예제 #1
0
/**
 * \ingroup structural
 * \function igraph_similarity_jaccard
 * \brief Jaccard similarity coefficient for the given vertices.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * The Jaccard similarity coefficient of two vertices is the number of common
 * neighbors divided by the number of vertices that are neighbors of at
 * least one of the two vertices being considered. This function calculates
 * the pairwise Jaccard similarities for some (or all) of the vertices.
 *
 * \param graph The graph object to analyze
 * \param res Pointer to a matrix, the result of the calculation will
 *        be stored here. The number of its rows and columns is the same
 *        as the number of vertex ids in \p vids.
 * \param vids The vertex ids of the vertices for which the
 *        calculation will be done.
 * \param mode The type of neighbors to be used for the calculation in
 *        directed graphs. Possible values:
 *        \clist
 *        \cli IGRAPH_OUT
 *          the outgoing edges will be considered for each node.
 *        \cli IGRAPH_IN
 *          the incoming edges will be considered for each node.
 *        \cli IGRAPH_ALL
 *          the directed graph is considered as an undirected one for the
 *          computation.
 *        \endclist
 * \param loops Whether to include the vertices themselves in the neighbor
 *        sets.
 * \return Error code:
 *        \clist
 *        \cli IGRAPH_ENOMEM
 *           not enough memory for temporary data.
 *        \cli IGRAPH_EINVVID
 *           invalid vertex id passed.
 *        \cli IGRAPH_EINVMODE
 *           invalid mode argument.
 *        \endclist
 * 
 * Time complexity: O(|V|^2 d),
 * |V| is the number of vertices in the vertex iterator given, d is the
 * (maximum) degree of the vertices in the graph.
 *
 * \sa \ref igraph_similarity_dice(), a measure very similar to the Jaccard
 *   coefficient
 * 
 * \example examples/simple/igraph_similarity.c
 */
int igraph_similarity_jaccard(const igraph_t *graph, igraph_matrix_t *res,
    const igraph_vs_t vids, igraph_neimode_t mode, igraph_bool_t loops) {
  igraph_lazy_adjlist_t al;
  igraph_vit_t vit, vit2;
  long int i, j, k;
  long int len_union, len_intersection;
  igraph_vector_t *v1, *v2;

  IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vit_create(graph, vids, &vit));
  IGRAPH_FINALLY(igraph_vit_destroy, &vit);
  IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vit_create(graph, vids, &vit2));
  IGRAPH_FINALLY(igraph_vit_destroy, &vit2);

  IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_lazy_adjlist_init(graph, &al, mode, IGRAPH_SIMPLIFY));
  IGRAPH_FINALLY(igraph_lazy_adjlist_destroy, &al);

  IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_matrix_resize(res, IGRAPH_VIT_SIZE(vit), IGRAPH_VIT_SIZE(vit)));

  if (loops) {
    for (IGRAPH_VIT_RESET(vit); !IGRAPH_VIT_END(vit); IGRAPH_VIT_NEXT(vit)) {
      i=IGRAPH_VIT_GET(vit);
      v1=igraph_lazy_adjlist_get(&al, (igraph_integer_t) i);
      if (!igraph_vector_binsearch(v1, i, &k))
        igraph_vector_insert(v1, k, i);
    }
  }

  for (IGRAPH_VIT_RESET(vit), i=0;
    !IGRAPH_VIT_END(vit); IGRAPH_VIT_NEXT(vit), i++) {
    MATRIX(*res, i, i) = 1.0;
    for (IGRAPH_VIT_RESET(vit2), j=0;
      !IGRAPH_VIT_END(vit2); IGRAPH_VIT_NEXT(vit2), j++) {
      if (j <= i)
        continue;
      v1=igraph_lazy_adjlist_get(&al, IGRAPH_VIT_GET(vit));
      v2=igraph_lazy_adjlist_get(&al, IGRAPH_VIT_GET(vit2));
      igraph_i_neisets_intersect(v1, v2, &len_union, &len_intersection);
      if (len_union > 0)
        MATRIX(*res, i, j) = ((igraph_real_t)len_intersection)/len_union;
      else
        MATRIX(*res, i, j) = 0.0;
      MATRIX(*res, j, i) = MATRIX(*res, i, j);
    }
  }

