static int
handle_beta_extension(struct node *node, move m, int value)
{
if (!node->common->sd.settings.use_beta_extensions)
return value;
if (value >= node->beta
&& !node[-1].is_in_null_move_search
&& is_in_check(node[1].pos)
&& value < mate_value
&& node->depth > PLY
&& node->depth < 10 * PLY
&& node->mo->picked_count > 1
&& !is_capture(m)
&& !is_promotion(m)
&& mtype(m) != mt_castle_kingside
&& mtype(m) != mt_castle_queenside) {
node[1].alpha = -node->beta;
node[1].beta = -node->alpha;
node[1].depth = node->depth;
return negamax_child(node);
}
else {
return value;
}
}
static char*
print_san_move_from(const struct position *pos, move m,
char *str, enum player turn)
{
move moves[MOVE_ARRAY_LENGTH];
uint64_t ambig_pieces = UINT64_C(0);
enum piece p = pos_piece_at(pos, mfrom(m));
(void) gen_moves(pos, moves);
for (move *im = moves; *im != 0; ++im) {
if ((mfrom(*im) != mfrom(m)) && (mto(*im) == mto(m))
&& (pos_piece_at(pos, mfrom(*im)) == p))
ambig_pieces |= mfrom64(*im);
}
if ((p == pawn) && is_capture(m)) {
*(str++) = index_to_file_ch(mfrom(m));
}
else if (is_nonempty(ambig_pieces)) {
if (is_nonempty(ambig_pieces & file64(mfrom(m)))) {
if (is_nonempty(ambig_pieces & rank64(mfrom(m)))) {
*(str++) = index_to_file_ch(mfrom(m));
}
*(str++) = index_to_rank_ch(mfrom(m), turn);
}
else {
*(str++) = index_to_file_ch(mfrom(m));
}
}
return str;
}
static char*
print_san_move(const struct position *pos, move m, char *str, enum player turn)
{
int piece = pos_piece_at(pos, mfrom(m));
if (mtype(m) == mt_castle_kingside)
return str + sprintf(str, "O-O");
else if (mtype(m) == mt_castle_queenside)
return str + sprintf(str, "O-O-O");
if (piece != pawn)
*str++ = (char)toupper((unsigned char)piece_to_char(piece));
str = print_san_move_from(pos, m, str, turn);
if (is_capture(m))
*str++ = 'x';
str = index_to_str(str, mto(m), turn);
if (mtype(m) == mt_en_passant)
return str + sprintf(str, "e.p.");
str = print_san_promotion(m, str);
str = print_san_check(pos, m, str);
*str = '\0';
return str;
}
int alpha_beta(app_t *app, cnodeptr_t parent, int alpha, int beta, int depth)
{
int palpha = alpha;
int i, score = -MATE, highest = -MATE;
node_t node;
move_t cutoff = 0;
piece_t p;
init_node(&node);
assert(app);
app->search.nodes++;
node.depth = depth;
/* max depth */
if (app->game.board->ply > (SEARCH_MAXDEPTH - 1)) {
/* return evaluate(app->board); */
return quiescent(app, parent, alpha, beta);
}
/* recursive base */
if (depth == 0) {
return evaluate(app->game.board);
}
/* draws */
if (repetitions(app) || (app->game.board->half >= 100)) {
return 0;
}
/* if we are checked, set the nodes checked flag */
if (check(app->game.board, app->game.board->side)) {
node.flags |= NODE_CHECK;
/* extend our search by 1 depth if we are in check */
/* NOTES: we may want to NOT extend our search here if the parent
is in check, because the means we already extended once */
depth++;
}
/* TODO:
- NULL moves
- Late-move reduction
- Tactical extensions (pins & forks -> depth++)
*/
/* probe our table */
if (probe_hash(&app->hash, app->game.board, &cutoff, &score, depth, alpha, beta) == TRUE) {
app->hash.cut++;
return score;
}
/* generate moves */
generate_moves(app->game.board, &node.ml, &node.ml);
/* reset score */
score = -MATE;
/* try to match our hash hit move */
if (cutoff != 0) {
for (i = 0; i < node.ml.count; i++) {
if (node.ml.moves[i] == cutoff) {
node.ml.scores[i] = 20000;
break;
}
}
}
/* search negamax */
for (i = 0; i < node.ml.count; i++) {
/* get the next move ordered */
next_move(i, &node.ml);
if (!(do_move(app->game.board, &app->game.undo, node.ml.moves[i])))
continue;
score = -alpha_beta(app, &node, -beta, -alpha, depth - 1);
node.made++;
undo_move(app->game.board, &app->game.undo);
/* score whatever is best so far */
if (score > highest) {
node.best = node.ml.moves[i];
highest = score;
/* update alpha */
if (score > alpha) {
if (score >= beta) {
/* non-captures causing beta cutoffs (killers) */
