!Intersect(r, &thit, &rayEpsilon, &dgSphere))
thit = Dot(Pcenter - p, Normalize(r.d));
ps = r(thit);
*ns = Normal(Normalize(ps - Pcenter));
if (ReverseOrientation) *ns *= -1.f;
return ps;
}
bool Sphere::Sample(const Interaction &ref, const Point2f &sample,
Interaction *it) const {
// Compute coordinate system for sphere sampling
Point3f pCenter = (*ObjectToWorld)(Point3f(0, 0, 0));
Point3f pOrigin =
OffsetRayOrigin(ref.p, ref.pError, ref.n, pCenter - ref.p);
Vector3f wc = Normalize(pCenter - ref.p);
Vector3f wcX, wcY;
CoordinateSystem(wc, &wcX, &wcY);
// Sample uniformly on sphere if $\pt{}$ is inside it
if (DistanceSquared(pOrigin, pCenter) <= 1.0001f * radius * radius)
return Sample(sample, it);
// Sample sphere uniformly inside subtended cone
Float sinThetaMax2 = radius * radius / DistanceSquared(ref.p, pCenter);
Float cosThetaMax =
std::sqrt(std::max((Float)0., (Float)1. - sinThetaMax2));
SurfaceInteraction isectSphere;
Float tHit;
Ray r = ref.SpawnRay(UniformSampleCone(sample, cosThetaMax, wcX, wcY, wc));
if (!Intersect(r, &tHit, &isectSphere)) return false;
*it = isectSphere;
if (ReverseOrientation) it->n *= -1.f;
return true;
}
// sample a ray from light
Spectrum SpotLight::sample_l( const LightSample& ls , Ray& r , float* pdfW , float* pdfA , float* cosAtLight ) const
{
// udpate ray
r.m_fMin = 0.0f;
r.m_fMax = FLT_MAX;
r.m_Ori = light_pos;
// sample a light direction
const Vector local_dir = UniformSampleCone( ls.u , ls.v , cos_total_range );
r.m_Dir = light2world.matrix( local_dir );
// product of pdf of sampling a point w.r.t surface area and a direction w.r.t direction
if( pdfW )
{
*pdfW = UniformConePdf( cos_total_range );
Sort_Assert( *pdfW != 0.0f );
}
// pdf w.r.t surface area
if( pdfA )
*pdfA = 1.0f;
if( cosAtLight )
*cosAtLight = 1.0f;
const float falloff = SatDot( r.m_Dir , light_dir );
if( falloff <= cos_total_range )
return 0.0f;
if( falloff >= cos_falloff_start )
return intensity;
const float d = ( falloff - cos_total_range ) / ( cos_falloff_start - cos_total_range );
if( d == 0.0f )
return 0.0f;
return intensity * d * d;
}
Spectrum ProjectionLight::Sample_L(const Scene *scene, const LightSample &ls,
float u1, float u2, float time, Ray *ray, Normal *Ns, float *pdf) const {
Vector v = UniformSampleCone(ls.uPos[0], ls.uPos[1], cosTotalWidth);
*ray = Ray(lightPos, LightToWorld(v), 0.f, INFINITY, time);
*Ns = (Normal)ray->d;
*pdf = UniformConePdf(cosTotalWidth);
return Intensity * Projection(ray->d);
}
LightInfo2 ProjectionLight::Sample_L(const Scene &scene, const LightSample &ls, float u1, float u2,
float time) const {
Vector v = UniformSampleCone(ls.uPos[0], ls.uPos[1], cosTotalWidth);
auto ray = Ray(lightPos, LightToWorld(v), 0.f, INFINITY, time);
auto Ns = (Normal)ray.d;
auto pdf = UniformConePdf(cosTotalWidth);
return LightInfo2(Intensity * Projection(ray.d), ray, Ns, pdf);
}
Spectrum SpotLight::Sample_Le(const Point2f &u1, const Point2f &u2, Float time,
Ray *ray, Normal3f *nLight, Float *pdfPos,
Float *pdfDir) const {
Vector3f w = UniformSampleCone(u1, cosTotalWidth);
*ray = Ray(pLight, LightToWorld(w), Infinity, time, mediumInterface.inside);
*nLight = (Normal3f)ray->d;