  igraph_lazy_adjlist_destroy(&al);
  igraph_vit_destroy(&vit);
  igraph_vit_destroy(&vit2);
  IGRAPH_FINALLY_CLEAN(3);

  return 0;
}
예제 #2
0
int igraph_i_maximal_cliques(const igraph_t *graph, igraph_i_maximal_clique_func_t func, void* data) {
  int directed=igraph_is_directed(graph);
  long int i, j, k, l;
  igraph_integer_t no_of_nodes, nodes_to_check, nodes_done;
  igraph_integer_t best_cand = 0, best_cand_degree = 0, best_fini_cand_degree;
  igraph_adjlist_t adj_list;
  igraph_stack_ptr_t stack;
  igraph_i_maximal_cliques_stack_frame frame, *new_frame_ptr;
  igraph_vector_t clique, new_cand, new_fini, cn, best_cand_nbrs, best_fini_cand_nbrs;
  igraph_bool_t cont = 1;
  int assret;

  if (directed)
    IGRAPH_WARNING("directionality of edges is ignored for directed graphs");

  no_of_nodes = igraph_vcount(graph);
  if (no_of_nodes == 0)
    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;

  /* Construct an adjacency list representation */
  IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_adjlist_init(graph, &adj_list, IGRAPH_ALL));
  IGRAPH_FINALLY(igraph_adjlist_destroy, &adj_list);
  IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_adjlist_simplify(&adj_list));
  igraph_adjlist_sort(&adj_list);

  /* Initialize stack */
  IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_stack_ptr_init(&stack, 0));
  IGRAPH_FINALLY(igraph_i_maximal_cliques_stack_destroy, &stack);

  /* Create the initial (empty) clique */
  IGRAPH_VECTOR_INIT_FINALLY(&clique, 0);

  /* Initialize new_cand, new_fini, cn, best_cand_nbrs and best_fini_cand_nbrs (will be used later) */
  IGRAPH_VECTOR_INIT_FINALLY(&new_cand, 0);
  IGRAPH_VECTOR_INIT_FINALLY(&new_fini, 0);
  IGRAPH_VECTOR_INIT_FINALLY(&cn, 0);
  IGRAPH_VECTOR_INIT_FINALLY(&best_cand_nbrs, 0);
  IGRAPH_VECTOR_INIT_FINALLY(&best_fini_cand_nbrs, 0);

  /* Find the vertex with the highest degree */
  best_cand = 0; best_cand_degree = igraph_vector_size(igraph_adjlist_get(&adj_list, 0));
  for (i = 1; i < no_of_nodes; i++) {
    j = igraph_vector_size(igraph_adjlist_get(&adj_list, i));
    if (j > best_cand_degree) {
      best_cand = i;
      best_cand_degree = j;
    }
  }

  /* Create the initial stack frame */
  IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_init_seq(&frame.cand, 0, no_of_nodes-1));
  IGRAPH_FINALLY(igraph_vector_destroy, &frame.cand);
  IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_init(&frame.fini, 0));
  IGRAPH_FINALLY(igraph_vector_destroy, &frame.fini);
  IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_init(&frame.cand_filtered, 0));
  IGRAPH_FINALLY(igraph_vector_destroy, &frame.cand_filtered);
  IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_difference_sorted(&frame.cand,
        igraph_adjlist_get(&adj_list, best_cand), &frame.cand_filtered));
  IGRAPH_FINALLY_CLEAN(3);
  IGRAPH_FINALLY(igraph_i_maximal_cliques_stack_frame_destroy, &frame);