if (!is_capture(node.ml.moves[i])) {
app->game.board->killers[1][app->game.board->ply] =
app->game.board->killers[0][app->game.board->ply];
app->game.board->killers[0][app->game.board->ply] = node.ml.moves[i];
}
/* store this beta in our transposition table */
store_hash(&app->hash, app->game.board, node.best, beta, HASH_BETA, depth);
return beta;
}
/* update alpha */
alpha = score;
/* update our history */
if (!is_capture(node.best)) {
p = app->game.board->pos.squares[move_from(node.best)];
app->game.board->history[piece_color(p)][piece_type(p)][move_to(node.best)] += depth;
}
}
}
}
/* check for checkmate or stalemate */
if (!node.made) {
if (node.flags & NODE_CHECK) {
return -MATE + app->game.board->ply;
} else {
return 0;
}
}
if (alpha != palpha) {
/* store this as an exact, since we beat alpha */
store_hash(&app->hash, app->game.board, node.best, highest, HASH_EXACT, depth);
} else {
/* store the current alpha */
store_hash(&app->hash, app->game.board, node.best, alpha, HASH_ALPHA, depth);
}
return alpha;
}
int Search::alphaBeta(bool white_turn, int depth, int alpha, int beta, Board& board, Transposition *tt,
bool null_move_in_branch, Move (&killers)[32][2], int (&history)[64][64], int ply) {
// If, mate we do not need search at greater depths
if (board.b[WHITE][KING] == 0) {
return -10000;
} else if (board.b[BLACK][KING] == 0) {
return 10000;
}
if (depth == 0) {
return capture_quiescence_eval_search(white_turn, alpha, beta, board);
}
if (depth == 1) {
// futility pruning. we do not hope for improving a position more than 300 in one move...
int static_eval = evaluate(board);
if (white_turn && (static_eval + 300) < alpha) {
return capture_quiescence_eval_search(white_turn, alpha, beta, board);
}
if (!white_turn && (static_eval - 300) > beta) {
return capture_quiescence_eval_search(white_turn, alpha, beta, board);
}
}
if (depth == 2) {
// extended futility pruning. we do not hope for improving a position more than 500 in two plies...
// not really proven to +ELO but does not worse performance at least
int static_eval = evaluate(board);
if ((white_turn && (static_eval + 500) < alpha) || (!white_turn && (static_eval - 500) > beta)) {
return capture_quiescence_eval_search(white_turn, alpha, beta, board);
}
}
// null move heuristic - we do this despite in check..
if (!null_move_in_branch && depth > 3) {
// skip a turn and see if and see if we get a cut-off at shallower depth
// it assumes:
// 1. That the disadvantage of forfeiting one's turn is greater than the disadvantage of performing a shallower search.
// 2. That the beta cut-offs prunes enough branches to be worth the time searching at reduced depth
int R = 2; // depth reduction
int res = alphaBeta(!white_turn, depth - 1 - R, alpha, beta, board, tt, true, killers, history, ply + 1);
if (white_turn && res > alpha) {
alpha = res;
} else if (!white_turn && res < beta) {
beta = res;
}
if (beta <= alpha) {
if (white_turn) {
return alpha;
}
return beta;
}
}
MoveList moves = get_children(board, white_turn);
if (moves.empty()) {
return 0;
}
Transposition tt_pv = tt[board.hash_key % HASH_SIZE];
for (auto it = moves.begin(); it != moves.end(); ++it) {
// sort pv moves first
if (tt_pv.next_move != 0 && tt_pv.hash == board.hash_key && tt_pv.next_move == it->m) {
it->sort_score += 1100000;
}
// ...then captures in MVVLVA order
if (!is_capture(it->m)) {
// killer moves are quite moves that has previously led to a cut-off
if (killers[ply - 1][0].m == it->m) {
it->sort_score += 999999;
} else if (killers[ply - 1][1].m == it->m) {
it->sort_score += 899999;
} else {
// "history heuristics"
// the rest of the quite moves are sorted based on how often they increase score in the search tree
it->sort_score += history[from_square(it->m)][to_square(it->m)];
}
}
}
total_generated_moves += moves.size();
Transposition t;
t.hash = board.hash_key;
int next_move = 0;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < moves.size(); ++i) {
// late move reduction.