*pdfPos = 1;
*pdfDir = UniformConePdf(cosTotalWidth);
return I * Falloff(ray->d);
}
Spectrum ProjectionLight::Sample_Le(const Point2f &u1, const Point2f &u2,
Float time, Ray *ray, Normal3f *nLight,
Float *pdfPos, Float *pdfDir) const {
ProfilePhase _(Prof::LightSample);
Vector3f v = UniformSampleCone(u1, cosTotalWidth);
*ray = Ray(pLight, LightToWorld(v), Infinity, time, mediumInterface.inside);
*nLight = (Normal3f)ray->d; /// same here
*pdfPos = 1.f;
*pdfDir = UniformConePdf(cosTotalWidth);
return I * Projection(ray->d);
}
Point3f Sphere::Sample( const Point3f& p , LightSample& lightSample , Vector3f& SampleNormal )
{
Vector3f dirZ = Normalize( mWorldPos - p );
// 在球面上采样一个点
if( ( p - mWorldPos ).LengthSq() - m_Radius * m_Radius < 1e4f )
{
// 使用默认的采样
Vector3f SampleDir = UniformSampleHemisphere( Point2f( lightSample.value[0] , lightSample.value[1] ) );
if( Dot( SampleDir , dirZ ) < 0.0 )
{
SampleDir *= -1.0;
}
Point3f SamplePoint = mWorldPos + Normalize( dirZ ) * m_Radius;
// Compute Normal Dir
SampleNormal = Normalize( Vector3f( SamplePoint - mWorldPos ) );
return SamplePoint;
}
Vector3f dirX , dirY;
CoordinateSystem( dirZ , &dirX , &dirY );
// 均匀采样cone
float sinThetaMax2 = m_Radius * m_Radius / ( p - mWorldPos ).LengthSq();
float cosThetaMax = sqrt( MAX( 0.0f , 1.0f - sinThetaMax2 ) );
Rayf r( p , UniformSampleCone( lightSample.value[0] , lightSample.value[1] , cosThetaMax , dirX , dirY , dirZ ) );
// Test whether intersect
float t;
IntersectRecord record;
Point3f SamplePoint;
if( !Intersect( r , &record ) )
{
// 必定是切线但被判定为无交点
t = Dot( mWorldPos - p , r.Direction );
SamplePoint = r( t );
}
else
{
SamplePoint = record.HitPoint;
}
SampleNormal = Normalize( SamplePoint - mWorldPos );
return SamplePoint;
}
Spectrum PhotonIntegrator::Li(const Scene *scene, const Renderer *renderer,
const RayDifferential &ray, const Intersection &isect,
const Sample *sample, RNG &rng, MemoryArena &arena) const {
Spectrum L(0.);
Vector wo = -ray.d;
// Compute emitted light if ray hit an area light source
L += isect.Le(wo);
// Evaluate BSDF at hit pbrt::Point
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray, arena);
const pbrt::Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
L += UniformSampleAllLights(scene, renderer, arena, p, n,
wo, isect.rayEpsilon, ray.time, bsdf, sample, rng,
lightSampleOffsets, bsdfSampleOffsets);
// Compute caustic lighting for photon map integrator
ClosePhoton *lookupBuf = arena.Alloc<ClosePhoton>(nLookup);
L += LPhoton(causticMap, nCausticPaths, nLookup, lookupBuf, bsdf,
rng, isect, wo, maxDistSquared);
// Compute indirect lighting for photon map integrator
if (finalGather && indirectMap != NULL) {
#if 1
// Do one-bounce final gather for photon map
BxDFType nonSpecular = BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION |
BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_DIFFUSE | BSDF_GLOSSY);
if (bsdf->NumComponents(nonSpecular) > 0) {
// Find indirect photons around point for importance sampling
const uint32_t nIndirSamplePhotons = 50;
PhotonProcess proc(nIndirSamplePhotons,
arena.Alloc<ClosePhoton>(nIndirSamplePhotons));
float searchDist2 = maxDistSquared;