  /* TODO: frame.cand and frame.fini should be a set instead of a vector */

  /* Main loop starts here */
  nodes_to_check = igraph_vector_size(&frame.cand_filtered); nodes_done = 0;
  while (!igraph_vector_empty(&frame.cand_filtered) || !igraph_stack_ptr_empty(&stack)) {
    if (igraph_vector_empty(&frame.cand_filtered)) {
      /* No candidates left to check in this stack frame, pop out the previous stack frame */
      igraph_i_maximal_cliques_stack_frame *newframe = igraph_stack_ptr_pop(&stack);
      igraph_i_maximal_cliques_stack_frame_destroy(&frame);
      frame = *newframe;
      free(newframe);

      if (igraph_stack_ptr_size(&stack) == 1) {
        /* We will be using the next candidate node in the next iteration, so we can increase
         * nodes_done by 1 */
        nodes_done++;
      }

      /* For efficiency reasons, we only check for interruption and show progress here */
      IGRAPH_PROGRESS("Maximal cliques: ", 100.0 * nodes_done / nodes_to_check, NULL);
      IGRAPH_ALLOW_INTERRUPTION();

      igraph_vector_pop_back(&clique);
      continue;
    }

    /* Try the next node in the clique */
    i = igraph_vector_pop_back(&frame.cand_filtered);
    IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_push_back(&clique, i));

    /* Remove the node from the candidate list */
    assret=igraph_vector_binsearch(&frame.cand, i, &j); assert(assret);
    igraph_vector_remove(&frame.cand, j);

    /* Add the node to the finished list */
    assret = !igraph_vector_binsearch(&frame.fini, i, &j); assert(assret);
    IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_insert(&frame.fini, j, i));

    /* Create new_cand and new_fini */
    IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_intersect_sorted(&frame.cand, igraph_adjlist_get(&adj_list, i), &new_cand));
    IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_intersect_sorted(&frame.fini, igraph_adjlist_get(&adj_list, i), &new_fini));

    /* Do we have anything more to search? */
    if (igraph_vector_empty(&new_cand)) {
      if (igraph_vector_empty(&new_fini)) {
        /* We have a maximal clique here */
        IGRAPH_CHECK(func(&clique, data, &cont));
        if (!cont) {
          /* The callback function requested to stop the search */
          break;
        }
      }
      igraph_vector_pop_back(&clique);
      continue;
    }
    if (igraph_vector_empty(&new_fini) && igraph_vector_size(&new_cand) == 1) {
      /* Shortcut: only one node left */
      IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_push_back(&clique, VECTOR(new_cand)[0]));
      IGRAPH_CHECK(func(&clique, data, &cont));
      if (!cont) {
        /* The callback function requested to stop the search */
        break;
      }
      igraph_vector_pop_back(&clique);
      igraph_vector_pop_back(&clique);
      continue;
    }

    /* Find the next best candidate node in new_fini */
    l = igraph_vector_size(&new_cand);
    best_cand_degree = -1;
    j = igraph_vector_size(&new_fini);
    for (i = 0; i < j; i++) {
      k = (long int)VECTOR(new_fini)[i];
      IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_intersect_sorted(&new_cand, igraph_adjlist_get(&adj_list, k), &cn));
      if (igraph_vector_size(&cn) > best_cand_degree) {
        best_cand_degree = igraph_vector_size(&cn);
        IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_update(&best_fini_cand_nbrs, &cn));
        if (best_cand_degree == l) {
          /* Cool, we surely have the best candidate node here as best_cand_degree can't get any better */
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    /* Shortcut here: we don't have to examine new_cand */
    if (best_cand_degree == l) {
      igraph_vector_pop_back(&clique);
      continue;
    }
    /* Still finding best candidate node */
    best_fini_cand_degree = best_cand_degree;
    best_cand_degree = -1;
    j = igraph_vector_size(&new_cand);
    l = l - 1;
    for (i = 0; i < j; i++) {
      k = (long int)VECTOR(new_cand)[i];
      IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_intersect_sorted(&new_cand, igraph_adjlist_get(&adj_list, k), &cn));
      if (igraph_vector_size(&cn) > best_cand_degree) {
        best_cand_degree = igraph_vector_size(&cn);
        IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_update(&best_cand_nbrs, &cn));
        if (best_cand_degree == l) {
          /* Cool, we surely have the best candidate node here as best_cand_degree can't get any better */
          break;
        }
      }
    }