// we assume sort order is good enough to not search later moves as deep as the first 4
if (depth > 5 && i == 10) {
depth -= 2;
}
pick_next_move(moves, i);
Move child = moves[i];
node_count++;
make_move(board, child);
int res = alphaBeta(!white_turn, depth - 1, alpha, beta, board, tt, null_move_in_branch, killers, history,
ply + 1);
unmake_move(board, child);
if (res > alpha && res < beta) {
// only cache exact scores
}
if (res > alpha && white_turn) {
next_move = child.m;
alpha = res;
//history heuristics
if (!is_capture(child.m)) {
history[from_square(child.m)][to_square(child.m)] += depth;
}
// update pv
}
if (res < beta && !white_turn) {
next_move = child.m;
beta = res;
//history heuristics
if (!is_capture(child.m)) {
history[from_square(child.m)][to_square(child.m)] += depth;
}
// update pv
}
if (beta <= alpha || time_to_stop()) {
if (!is_capture(child.m)) {
if (killers[ply - 1][0].m != child.m) {
killers[ply - 1][1] = killers[ply - 1][0];
killers[ply - 1][0] = child;
}
}
break;
}
}
t.next_move = next_move;
tt[board.hash_key % HASH_SIZE] = t;
if (white_turn) {
return alpha;
}
return beta;
}
Value name_NT_InCheck(qsearch)(Pos* pos, Stack* ss, Value alpha, BETA_ARG
Depth depth)
{
assert(InCheck == !!pos_checkers());
assert(alpha >= -VALUE_INFINITE && alpha < beta && beta <= VALUE_INFINITE);
assert(PvNode || (alpha == beta - 1));
assert(depth <= DEPTH_ZERO);
Move pv[MAX_PLY+1];
TTEntry *tte;
Key posKey;
Move ttMove, move, bestMove;
Value bestValue, value, ttValue, futilityValue, futilityBase, oldAlpha;
int ttHit, ttPv, givesCheck, evasionPrunable;
Depth ttDepth;
int moveCount;
if (PvNode) {
oldAlpha = alpha; // To flag BOUND_EXACT when eval above alpha and no available moves
(ss+1)->pv = pv;
ss->pv[0] = 0;
}
bestMove = 0;
moveCount = 0;
// Check for an instant draw or if the maximum ply has been reached
if (is_draw(pos) || ss->ply >= MAX_PLY)
return ss->ply >= MAX_PLY && !InCheck ? evaluate(pos) : VALUE_DRAW;
assert(0 <= ss->ply && ss->ply < MAX_PLY);
// Decide whether or not to include checks: this fixes also the type of
// TT entry depth that we are going to use. Note that in qsearch we use
// only two types of depth in TT: DEPTH_QS_CHECKS or DEPTH_QS_NO_CHECKS.
ttDepth = InCheck || depth >= DEPTH_QS_CHECKS ? DEPTH_QS_CHECKS
: DEPTH_QS_NO_CHECKS;
// Transposition table lookup
posKey = pos_key();
tte = tt_probe(posKey, &ttHit);
ttValue = ttHit ? value_from_tt(tte_value(tte), ss->ply) : VALUE_NONE;
ttMove = ttHit ? tte_move(tte) : 0;
ttPv = ttHit ? tte_is_pv(tte) : 0;
if ( !PvNode
&& ttHit
&& tte_depth(tte) >= ttDepth
&& ttValue != VALUE_NONE // Only in case of TT access race
&& (ttValue >= beta ? (tte_bound(tte) & BOUND_LOWER)
: (tte_bound(tte) & BOUND_UPPER)))
return ttValue;
// Evaluate the position statically
if (InCheck) {
ss->staticEval = VALUE_NONE;
bestValue = futilityBase = -VALUE_INFINITE;
} else {
if (ttHit) {
// Never assume anything on values stored in TT
if ((ss->staticEval = bestValue = tte_eval(tte)) == VALUE_NONE)
ss->staticEval = bestValue = evaluate(pos);
// Can ttValue be used as a better position evaluation?
