예제 #1
0
/*
=for apidoc mro_get_linear_isa_dfs

Returns the Depth-First Search linearization of @ISA
the given stash.  The return value is a read-only AV*.
C<level> should be 0 (it is used internally in this
function's recursion).

You are responsible for C<SvREFCNT_inc()> on the
return value if you plan to store it anywhere
semi-permanently (otherwise it might be deleted
out from under you the next time the cache is
invalidated).

=cut
*/
static AV*
S_mro_get_linear_isa_dfs(pTHX_ HV *stash, U32 level)
{
    AV* retval;
    GV** gvp;
    GV* gv;
    AV* av;
    const HEK* stashhek;
    struct mro_meta* meta;
    SV *our_name;
    HV *stored;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MRO_GET_LINEAR_ISA_DFS;
    assert(HvAUX(stash));

    stashhek = HvNAME_HEK(stash);
    if (!stashhek)
      Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't linearize anonymous symbol table");

    if (level > 100)
        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Recursive inheritance detected in package '%s'",
		   HEK_KEY(stashhek));

    meta = HvMROMETA(stash);

    /* return cache if valid */
    if((retval = MUTABLE_AV(MRO_GET_PRIVATE_DATA(meta, &dfs_alg)))) {
        return retval;
    }

    /* not in cache, make a new one */

    retval = MUTABLE_AV(sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(newAV())));
    /* We use this later in this function, but don't need a reference to it
       beyond the end of this function, so reference count is fine.  */
    our_name = newSVhek(stashhek);
    av_push(retval, our_name); /* add ourselves at the top */

    /* fetch our @ISA */
    gvp = (GV**)hv_fetchs(stash, "ISA", FALSE);
    av = (gvp && (gv = *gvp) && isGV_with_GP(gv)) ? GvAV(gv) : NULL;

    /* "stored" is used to keep track of all of the classnames we have added to
       the MRO so far, so we can do a quick exists check and avoid adding
       duplicate classnames to the MRO as we go.
       It's then retained to be re-used as a fast lookup for ->isa(), by adding
       our own name and "UNIVERSAL" to it.  */

    stored = MUTABLE_HV(sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(newHV())));

    if(av && AvFILLp(av) >= 0) {

        SV **svp = AvARRAY(av);
        I32 items = AvFILLp(av) + 1;

        /* foreach(@ISA) */
        while (items--) {
            SV* const sv = *svp++;
            HV* const basestash = gv_stashsv(sv, 0);
	    SV *const *subrv_p;
	    I32 subrv_items;

            if (!basestash) {
                /* if no stash exists for this @ISA member,
                   simply add it to the MRO and move on */
		subrv_p = &sv;
		subrv_items = 1;
            }
            else {
                /* otherwise, recurse into ourselves for the MRO
                   of this @ISA member, and append their MRO to ours.
		   The recursive call could throw an exception, which
		   has memory management implications here, hence the use of
		   the mortal.  */
		const AV *const subrv
		    = mro_get_linear_isa_dfs(basestash, level + 1);

		subrv_p = AvARRAY(subrv);
		subrv_items = AvFILLp(subrv) + 1;
	    }
	    while(subrv_items--) {
		SV *const subsv = *subrv_p++;
		/* LVALUE fetch will create a new undefined SV if necessary
		 */
		HE *const he = hv_fetch_ent(stored, subsv, 1, 0);
		assert(he);
		if(HeVAL(he) != &PL_sv_undef) {
		    /* It was newly created.  Steal it for our new SV, and
		       replace it in the hash with the "real" thing.  */
		    SV *const val = HeVAL(he);
		    HEK *const key = HeKEY_hek(he);

		    HeVAL(he) = &PL_sv_undef;
		    /* Save copying by making a shared hash key scalar. We
		       inline this here rather than calling Perl_newSVpvn_share
		       because we already have the scalar, and we already have
		       the hash key.  */
		    assert(SvTYPE(val) == SVt_NULL);
		    sv_upgrade(val, SVt_PV);
		    SvPV_set(val, HEK_KEY(share_hek_hek(key)));
		    SvCUR_set(val, HEK_LEN(key));
		    SvREADONLY_on(val);
		    SvFAKE_on(val);
		    SvPOK_on(val);
		    if (HEK_UTF8(key))
			SvUTF8_on(val);

		    av_push(retval, val);
		}
            }
        }
    }

    (void) hv_store_ent(stored, our_name, &PL_sv_undef, 0);
    (void) hv_store(stored, "UNIVERSAL", 9, &PL_sv_undef, 0);

    SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(stored);
    SvTEMP_off(stored);
    SvREADONLY_on(stored);

    meta->isa = stored;

    /* now that we're past the exception dangers, grab our own reference to
       the AV we're about to use for the result. The reference owned by the
       mortals' stack will be released soon, so everything will balance.  */
    SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(retval);
    SvTEMP_off(retval);

    /* we don't want anyone modifying the cache entry but us,
       and we do so by replacing it completely */
    SvREADONLY_on(retval);

    return MUTABLE_AV(Perl_mro_set_private_data(aTHX_ meta, &dfs_alg,
						MUTABLE_SV(retval)));
}
예제 #2
0
void
Perl_mro_isa_changed_in(pTHX_ HV* stash)
{
    HV* isarev;
    AV* linear_mro;
    HE* iter;
    SV** svp;
    I32 items;
    bool is_universal;
    struct mro_meta * meta;
    HV *isa = NULL;

    const HEK * const stashhek = HvENAME_HEK(stash);
    const char * const stashname = HvENAME_get(stash);
    const STRLEN stashname_len = HvENAMELEN_get(stash);

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MRO_ISA_CHANGED_IN;

    if(!stashname)
        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't call mro_isa_changed_in() on anonymous symbol table");


    /* wipe out the cached linearizations for this stash */
    meta = HvMROMETA(stash);
    CLEAR_LINEAR(meta);
    if (meta->isa) {
        /* Steal it for our own purposes. */
        isa = (HV *)sv_2mortal((SV *)meta->isa);
        meta->isa = NULL;
    }

    /* Inc the package generation, since our @ISA changed */
    meta->pkg_gen++;

    /* Wipe the global method cache if this package
       is UNIVERSAL or one of its parents */

    svp = hv_fetchhek(PL_isarev, stashhek, 0);
    isarev = svp ? MUTABLE_HV(*svp) : NULL;

    if((stashname_len == 9 && strEQ(stashname, "UNIVERSAL"))
            || (isarev && hv_exists(isarev, "UNIVERSAL", 9))) {
        PL_sub_generation++;
        is_universal = TRUE;
    }
    else { /* Wipe the local method cache otherwise */
        meta->cache_gen++;
        is_universal = FALSE;
    }

    /* wipe next::method cache too */
    if(meta->mro_nextmethod) hv_clear(meta->mro_nextmethod);

    /* Changes to @ISA might turn overloading on */
    HvAMAGIC_on(stash);
    /* pessimise derefs for now. Will get recalculated by Gv_AMupdate() */
    HvAUX(stash)->xhv_aux_flags &= ~HvAUXf_NO_DEREF;

    /* DESTROY can be cached in SvSTASH. */
    if (!SvOBJECT(stash)) SvSTASH(stash) = NULL;

    /* Iterate the isarev (classes that are our children),
       wiping out their linearization, method and isa caches
       and upating PL_isarev. */
    if(isarev) {
        HV *isa_hashes = NULL;

        /* We have to iterate through isarev twice to avoid a chicken and
         * egg problem: if A inherits from B and both are in isarev, A might
         * be processed before B and use B's previous linearisation.
         */

        /* First iteration: Wipe everything, but stash away the isa hashes
         * since we still need them for updating PL_isarev.
         */

        if(hv_iterinit(isarev)) {
            /* Only create the hash if we need it; i.e., if isarev has
               any elements. */
            isa_hashes = (HV *)sv_2mortal((SV *)newHV());
        }
        while((iter = hv_iternext(isarev))) {
            HV* revstash = gv_stashsv(hv_iterkeysv(iter), 0);
            struct mro_meta* revmeta;

            if(!revstash) continue;
            revmeta = HvMROMETA(revstash);
            CLEAR_LINEAR(revmeta);
            if(!is_universal)
                revmeta->cache_gen++;
            if(revmeta->mro_nextmethod)
                hv_clear(revmeta->mro_nextmethod);
            if (!SvOBJECT(revstash)) SvSTASH(revstash) = NULL;