    /* Create a new stack frame in case we back out later */
    new_frame_ptr = igraph_Calloc(1, igraph_i_maximal_cliques_stack_frame);
    if (new_frame_ptr == 0) {
      IGRAPH_ERROR("cannot allocate new stack frame", IGRAPH_ENOMEM);
    }
    IGRAPH_FINALLY(igraph_free, new_frame_ptr);
    *new_frame_ptr = frame;
    memset(&frame, 0, sizeof(frame));
    IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_stack_ptr_push(&stack, new_frame_ptr));
    IGRAPH_FINALLY_CLEAN(1);  /* ownership of new_frame_ptr taken by the stack */
    /* Ownership of the current frame and its vectors (frame.cand, frame.done, frame.cand_filtered)
     * is taken by the stack from now on. Vectors in frame must be re-initialized with new_cand,
     * new_fini and stuff. The old frame.cand and frame.fini won't be leaked because they are
     * managed by the stack now. */
    frame.cand = new_cand;
    frame.fini = new_fini;
    IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_init(&new_cand, 0));
    IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_init(&new_fini, 0));
    IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_init(&frame.cand_filtered, 0));

    /* Adjust frame.cand_filtered */
    if (best_cand_degree < best_fini_cand_degree) {
      IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_difference_sorted(&frame.cand, &best_fini_cand_nbrs, &frame.cand_filtered));
    } else {
      IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_difference_sorted(&frame.cand, &best_cand_nbrs, &frame.cand_filtered));
    }
  }

  IGRAPH_PROGRESS("Maximal cliques: ", 100.0, NULL);

  igraph_adjlist_destroy(&adj_list);
  igraph_vector_destroy(&clique);
  igraph_vector_destroy(&new_cand);
  igraph_vector_destroy(&new_fini);
  igraph_vector_destroy(&cn);
  igraph_vector_destroy(&best_cand_nbrs);
  igraph_vector_destroy(&best_fini_cand_nbrs);
  igraph_i_maximal_cliques_stack_frame_destroy(&frame);
  igraph_i_maximal_cliques_stack_destroy(&stack);
  IGRAPH_FINALLY_CLEAN(9);

  return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}
예제 #3
0
igraph_vector_t * ggen_analyze_longest_antichain(igraph_t *g)
{
	/* The following steps are implemented :
	 *  - Convert our DAG to a specific bipartite graph B
	 *  - solve maximum matching on B
	 *  - conver maximum matching to min vectex cover
	 *  - convert min vertex cover to antichain on G
	 */
	int err;
	unsigned long i,vg,found,added;
	igraph_t b,gstar;
	igraph_vector_t edges,*res = NULL;
	igraph_vector_t c,s,t,todo,n,next,l,r;
	igraph_eit_t eit;
	igraph_es_t es;
	igraph_integer_t from,to;
	igraph_vit_t vit;
	igraph_vs_t vs;
	igraph_real_t value;

	if(g == NULL)
		return NULL;

	/* before creating the bipartite graph, we need all relations
	 * between any two vertices : the transitive closure of g */
	err = igraph_copy(&gstar,g);
	if(err) return NULL;

	err = ggen_transform_transitive_closure(&gstar);
	if(err) goto error;

	/* Bipartite convertion : let G = (S,C),
	 * we build B = (U,V,E) with
	 *	- U = V = S (each vertex is present twice)
	 *	- (u,v) \in E iff :
	 *		- u \in U
	 *		- v \in V
	 *		- u < v in C (warning, this means that we take
	 *		transitive closure into account, not just the
	 *		original edges)
	 * We will also need two additional nodes further in the code.
	 */
	vg = igraph_vcount(g);
	err = igraph_empty(&b,vg*2,1);
	if(err) goto error;