if (ttValue != VALUE_NONE)
if (tte_bound(tte) & (ttValue > bestValue ? BOUND_LOWER : BOUND_UPPER))
bestValue = ttValue;
} else
ss->staticEval = bestValue =
(ss-1)->currentMove != MOVE_NULL ? evaluate(pos)
: -(ss-1)->staticEval + 2 * Tempo;
// Stand pat. Return immediately if static value is at least beta
if (bestValue >= beta) {
if (!ttHit)
tte_save(tte, posKey, value_to_tt(bestValue, ss->ply), ttPv,
BOUND_LOWER, DEPTH_NONE, 0, ss->staticEval,
tt_generation());
return bestValue;
}
if (PvNode && bestValue > alpha)
alpha = bestValue;
futilityBase = bestValue + 128;
}
ss->history = &(*pos->counterMoveHistory)[0][0];
// Initialize move picker data for the current position, and prepare
// to search the moves. Because the depth is <= 0 here, only captures,
// queen promotions and checks (only if depth >= DEPTH_QS_CHECKS) will
// be generated.
mp_init_q(pos, ttMove, depth, to_sq((ss-1)->currentMove));
// Loop through the moves until no moves remain or a beta cutoff occurs
while ((move = next_move(pos, 0))) {
assert(move_is_ok(move));
givesCheck = gives_check(pos, ss, move);
moveCount++;
// Futility pruning
if ( !InCheck
&& !givesCheck
&& futilityBase > -VALUE_KNOWN_WIN
&& !advanced_pawn_push(pos, move)) {
assert(type_of_m(move) != ENPASSANT); // Due to !advanced_pawn_push
futilityValue = futilityBase + PieceValue[EG][piece_on(to_sq(move))];
if (futilityValue <= alpha) {
bestValue = max(bestValue, futilityValue);
continue;
}
if (futilityBase <= alpha && !see_test(pos, move, 1)) {
bestValue = max(bestValue, futilityBase);
continue;
}
}
// Detect non-capture evasions that are candidates to be pruned
evasionPrunable = InCheck
&& (depth != DEPTH_ZERO || moveCount > 2)
&& bestValue > VALUE_MATED_IN_MAX_PLY
&& !is_capture(pos, move);
// Don't search moves with negative SEE values
if ( (!InCheck || evasionPrunable)
&& !see_test(pos, move, 0))
continue;
// Speculative prefetch as early as possible
prefetch(tt_first_entry(key_after(pos, move)));
// Check for legality just before making the move
if (!is_legal(pos, move)) {
moveCount--;
continue;
}
ss->currentMove = move;
ss->history = &(*pos->counterMoveHistory)[moved_piece(move)][to_sq(move)];
// Make and search the move
do_move(pos, move, givesCheck);
#if PvNode
value = givesCheck
? -qsearch_PV_true(pos, ss+1, -beta, -alpha, depth - ONE_PLY)
: -qsearch_PV_false(pos, ss+1, -beta, -alpha, depth - ONE_PLY);
#else
value = givesCheck
? -qsearch_NonPV_true(pos, ss+1, -beta, depth - ONE_PLY)
: -qsearch_NonPV_false(pos, ss+1, -beta, depth - ONE_PLY);
#endif
undo_move(pos, move);
assert(value > -VALUE_INFINITE && value < VALUE_INFINITE);
// Check for a new best move
if (value > bestValue) {
bestValue = value;
if (value > alpha) {
bestMove = move;
if (PvNode) // Update pv even in fail-high case
update_pv(ss->pv, move, (ss+1)->pv);
if (PvNode && value < beta) // Update alpha here!
alpha = value;
else
break; // Fail high
}
}
}
// All legal moves have been searched. A special case: If we're in check
// and no legal moves were found, it is checkmate.
if (InCheck && bestValue == -VALUE_INFINITE)
return mated_in(ss->ply); // Plies to mate from the root
tte_save(tte, posKey, value_to_tt(bestValue, ss->ply), ttPv,
bestValue >= beta ? BOUND_LOWER :
PvNode && bestValue > oldAlpha ? BOUND_EXACT : BOUND_UPPER,
ttDepth, bestMove, ss->staticEval, tt_generation());
assert(bestValue > -VALUE_INFINITE && bestValue < VALUE_INFINITE);
return bestValue;
}