while (proc.nFound < nIndirSamplePhotons) {
float md2 = searchDist2;
proc.nFound = 0;
indirectMap->Lookup(p, proc, md2);
searchDist2 *= 2.f;
}
// Copy photon directions to local array
Vector *photonDirs = arena.Alloc<Vector>(nIndirSamplePhotons);
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nIndirSamplePhotons; ++i)
photonDirs[i] = proc.photons[i].photon->wi;
// Use BSDF to do final gathering
Spectrum Li = 0.;
for (int i = 0; i < gatherSamples; ++i) {
// Sample random direction from BSDF for final gather ray
Vector wi;
float pdf;
BSDFSample bsdfSample(sample, bsdfGatherSampleOffsets, i);
Spectrum fr = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, bsdfSample,
&pdf, BxDFType(BSDF_ALL & ~BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (fr.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.f) continue;
Assert(pdf >= 0.f);
// Trace BSDF final gather ray and accumulate radiance
RayDifferential bounceRay(p, wi, ray, isect.rayEpsilon);
Intersection gatherIsect;
if (scene->Intersect(bounceRay, &gatherIsect)) {
// Compute exitant radiance _Lindir_ using radiance photons
Spectrum Lindir = 0.f;
Normal nGather = gatherIsect.dg.nn;
nGather = Faceforward(nGather, -bounceRay.d);
RadiancePhotonProcess proc(nGather);
float md2 = INFINITY;
radianceMap->Lookup(gatherIsect.dg.p, proc, md2);
if (proc.photon != NULL)
Lindir = proc.photon->Lo;
Lindir *= renderer->Transmittance(scene, bounceRay, NULL, rng, arena);
// Compute MIS weight for BSDF-sampled gather ray
// Compute PDF for photon-sampling of direction _wi_
float photonPdf = 0.f;
float conePdf = UniformConePdf(cosGatherAngle);
for (uint32_t j = 0; j < nIndirSamplePhotons; ++j)
if (Dot(photonDirs[j], wi) > .999f * cosGatherAngle)
photonPdf += conePdf;
photonPdf /= nIndirSamplePhotons;
float wt = PowerHeuristic(gatherSamples, pdf, gatherSamples, photonPdf);
Li += fr * Lindir * (AbsDot(wi, n) * wt / pdf);
}
}
L += Li / gatherSamples;
// Use nearby photons to do final gathering
Li = 0.;
for (int i = 0; i < gatherSamples; ++i) {
// Sample random direction using photons for final gather ray
BSDFSample gatherSample(sample, indirGatherSampleOffsets, i);
int photonNum = min((int)nIndirSamplePhotons - 1,
Floor2Int(gatherSample.uComponent * nIndirSamplePhotons));
// Sample gather ray direction from _photonNum_
Vector vx, vy;
CoordinateSystem(photonDirs[photonNum], &vx, &vy);
Vector wi = UniformSampleCone(gatherSample.uDir[0], gatherSample.uDir[1],
cosGatherAngle, vx, vy, photonDirs[photonNum]);
// Trace photon-sampled final gather ray and accumulate radiance
Spectrum fr = bsdf->f(wo, wi);
if (fr.IsBlack()) continue;
RayDifferential bounceRay(p, wi, ray, isect.rayEpsilon);
Intersection gatherIsect;
PBRT_PHOTON_MAP_STARTED_GATHER_RAY(&bounceRay);
if (scene->Intersect(bounceRay, &gatherIsect)) {
// Compute exitant radiance _Lindir_ using radiance photons
Spectrum Lindir = 0.f;
Normal nGather = gatherIsect.dg.nn;
nGather = Faceforward(nGather, -bounceRay.d);
RadiancePhotonProcess proc(nGather);
float md2 = INFINITY;
radianceMap->Lookup(gatherIsect.dg.p, proc, md2);
if (proc.photon != NULL)
Lindir = proc.photon->Lo;