	/* id and id+vg will be a vertex in U and its copy in V,
	 * iterate over gstar edges to create edges in b
	 */
	err = igraph_vector_init(&edges,igraph_ecount(&gstar));
	if(err) goto d_b;
	igraph_vector_clear(&edges);

	err = igraph_eit_create(&gstar,igraph_ess_all(IGRAPH_EDGEORDER_ID),&eit);
	if(err) goto d_edges;

	for(IGRAPH_EIT_RESET(eit); !IGRAPH_EIT_END(eit); IGRAPH_EIT_NEXT(eit))
	{
		err = igraph_edge(&gstar,IGRAPH_EIT_GET(eit),&from,&to);
		if(err)
		{
			igraph_eit_destroy(&eit);
			goto d_edges;
		}
		to += vg;
		igraph_vector_push_back(&edges,(igraph_real_t)from);
		igraph_vector_push_back(&edges,(igraph_real_t)to);
	}
	igraph_eit_destroy(&eit);
	err = igraph_add_edges(&b,&edges,NULL);
	if(err) goto d_edges;

	/* maximum matching on b */
	igraph_vector_clear(&edges);
	err = bipartite_maximum_matching(&b,&edges);
	if(err) goto d_edges;

	/* Let M be the max matching, and N be E - M
	 * Define T as all unmatched vectices from U as well as all vertices
	 * reachable from those by going left-to-right along N and right-to-left along
	 * M.
	 * Define L = U - T, R = V \inter T
	 * C:= L + R
	 * C is a minimum vertex cover
	 */
	err = igraph_vector_init_seq(&n,0,igraph_ecount(&b)-1);
	if(err) goto d_edges;

	err = vector_diff(&n,&edges);
	if(err) goto d_n;

	err = igraph_vector_init(&c,vg);
	if(err) goto d_n;
	igraph_vector_clear(&c);

	/* matched vertices : S */
	err = igraph_vector_init(&s,vg);
	if(err) goto d_c;
	igraph_vector_clear(&s);

	for(i = 0; i < igraph_vector_size(&edges); i++)
	{
		err = igraph_edge(&b,VECTOR(edges)[i],&from,&to);
		if(err) goto d_s;

		igraph_vector_push_back(&s,from);
	}
	/* we may have inserted the same vertex multiple times */
	err = vector_uniq(&s);
	if(err) goto d_s;

	/* unmatched */
	err = igraph_vector_init_seq(&t,0,vg-1);
	if(err) goto d_s;

	err = vector_diff(&t,&s);
	if(err) goto d_t;

	/* alternating paths
	 */
	err = igraph_vector_copy(&todo,&t);
	if(err) goto d_t;