            (void)
            hv_store(
                isa_hashes, (const char*)&revstash, sizeof(HV *),
                revmeta->isa ? (SV *)revmeta->isa : &PL_sv_undef, 0
            );
            revmeta->isa = NULL;
        }

        /* Second pass: Update PL_isarev. We can just use isa_hashes to
         * avoid another round of stash lookups. */

        /* isarev might be deleted from PL_isarev during this loop, so hang
         * on to it. */
        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(sv_2mortal((SV *)isarev));

        if(isa_hashes) {
            hv_iterinit(isa_hashes);
            while((iter = hv_iternext(isa_hashes))) {
                HV* const revstash = *(HV **)HEK_KEY(HeKEY_hek(iter));
                HV * const isa = (HV *)HeVAL(iter);
                const HEK *namehek;

                /* We're starting at the 2nd element, skipping revstash */
                linear_mro = mro_get_linear_isa(revstash);
                svp = AvARRAY(linear_mro) + 1;
                items = AvFILLp(linear_mro);

                namehek = HvENAME_HEK(revstash);
                if (!namehek) namehek = HvNAME_HEK(revstash);

                while (items--) {
                    SV* const sv = *svp++;
                    HV* mroisarev;

                    HE *he = hv_fetch_ent(PL_isarev, sv, TRUE, 0);

                    /* That fetch should not fail.  But if it had to create
                       a new SV for us, then will need to upgrade it to an
                       HV (which sv_upgrade() can now do for us). */

                    mroisarev = MUTABLE_HV(HeVAL(he));

                    SvUPGRADE(MUTABLE_SV(mroisarev), SVt_PVHV);

                    /* This hash only ever contains PL_sv_yes. Storing it
                       over itself is almost as cheap as calling hv_exists,
                       so on aggregate we expect to save time by not making
                       two calls to the common HV code for the case where
                       it doesn't exist.  */

                    (void)
                    hv_storehek(mroisarev, namehek, &PL_sv_yes);
                }

                if ((SV *)isa != &PL_sv_undef) {
                    assert(namehek);
                    mro_clean_isarev(
                        isa, HEK_KEY(namehek), HEK_LEN(namehek),
                        HvMROMETA(revstash)->isa, HEK_HASH(namehek),
                        HEK_UTF8(namehek)
                    );
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /* Now iterate our MRO (parents), adding ourselves and everything from
       our isarev to their isarev.
    */

    /* We're starting at the 2nd element, skipping ourselves here */
    linear_mro = mro_get_linear_isa(stash);
    svp = AvARRAY(linear_mro) + 1;
    items = AvFILLp(linear_mro);

    while (items--) {
        SV* const sv = *svp++;
        HV* mroisarev;

        HE *he = hv_fetch_ent(PL_isarev, sv, TRUE, 0);

        /* That fetch should not fail.  But if it had to create a new SV for
           us, then will need to upgrade it to an HV (which sv_upgrade() can
           now do for us. */

        mroisarev = MUTABLE_HV(HeVAL(he));

        SvUPGRADE(MUTABLE_SV(mroisarev), SVt_PVHV);

        /* This hash only ever contains PL_sv_yes. Storing it over itself is
           almost as cheap as calling hv_exists, so on aggregate we expect to
           save time by not making two calls to the common HV code for the
           case where it doesn't exist.  */

        (void)hv_storehek(mroisarev, stashhek, &PL_sv_yes);
    }

    /* Delete our name from our former parents' isarevs. */
    if(isa && HvARRAY(isa))
        mro_clean_isarev(isa, stashname, stashname_len, meta->isa,
                         HEK_HASH(stashhek), HEK_UTF8(stashhek));
}
예제 #3
0
/*
=for apidoc mro_get_linear_isa_dfs

Returns the Depth-First Search linearization of C<@ISA>
the given stash.  The return value is a read-only AV*.
C<level> should be 0 (it is used internally in this
function's recursion).

You are responsible for C<SvREFCNT_inc()> on the
return value if you plan to store it anywhere
semi-permanently (otherwise it might be deleted
out from under you the next time the cache is
invalidated).