Lindir *= renderer->Transmittance(scene, bounceRay, NULL, rng, arena);
// Compute PDF for photon-sampling of direction _wi_
float photonPdf = 0.f;
float conePdf = UniformConePdf(cosGatherAngle);
for (uint32_t j = 0; j < nIndirSamplePhotons; ++j)
if (Dot(photonDirs[j], wi) > .999f * cosGatherAngle)
photonPdf += conePdf;
photonPdf /= nIndirSamplePhotons;
// Compute MIS weight for photon-sampled gather ray
float bsdfPdf = bsdf->Pdf(wo, wi);
float wt = PowerHeuristic(gatherSamples, photonPdf, gatherSamples, bsdfPdf);
Li += fr * Lindir * AbsDot(wi, n) * wt / photonPdf;
}
PBRT_PHOTON_MAP_FINISHED_GATHER_RAY(&bounceRay);
}
L += Li / gatherSamples;
}
#else
// for debugging / examples: use the photon map directly
Normal nn = Faceforward(n, -ray.d);
RadiancePhotonProcess proc(nn);
float md2 = INFINITY;
radianceMap->Lookup(p, proc, md2);
if (proc.photon)
L += proc.photon->Lo;
#endif
}
else
L += LPhoton(indirectMap, nIndirectPaths, nLookup, lookupBuf,
bsdf, rng, isect, wo, maxDistSquared);
if (ray.depth+1 < maxSpecularDepth) {
Vector wi;
// Trace rays for specular reflection and refraction
L += SpecularReflect(ray, bsdf, rng, isect, renderer, scene, sample,
arena);
L += SpecularTransmit(ray, bsdf, rng, isect, renderer, scene, sample,
arena);
}
return L;
}
Spectrum ExPhotonIntegrator::Li(const Scene *scene,
const RayDifferential &ray, const Sample *sample,
float *alpha) const {
// Compute reflected radiance with photon map
Spectrum L(0.);
Intersection isect;
if (scene->Intersect(ray, &isect)) {
if (alpha) *alpha = 1.;
Vector wo = -ray.d;
// Compute emitted light if ray hit an area light source
L += isect.Le(wo);
// Evaluate BSDF at hit point
BSDF *bsdf = isect.GetBSDF(ray);
const Point &p = bsdf->dgShading.p;
const Normal &n = bsdf->dgShading.nn;
L += UniformSampleAllLights(scene, p, n,
wo, bsdf, sample,
lightSampleOffset, bsdfSampleOffset,
bsdfComponentOffset);
// Compute indirect lighting for photon map integrator
L += LPhoton(causticMap, nCausticPaths, nLookup, bsdf,
isect, wo, maxDistSquared);
if (finalGather) {
#if 1
// Do one-bounce final gather for photon map
BxDFType nonSpecular = BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION |
BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_DIFFUSE | BSDF_GLOSSY);
if (bsdf->NumComponents(nonSpecular) > 0) {
// Find indirect photons around point for importance sampling
u_int nIndirSamplePhotons = 50;
PhotonProcess proc(nIndirSamplePhotons, p);
proc.photons = (ClosePhoton *)alloca(nIndirSamplePhotons *
sizeof(ClosePhoton));
float searchDist2 = maxDistSquared;
while (proc.foundPhotons < nIndirSamplePhotons) {
float md2 = searchDist2;
proc.foundPhotons = 0;
indirectMap->Lookup(p, proc, md2);
searchDist2 *= 2.f;
}
// Copy photon directions to local array
Vector *photonDirs = (Vector *)alloca(nIndirSamplePhotons *
sizeof(Vector));
for (u_int i = 0; i < nIndirSamplePhotons; ++i)
photonDirs[i] = proc.photons[i].photon->wi;
// Use BSDF to do final gathering
Spectrum Li = 0.;
static StatsCounter gatherRays("Photon Map", // NOBOOK
"Final gather rays traced"); // NOBOOK
for (int i = 0; i < gatherSamples; ++i) {
// Sample random direction from BSDF for final gather ray
Vector wi;