	err = igraph_vector_init(&next,vg);
	if(err) goto d_todo;
	igraph_vector_clear(&next);
	do {
		vector_uniq(&todo);
		added = 0;
		for(i = 0; i < igraph_vector_size(&todo); i++)
		{
			if(VECTOR(todo)[i] < vg)
			{
				/* scan edges */
				err = igraph_es_adj(&es,VECTOR(todo)[i],IGRAPH_OUT);
				if(err) goto d_next;
				err = igraph_eit_create(&b,es,&eit);
				if(err)
				{
					igraph_es_destroy(&es);
					goto d_next;
				}
				for(IGRAPH_EIT_RESET(eit); !IGRAPH_EIT_END(eit); IGRAPH_EIT_NEXT(eit))
				{
					if(igraph_vector_binsearch(&n,IGRAPH_EIT_GET(eit),NULL))
					{
						err = igraph_edge(&b,IGRAPH_EIT_GET(eit),&from,&to);
						if(err)
						{
							igraph_eit_destroy(&eit);
							igraph_es_destroy(&es);
							goto d_next;
						}
						if(!igraph_vector_binsearch(&t,to,NULL))
						{
							igraph_vector_push_back(&next,to);
							added = 1;
						}
					}
				}
			}
			else
			{
				/* scan edges */
				err = igraph_es_adj(&es,VECTOR(todo)[i],IGRAPH_IN);
				if(err) goto d_next;
				err = igraph_eit_create(&b,es,&eit);
				if(err)
				{
					igraph_es_destroy(&es);
					goto d_next;
				}
				for(IGRAPH_EIT_RESET(eit); !IGRAPH_EIT_END(eit); IGRAPH_EIT_NEXT(eit))
				{
					if(igraph_vector_binsearch(&edges,IGRAPH_EIT_GET(eit),NULL))
					{
						err = igraph_edge(&b,IGRAPH_EIT_GET(eit),&from,&to);
						if(err)
						{
							igraph_eit_destroy(&eit);
							igraph_es_destroy(&es);
							goto d_next;
						}
						if(!igraph_vector_binsearch(&t,to,NULL))
						{
							igraph_vector_push_back(&next,from);
							added = 1;
						}
					}
				}
			}
			igraph_es_destroy(&es);
			igraph_eit_destroy(&eit);
		}
		igraph_vector_append(&t,&todo);
		igraph_vector_clear(&todo);
		igraph_vector_append(&todo,&next);
		igraph_vector_clear(&next);
	} while(added);

	err = igraph_vector_init_seq(&l,0,vg-1);
	if(err) goto d_t;

	err = vector_diff(&l,&t);
	if(err) goto d_l;

	err = igraph_vector_update(&c,&l);
	if(err) goto d_l;

	err = igraph_vector_init(&r,vg);
	if(err) goto d_l;
	igraph_vector_clear(&r);

	/* compute V \inter T */
	for(i = 0; i < igraph_vector_size(&t); i++)
	{
		if(VECTOR(t)[i] >= vg)
			igraph_vector_push_back(&r,VECTOR(t)[i]);
	}

	igraph_vector_add_constant(&r,(igraph_real_t)-vg);
	err = vector_union(&c,&r);
	if(err) goto d_r;

	/* our antichain is U - C */
	res = malloc(sizeof(igraph_vector_t));
	if(res == NULL) goto d_r;

	err = igraph_vector_init_seq(res,0,vg-1);
	if(err) goto f_res;

	err = vector_diff(res,&c);
	if(err) goto d_res;