=cut
*/
static AV*
S_mro_get_linear_isa_dfs(pTHX_ HV *stash, U32 level)
{
    AV* retval;
    GV** gvp;
    GV* gv;
    AV* av;
    const HEK* stashhek;
    struct mro_meta* meta;
    SV *our_name;
    HV *stored = NULL;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MRO_GET_LINEAR_ISA_DFS;
    assert(HvAUX(stash));

    stashhek
        = HvAUX(stash)->xhv_name_u.xhvnameu_name && HvENAME_HEK_NN(stash)
          ? HvENAME_HEK_NN(stash)
          : HvNAME_HEK(stash);

    if (!stashhek)
        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't linearize anonymous symbol table");

    if (level > 100)
        Perl_croak(aTHX_
                   "Recursive inheritance detected in package '%"HEKf"'",
                   HEKfARG(stashhek));

    meta = HvMROMETA(stash);

    /* return cache if valid */
    if((retval = MUTABLE_AV(MRO_GET_PRIVATE_DATA(meta, &dfs_alg)))) {
        return retval;
    }

    /* not in cache, make a new one */

    retval = MUTABLE_AV(sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(newAV())));
    /* We use this later in this function, but don't need a reference to it
       beyond the end of this function, so reference count is fine.  */
    our_name = newSVhek(stashhek);
    av_push(retval, our_name); /* add ourselves at the top */

    /* fetch our @ISA */
    gvp = (GV**)hv_fetchs(stash, "ISA", FALSE);
    av = (gvp && (gv = *gvp) && isGV_with_GP(gv)) ? GvAV(gv) : NULL;

    /* "stored" is used to keep track of all of the classnames we have added to
       the MRO so far, so we can do a quick exists check and avoid adding
       duplicate classnames to the MRO as we go.
       It's then retained to be re-used as a fast lookup for ->isa(), by adding
       our own name and "UNIVERSAL" to it.  */

    if(av && AvFILLp(av) >= 0) {

        SV **svp = AvARRAY(av);
        I32 items = AvFILLp(av) + 1;

        /* foreach(@ISA) */
        while (items--) {
            SV* const sv = *svp ? *svp : &PL_sv_undef;
            HV* const basestash = gv_stashsv(sv, 0);
            SV *const *subrv_p;
            I32 subrv_items;
            svp++;

            if (!basestash) {
                /* if no stash exists for this @ISA member,
                   simply add it to the MRO and move on */
                subrv_p = &sv;
                subrv_items = 1;
            }
            else {
                /* otherwise, recurse into ourselves for the MRO
                   of this @ISA member, and append their MRO to ours.
                The recursive call could throw an exception, which
                   has memory management implications here, hence the use of
                   the mortal.  */
                const AV *const subrv
                    = mro_get_linear_isa_dfs(basestash, level + 1);

                subrv_p = AvARRAY(subrv);
                subrv_items = AvFILLp(subrv) + 1;
            }
            if (stored) {
                while(subrv_items--) {
                    SV *const subsv = *subrv_p++;
                    /* LVALUE fetch will create a new undefined SV if necessary
                     */
                    HE *const he = hv_fetch_ent(stored, subsv, 1, 0);
                    assert(he);
                    if(HeVAL(he) != &PL_sv_undef) {
                        /* It was newly created.  Steal it for our new SV, and
                           replace it in the hash with the "real" thing.  */
                        SV *const val = HeVAL(he);
                        HEK *const key = HeKEY_hek(he);