float u1 = sample->twoD[gatherSampleOffset[0]][2*i];
float u2 = sample->twoD[gatherSampleOffset[0]][2*i+1];
float u3 = sample->oneD[gatherComponentOffset[0]][i];
float pdf;
Spectrum fr = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, u1, u2, u3,
&pdf, BxDFType(BSDF_ALL & (~BSDF_SPECULAR)));
if (fr.Black() || pdf == 0.f) continue;
// Trace BSDF final gather ray and accumulate radiance
RayDifferential bounceRay(p, wi);
++gatherRays; // NOBOOK
Intersection gatherIsect;
if (scene->Intersect(bounceRay, &gatherIsect)) {
// Compute exitant radiance using precomputed irradiance
Spectrum Lindir = 0.f;
Normal n = gatherIsect.dg.nn;
if (Dot(n, bounceRay.d) > 0) n = -n;
RadiancePhotonProcess proc(gatherIsect.dg.p, n);
float md2 = INFINITY;
radianceMap->Lookup(gatherIsect.dg.p, proc, md2);
if (proc.photon)
Lindir = proc.photon->Lo;
Lindir *= scene->Transmittance(bounceRay);
// Compute MIS weight for BSDF-sampled gather ray
// Compute PDF for photon-sampling of direction _wi_
float photonPdf = 0.f;
float conePdf = UniformConePdf(cosGatherAngle);
for (u_int j = 0; j < nIndirSamplePhotons; ++j)
if (Dot(photonDirs[j], wi) > .999f * cosGatherAngle)
photonPdf += conePdf;
photonPdf /= nIndirSamplePhotons;
float wt = PowerHeuristic(gatherSamples, pdf,
gatherSamples, photonPdf);
Li += fr * Lindir * AbsDot(wi, n) * wt / pdf;
}
}
L += Li / gatherSamples;
// Use nearby photons to do final gathering
Li = 0.;
for (int i = 0; i < gatherSamples; ++i) {
// Sample random direction using photons for final gather ray
float u1 = sample->oneD[gatherComponentOffset[1]][i];
float u2 = sample->twoD[gatherSampleOffset[1]][2*i];
float u3 = sample->twoD[gatherSampleOffset[1]][2*i+1];
int photonNum = min((int)nIndirSamplePhotons - 1,
Floor2Int(u1 * nIndirSamplePhotons));
// Sample gather ray direction from _photonNum_
Vector vx, vy;
CoordinateSystem(photonDirs[photonNum], &vx, &vy);
Vector wi = UniformSampleCone(u2, u3, cosGatherAngle, vx, vy,
photonDirs[photonNum]);
// Trace photon-sampled final gather ray and accumulate radiance
Spectrum fr = bsdf->f(wo, wi);
if (fr.Black()) continue;
// Compute PDF for photon-sampling of direction _wi_
float photonPdf = 0.f;
float conePdf = UniformConePdf(cosGatherAngle);
for (u_int j = 0; j < nIndirSamplePhotons; ++j)
if (Dot(photonDirs[j], wi) > .999f * cosGatherAngle)
photonPdf += conePdf;
photonPdf /= nIndirSamplePhotons;
RayDifferential bounceRay(p, wi);
++gatherRays; // NOBOOK
Intersection gatherIsect;
if (scene->Intersect(bounceRay, &gatherIsect)) {
// Compute exitant radiance using precomputed irradiance
Spectrum Lindir = 0.f;
Normal n = gatherIsect.dg.nn;
if (Dot(n, bounceRay.d) > 0) n = -n;
RadiancePhotonProcess proc(gatherIsect.dg.p, n);
float md2 = INFINITY;
radianceMap->Lookup(gatherIsect.dg.p, proc, md2);
if (proc.photon)
Lindir = proc.photon->Lo;
Lindir *= scene->Transmittance(bounceRay);
// Compute MIS weight for photon-sampled gather ray
float bsdfPdf = bsdf->Pdf(wo, wi);
float wt = PowerHeuristic(gatherSamples, photonPdf,
gatherSamples, bsdfPdf);
Li += fr * Lindir * AbsDot(wi, n) * wt / photonPdf;
}
}
L += Li / gatherSamples;
}
#else
// look at radiance map directly..