	goto ret;
d_res:
	igraph_vector_destroy(res);
f_res:
	free(res);
	res = NULL;
ret:
d_r:
	igraph_vector_destroy(&r);
d_l:
	igraph_vector_destroy(&l);
d_next:
	igraph_vector_destroy(&next);
d_todo:
	igraph_vector_destroy(&todo);
d_t:
	igraph_vector_destroy(&t);
d_s:
	igraph_vector_destroy(&s);
d_c:
	igraph_vector_destroy(&c);
d_n:
	igraph_vector_destroy(&n);
d_edges:
	igraph_vector_destroy(&edges);
d_b:
	igraph_destroy(&b);
error:
	igraph_destroy(&gstar);
	return res;
}
예제 #4
0
/**
 * \ingroup structural
 * \function igraph_similarity_jaccard_pairs
 * \brief Jaccard similarity coefficient for given vertex pairs.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * The Jaccard similarity coefficient of two vertices is the number of common
 * neighbors divided by the number of vertices that are neighbors of at
 * least one of the two vertices being considered. This function calculates
 * the pairwise Jaccard similarities for a list of vertex pairs.
 *
 * \param graph The graph object to analyze
 * \param res Pointer to a vector, the result of the calculation will
 *        be stored here. The number of elements is the same as the number
 *        of pairs in \p pairs.
 * \param pairs A vector that contains the pairs for which the similarity
 *        will be calculated. Each pair is defined by two consecutive elements,
 *        i.e. the first and second element of the vector specifies the first
 *        pair, the third and fourth element specifies the second pair and so on.
 * \param mode The type of neighbors to be used for the calculation in
 *        directed graphs. Possible values:
 *        \clist
 *        \cli IGRAPH_OUT
 *          the outgoing edges will be considered for each node.
 *        \cli IGRAPH_IN
 *          the incoming edges will be considered for each node.
 *        \cli IGRAPH_ALL
 *          the directed graph is considered as an undirected one for the
 *          computation.
 *        \endclist
 * \param loops Whether to include the vertices themselves in the neighbor
 *        sets.
 * \return Error code:
 *        \clist
 *        \cli IGRAPH_ENOMEM
 *           not enough memory for temporary data.
 *        \cli IGRAPH_EINVVID
 *           invalid vertex id passed.
 *        \cli IGRAPH_EINVMODE
 *           invalid mode argument.
 *        \endclist
 * 
 * Time complexity: O(nd), n is the number of pairs in the given vector, d is
 * the (maximum) degree of the vertices in the graph.
 *
 * \sa \ref igraph_similarity_jaccard() to calculate the Jaccard similarity
 *   between all pairs of a vertex set, or \ref igraph_similarity_dice() and
 *   \ref igraph_similarity_dice_pairs() for a measure very similar to the
 *   Jaccard coefficient
 * 
 * \example examples/simple/igraph_similarity.c
 */
int igraph_similarity_jaccard_pairs(const igraph_t *graph, igraph_vector_t *res,
	const igraph_vector_t *pairs, igraph_neimode_t mode, igraph_bool_t loops) {
  igraph_lazy_adjlist_t al;
  long int i, j, k, u, v;
  long int len_union, len_intersection;
  igraph_vector_t *v1, *v2;
  igraph_bool_t *seen;

  k = igraph_vector_size(pairs);
  if (k % 2 != 0)
    IGRAPH_ERROR("number of elements in `pairs' must be even", IGRAPH_EINVAL);
  IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_resize(res, k/2));

  IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_lazy_adjlist_init(graph, &al, mode, IGRAPH_SIMPLIFY));
  IGRAPH_FINALLY(igraph_lazy_adjlist_destroy, &al);

  if (loops) {
    /* Add the loop edges */
    i = igraph_vcount(graph);
    seen = igraph_Calloc(i, igraph_bool_t);
    if (seen == 0)
      IGRAPH_ERROR("cannot calculate Jaccard similarity", IGRAPH_ENOMEM);
    IGRAPH_FINALLY(free, seen);

    for (i = 0; i < k; i++) {
      j = (long int) VECTOR(*pairs)[i];
      if (seen[j])
        continue;
      seen[j] = 1;
      v1=igraph_lazy_adjlist_get(&al, (igraph_integer_t) j);
      if (!igraph_vector_binsearch(v1, j, &u))
        igraph_vector_insert(v1, u, j);
    }

    free(seen);
    IGRAPH_FINALLY_CLEAN(1);
  }

  for (i = 0, j = 0; i < k; i += 2, j++) {
    u = (long int) VECTOR(*pairs)[i];
    v = (long int) VECTOR(*pairs)[i+1];

    if (u == v) {
      VECTOR(*res)[j] = 1.0;
      continue;
    }

    v1 = igraph_lazy_adjlist_get(&al, (igraph_integer_t) u);
    v2 = igraph_lazy_adjlist_get(&al, (igraph_integer_t) v);
    igraph_i_neisets_intersect(v1, v2, &len_union, &len_intersection);
    if (len_union > 0)
      VECTOR(*res)[j] = ((igraph_real_t)len_intersection) / len_union;
    else
      VECTOR(*res)[j] = 0.0;
  }

  igraph_lazy_adjlist_destroy(&al);
  IGRAPH_FINALLY_CLEAN(1);

  return 0;
}