                        HeVAL(he) = &PL_sv_undef;
                        sv_sethek(val, key);
                        av_push(retval, val);
                    }
                }
            } else {
                /* We are the first (or only) parent. We can short cut the
                   complexity above, because our @ISA is simply us prepended
                   to our parent's @ISA, and our ->isa cache is simply our
                   parent's, with our name added.  */
                /* newSVsv() is slow. This code is only faster if we can avoid
                   it by ensuring that SVs in the arrays are shared hash key
                   scalar SVs, because we can "copy" them very efficiently.
                   Although to be fair, we can't *ensure* this, as a reference
                   to the internal array is returned by mro::get_linear_isa(),
                   so we'll have to be defensive just in case someone faffed
                   with it.  */
                if (basestash) {
                    SV **svp;
                    stored = MUTABLE_HV(sv_2mortal((SV*)newHVhv(HvMROMETA(basestash)->isa)));
                    av_extend(retval, subrv_items);
                    AvFILLp(retval) = subrv_items;
                    svp = AvARRAY(retval);
                    while(subrv_items--) {
                        SV *const val = *subrv_p++;
                        *++svp = SvIsCOW_shared_hash(val)
                                 ? newSVhek(SvSHARED_HEK_FROM_PV(SvPVX(val)))
                                 : newSVsv(val);
                    }
                } else {
                    /* They have no stash.  So create ourselves an ->isa cache
                       as if we'd copied it from what theirs should be.  */
                    stored = MUTABLE_HV(sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(newHV())));
                    (void) hv_store(stored, "UNIVERSAL", 9, &PL_sv_undef, 0);
                    av_push(retval,
                            newSVhek(HeKEY_hek(hv_store_ent(stored, sv,
                                                            &PL_sv_undef, 0))));
                }
            }
        }
    } else {
        /* We have no parents.  */
        stored = MUTABLE_HV(sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(newHV())));
        (void) hv_store(stored, "UNIVERSAL", 9, &PL_sv_undef, 0);
    }

    (void) hv_store_ent(stored, our_name, &PL_sv_undef, 0);

    SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(stored);
    SvTEMP_off(stored);
    SvREADONLY_on(stored);

    meta->isa = stored;

    /* now that we're past the exception dangers, grab our own reference to
       the AV we're about to use for the result. The reference owned by the
       mortals' stack will be released soon, so everything will balance.  */
    SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(retval);
    SvTEMP_off(retval);

    /* we don't want anyone modifying the cache entry but us,
       and we do so by replacing it completely */
    SvREADONLY_on(retval);

    return MUTABLE_AV(Perl_mro_set_private_data(aTHX_ meta, &dfs_alg,
                      MUTABLE_SV(retval)));
}
예제 #4
0
/*
=for apidoc mro_get_linear_isa

Returns the mro linearisation for the given stash.  By default, this
will be whatever C<mro_get_linear_isa_dfs> returns unless some
other MRO is in effect for the stash.  The return value is a
read-only AV*.

You are responsible for C<SvREFCNT_inc()> on the
return value if you plan to store it anywhere
semi-permanently (otherwise it might be deleted
out from under you the next time the cache is
invalidated).

=cut
*/
AV*
Perl_mro_get_linear_isa(pTHX_ HV *stash)
{
    struct mro_meta* meta;
    AV *isa;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MRO_GET_LINEAR_ISA;
    if(!SvOOK(stash))
        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't linearize anonymous symbol table");

    meta = HvMROMETA(stash);
    if (!meta->mro_which)
        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: invalid MRO!");
    isa = meta->mro_which->resolve(aTHX_ stash, 0);

    if (meta->mro_which != &dfs_alg) { /* skip for dfs, for speed */
        SV * const namesv =
            (HvENAME(stash)||HvNAME(stash))
            ? newSVhek(HvENAME_HEK(stash)
                       ? HvENAME_HEK(stash)
                       : HvNAME_HEK(stash))
            : NULL;

        if(namesv && (AvFILLp(isa) == -1 || !sv_eq(*AvARRAY(isa), namesv)))
        {
            AV * const old = isa;
            SV **svp;
            SV **ovp = AvARRAY(old);
            SV * const * const oend = ovp + AvFILLp(old) + 1;
            isa = (AV *)sv_2mortal((SV *)newAV());
            av_extend(isa, AvFILLp(isa) = AvFILLp(old)+1);
            *AvARRAY(isa) = namesv;
            svp = AvARRAY(isa)+1;
            while (ovp < oend) *svp++ = SvREFCNT_inc(*ovp++);
        }
        else SvREFCNT_dec(namesv);
    }

    if (!meta->isa) {
        HV *const isa_hash = newHV();
        /* Linearisation didn't build it for us, so do it here.  */
        SV *const *svp = AvARRAY(isa);
        SV *const *const svp_end = svp + AvFILLp(isa) + 1;
        const HEK *canon_name = HvENAME_HEK(stash);
        if (!canon_name) canon_name = HvNAME_HEK(stash);

        while (svp < svp_end) {
            (void) hv_store_ent(isa_hash, *svp++, &PL_sv_undef, 0);
        }