Normal nn = n;
if (Dot(nn, ray.d) > 0.) nn = -n;
RadiancePhotonProcess proc(p, nn);
float md2 = INFINITY;
radianceMap->Lookup(p, proc, md2);
if (proc.photon)
L += proc.photon->Lo;
#endif
}
else {
L += LPhoton(indirectMap, nIndirectPaths, nLookup,
bsdf, isect, wo, maxDistSquared);
}
if (specularDepth++ < maxSpecularDepth) {
Vector wi;
// Trace rays for specular reflection and refraction
Spectrum f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi,
BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.Black()) {
// Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular reflection
RayDifferential rd(p, wi);
rd.hasDifferentials = true;
rd.rx.o = p + isect.dg.dpdx;
rd.ry.o = p + isect.dg.dpdy;
// Compute differential reflected directions
Normal dndx = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudx +
bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdx;
Normal dndy = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudy +
bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdy;
Vector dwodx = -ray.rx.d - wo, dwody = -ray.ry.d - wo;
float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, n) + Dot(wo, dndx);
float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, n) + Dot(wo, dndy);
rd.rx.d = wi -
dwodx + 2 * Vector(Dot(wo, n) * dndx +
dDNdx * n);
rd.ry.d = wi -
dwody + 2 * Vector(Dot(wo, n) * dndy +
dDNdy * n);
L += scene->Li(rd, sample) * f * AbsDot(wi, n);
}
f = bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi,
BxDFType(BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
if (!f.Black()) {
// Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular transmission
RayDifferential rd(p, wi);
rd.hasDifferentials = true;
rd.rx.o = p + isect.dg.dpdx;
rd.ry.o = p + isect.dg.dpdy;
float eta = bsdf->eta;
Vector w = -wo;
if (Dot(wo, n) < 0) eta = 1.f / eta;
Normal dndx = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudx + bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdx;
Normal dndy = bsdf->dgShading.dndu * bsdf->dgShading.dudy + bsdf->dgShading.dndv * bsdf->dgShading.dvdy;
Vector dwodx = -ray.rx.d - wo, dwody = -ray.ry.d - wo;
float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, n) + Dot(wo, dndx);
float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, n) + Dot(wo, dndy);
float mu = eta * Dot(w, n) - Dot(wi, n);
float dmudx = (eta - (eta*eta*Dot(w,n))/Dot(wi, n)) * dDNdx;
float dmudy = (eta - (eta*eta*Dot(w,n))/Dot(wi, n)) * dDNdy;
rd.rx.d = wi + eta * dwodx - Vector(mu * dndx + dmudx * n);
rd.ry.d = wi + eta * dwody - Vector(mu * dndy + dmudy * n);
L += scene->Li(rd, sample) * f * AbsDot(wi, n);
}
}
--specularDepth;
}
else {
// Handle ray with no intersection
if (alpha) *alpha = 0.;
for (u_int i = 0; i < scene->lights.size(); ++i)
L += scene->lights[i]->Le(ray);
if (alpha && !L.Black()) *alpha = 1.;
return L;
}
return L;
}