        (void) hv_common(isa_hash, NULL, HEK_KEY(canon_name),
                         HEK_LEN(canon_name), HEK_FLAGS(canon_name),
                         HV_FETCH_ISSTORE, &PL_sv_undef,
                         HEK_HASH(canon_name));
        (void) hv_store(isa_hash, "UNIVERSAL", 9, &PL_sv_undef, 0);

        SvREADONLY_on(isa_hash);

        meta->isa = isa_hash;
    }

    return isa;
}
예제 #5
0
static AV*
S_mro_get_linear_isa_c3(pTHX_ HV* stash, U32 level)
{
    AV* retval;
    GV** gvp;
    GV* gv;
    AV* isa;
    const HEK* stashhek;
    struct mro_meta* meta;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MRO_GET_LINEAR_ISA_C3;
    assert(HvAUX(stash));

    stashhek = HvNAME_HEK(stash);
    if (!stashhek)
      Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't linearize anonymous symbol table");

    if (level > 100)
        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Recursive inheritance detected in package '%s'",
		   HEK_KEY(stashhek));

    meta = HvMROMETA(stash);

    /* return cache if valid */
    if((retval = meta->mro_linear_c3)) {
        return retval;
    }

    /* not in cache, make a new one */

    gvp = (GV**)hv_fetchs(stash, "ISA", FALSE);
    isa = (gvp && (gv = *gvp) && isGV_with_GP(gv)) ? GvAV(gv) : NULL;

    if ( isa && ! SvAVOK(isa) ) {
	Perl_croak(aTHX_ "@ISA is not an array but %s", Ddesc((SV*)isa));
    }

    /* For a better idea how the rest of this works, see the much clearer
       pure perl version in Algorithm::C3 0.01:
       http://search.cpan.org/src/STEVAN/Algorithm-C3-0.01/lib/Algorithm/C3.pm
       (later versions go about it differently than this code for speed reasons)
    */

    if(isa && AvFILLp(isa) >= 0) {
        SV** seqs_ptr;
        I32 seqs_items;
        HV* const tails = MUTABLE_HV(sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(newHV())));
        AV *const seqs = MUTABLE_AV(sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(newAV())));
        I32* heads;

        /* This builds @seqs, which is an array of arrays.
           The members of @seqs are the MROs of
           the members of @ISA, followed by @ISA itself.
        */
        I32 items = AvFILLp(isa) + 1;
        SV** isa_ptr = AvARRAY(isa);
        while(items--) {
            SV* const isa_item = *isa_ptr++;
	    if ( ! SvPVOK(isa_item) ) {
		Perl_croak(aTHX_ "@ISA element which is not an plain value");
	    }
	    {
		HV* const isa_item_stash = gv_stashsv(isa_item, 0);
		if(!isa_item_stash) {
		    /* if no stash, make a temporary fake MRO
		       containing just itself */
		    AV* const isa_lin = newAV();
		    av_push(isa_lin, newSVsv(isa_item));
		    av_push(seqs, (SV*)isa_lin);
		}
		else {
		    /* recursion */
		    AV* const isa_lin = mro_get_linear_isa_c3(isa_item_stash, level + 1);
		    av_push(seqs, SvREFCNT_inc_NN((SV*)isa_lin));
		}
	    }
        }
        av_push(seqs, SvREFCNT_inc_NN((SV*)isa));

        /* This builds "heads", which as an array of integer array
           indices, one per seq, which point at the virtual "head"
           of the seq (initially zero) */
        Newxz(heads, AvFILLp(seqs)+1, I32);

        /* This builds %tails, which has one key for every class
           mentioned in the tail of any sequence in @seqs (tail meaning
           everything after the first class, the "head").  The value
           is how many times this key appears in the tails of @seqs.
        */
        seqs_ptr = AvARRAY(seqs);
        seqs_items = AvFILLp(seqs) + 1;
        while(seqs_items--) {
            AV *const seq = MUTABLE_AV(*seqs_ptr++);
            I32 seq_items = AvFILLp(seq);
            if(seq_items > 0) {
                SV** seq_ptr = AvARRAY(seq) + 1;
                while(seq_items--) {
                    SV* const seqitem = *seq_ptr++;
		    /* LVALUE fetch will create a new undefined SV if necessary
		     */
                    HE* const he = hv_fetch_ent(tails, seqitem, 1, 0);
                    if(he) {
                        SV* const val = HeVAL(he);
			/* This will increment undef to 1, which is what we
			   want for a newly created entry.  */
                        sv_inc(val);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /* Initialize retval to build the return value in */
        retval = newAV();
        av_push(retval, newSVhek(stashhek)); /* us first */

        /* This loop won't terminate until we either finish building
           the MRO, or get an exception. */
        while(1) {
            SV* cand = NULL;
            SV* winner = NULL;
            int s;

            /* "foreach $seq (@seqs)" */
            SV** const avptr = AvARRAY(seqs);
            for(s = 0; s <= AvFILLp(seqs); s++) {
                SV** svp;
                AV * const seq = MUTABLE_AV(avptr[s]);
		SV* seqhead;
                if(!seq) continue; /* skip empty seqs */
                svp = av_fetch(seq, heads[s], 0);
                seqhead = *svp; /* seqhead = head of this seq */
                if(!winner) {
		    HE* tail_entry;
		    SV* val;
                    /* if we haven't found a winner for this round yet,
                       and this seqhead is not in tails (or the count
                       for it in tails has dropped to zero), then this
                       seqhead is our new winner, and is added to the
                       final MRO immediately */
                    cand = seqhead;
                    if((tail_entry = hv_fetch_ent(tails, cand, 0, 0))
                       && (val = HeVAL(tail_entry))
                       && (SvIV(val) > 0))
                           continue;
                    winner = newSVsv(cand);
                    av_push(retval, winner);
                    /* note however that even when we find a winner,
                       we continue looping over @seqs to do housekeeping */
                }
                if(!sv_cmp(seqhead, winner)) {
                    /* Once we have a winner (including the iteration
                       where we first found him), inc the head ptr
                       for any seq which had the winner as a head,
                       NULL out any seq which is now empty,
                       and adjust tails for consistency */

                    const int new_head = ++heads[s];
                    if(new_head > AvFILLp(seq)) {
                        SvREFCNT_dec(avptr[s]);
                        avptr[s] = NULL;
                    }
                    else {
			HE* tail_entry;
			SV* val;
                        /* Because we know this new seqhead used to be
                           a tail, we can assume it is in tails and has
                           a positive value, which we need to dec */
                        svp = av_fetch(seq, new_head, 0);
                        seqhead = *svp;
                        tail_entry = hv_fetch_ent(tails, seqhead, 0, 0);
                        val = HeVAL(tail_entry);
                        sv_dec(val);
                    }
                }
            }

            /* if we found no candidates, we are done building the MRO.
               !cand means no seqs have any entries left to check */
            if(!cand) {
                Safefree(heads);
                break;
            }

            /* If we had candidates, but nobody won, then the @ISA
               hierarchy is not C3-incompatible */
            if(!winner) {
                SV *errmsg;
                I32 i;

                errmsg = newSVpvf(aTHX_ "Inconsistent hierarchy during C3 merge of class '%s':\n\t"
                                  "current merge results [\n", HEK_KEY(stashhek));
                for (i = 0; i <= av_len(retval); i++) {
                    SV **elem = av_fetch(retval, i, 0);
                    sv_catpvf(aTHX_ errmsg, "\t\t%"SVf",\n", SVfARG(*elem));
                }
                sv_catpvf(aTHX_ errmsg, "\t]\n\tmerging failed on '%"SVf"'", SVfARG(cand));

                /* we have to do some cleanup before we croak */

                AvREFCNT_dec(retval);
                Safefree(heads);

                croak(aTHX_ "%"SVf, SVfARG(errmsg));
            }
        }
    }
    else { /* @ISA was undefined or empty */
        /* build a retval containing only ourselves */
        retval = newAV();
        av_push(retval, newSVhek(stashhek));
    }

    /* we don't want anyone modifying the cache entry but us,
       and we do so by replacing it completely */
    SvREADONLY_on(retval);

    meta->mro_linear_c3 = retval;
    return retval;
}