void testTabulatedFunction() {
    ReferencePlatform platform;
    System system;
    system.addParticle(1.0);
    system.addParticle(1.0);
    VerletIntegrator integrator(0.01);
    CustomGBForce* force = new CustomGBForce();
    force->addComputedValue("a", "0", CustomGBForce::ParticlePair);
    force->addEnergyTerm("fn(r)+1", CustomGBForce::ParticlePair);
    force->addParticle(vector<double>());
    force->addParticle(vector<double>());
    vector<double> table;
    for (int i = 0; i < 21; i++)
        table.push_back(std::sin(0.25*i));
    force->addFunction("fn", table, 1.0, 6.0);
    system.addForce(force);
    Context context(system, integrator, platform);
    vector<Vec3> positions(2);
    positions[0] = Vec3(0, 0, 0);
    for (int i = 1; i < 30; i++) {
        double x = (7.0/30.0)*i;
        positions[1] = Vec3(x, 0, 0);
        context.setPositions(positions);
        State state = context.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);
        const vector<Vec3>& forces = state.getForces();
        double force = (x < 1.0 || x > 6.0 ? 0.0 : -std::cos(x-1.0));
        double energy = (x < 1.0 || x > 6.0 ? 0.0 : std::sin(x-1.0))+1.0;
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(Vec3(-force, 0, 0), forces[0], 0.1);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(Vec3(force, 0, 0), forces[1], 0.1);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(energy, state.getPotentialEnergy(), 0.02);
    }
}
void testMultipleChainRules() {
    ReferencePlatform platform;
    System system;
    system.addParticle(1.0);
    system.addParticle(1.0);
    VerletIntegrator integrator(0.01);
    CustomGBForce* force = new CustomGBForce();
    force->addComputedValue("a", "2*r", CustomGBForce::ParticlePair);
    force->addComputedValue("b", "a+1", CustomGBForce::SingleParticle);
    force->addComputedValue("c", "2*b+a", CustomGBForce::SingleParticle);
    force->addEnergyTerm("0.1*a+1*b+10*c", CustomGBForce::SingleParticle); // 0.1*(2*r) + 2*r+1 + 10*(3*a+2) = 0.2*r + 2*r+1 + 40*r+20+20*r = 62.2*r+21
    force->addParticle(vector<double>());
    force->addParticle(vector<double>());
    system.addForce(force);
    Context context(system, integrator, platform);
    vector<Vec3> positions(2);
    positions[0] = Vec3(0, 0, 0);
    for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
        positions[1] = Vec3(i, 0, 0);
        context.setPositions(positions);
        State state = context.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);
        const vector<Vec3>& forces = state.getForces();
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(Vec3(124.4, 0, 0), forces[0], 1e-4);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(Vec3(-124.4, 0, 0), forces[1], 1e-4);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(2*(62.2*i+21), state.getPotentialEnergy(), 0.02);
    }
}
예제 #3
0
void* CustomGBForceProxy::deserialize(const SerializationNode& node) const {
    int version = node.getIntProperty("version");
    if (version < 1 || version > 2)
        throw OpenMMException("Unsupported version number");
    CustomGBForce* force = NULL;
    try {
        CustomGBForce* force = new CustomGBForce();
        force->setForceGroup(node.getIntProperty("forceGroup", 0));
        force->setNonbondedMethod((CustomGBForce::NonbondedMethod) node.getIntProperty("method"));
        force->setCutoffDistance(node.getDoubleProperty("cutoff"));
        const SerializationNode& perParticleParams = node.getChildNode("PerParticleParameters");
        for (int i = 0; i < (int) perParticleParams.getChildren().size(); i++) {
            const SerializationNode& parameter = perParticleParams.getChildren()[i];
            force->addPerParticleParameter(parameter.getStringProperty("name"));
        }
        const SerializationNode& globalParams = node.getChildNode("GlobalParameters");
        for (int i = 0; i < (int) globalParams.getChildren().size(); i++) {
            const SerializationNode& parameter = globalParams.getChildren()[i];
            force->addGlobalParameter(parameter.getStringProperty("name"), parameter.getDoubleProperty("default"));
        }
        if (version > 1) {
            const SerializationNode& energyDerivs = node.getChildNode("EnergyParameterDerivatives");
            for (int i = 0; i < (int) energyDerivs.getChildren().size(); i++) {
                const SerializationNode& parameter = energyDerivs.getChildren()[i];
                force->addEnergyParameterDerivative(parameter.getStringProperty("name"));
            }
        }
        const SerializationNode& computedValues = node.getChildNode("ComputedValues");
        for (int i = 0; i < (int) computedValues.getChildren().size(); i++) {
            const SerializationNode& value = computedValues.getChildren()[i];
            force->addComputedValue(value.getStringProperty("name"), value.getStringProperty("expression"), (CustomGBForce::ComputationType) value.getIntProperty("type"));
        }
        const SerializationNode& energyTerms = node.getChildNode("EnergyTerms");
        for (int i = 0; i < (int) energyTerms.getChildren().size(); i++) {
            const SerializationNode& term = energyTerms.getChildren()[i];
            force->addEnergyTerm(term.getStringProperty("expression"), (CustomGBForce::ComputationType) term.getIntProperty("type"));
        }
        const SerializationNode& particles = node.getChildNode("Particles");
        vector<double> params(force->getNumPerParticleParameters());
        for (int i = 0; i < (int) particles.getChildren().size(); i++) {
            const SerializationNode& particle = particles.getChildren()[i];
            for (int j = 0; j < (int) params.size(); j++) {
                stringstream key;
                key << "param";
                key << j+1;
                params[j] = particle.getDoubleProperty(key.str());
            }
            force->addParticle(params);
        }
        const SerializationNode& exclusions = node.getChildNode("Exclusions");
        for (int i = 0; i < (int) exclusions.getChildren().size(); i++) {
            const SerializationNode& exclusion = exclusions.getChildren()[i];
            force->addExclusion(exclusion.getIntProperty("p1"), exclusion.getIntProperty("p2"));
        }
        const SerializationNode& functions = node.getChildNode("Functions");
        for (int i = 0; i < (int) functions.getChildren().size(); i++) {
            const SerializationNode& function = functions.getChildren()[i];
            if (function.hasProperty("type")) {
                force->addTabulatedFunction(function.getStringProperty("name"), function.decodeObject<TabulatedFunction>());
            }
            else {
                // This is an old file created before TabulatedFunction existed.
                
                const SerializationNode& valuesNode = function.getChildNode("Values");
                vector<double> values;
                for (int j = 0; j < (int) valuesNode.getChildren().size(); j++)
                    values.push_back(valuesNode.getChildren()[j].getDoubleProperty("v"));
                force->addTabulatedFunction(function.getStringProperty("name"), new Continuous1DFunction(values, function.getDoubleProperty("min"), function.getDoubleProperty("max")));
            }
        }
        return force;
    }
    catch (...) {
        if (force != NULL)
            delete force;
        throw;
    }
}
void testGBVI(GBVIForce::NonbondedMethod gbviMethod, CustomGBForce::NonbondedMethod customGbviMethod, std::string molecule) {

    const int numMolecules = 1;
    const double boxSize   = 10.0;
    ReferencePlatform platform;

    GBVIForce*        gbvi = new GBVIForce();
    std::vector<Vec3> positions;

    // select molecule

    if( molecule == "Monomer" ){
        buildMonomer( gbvi, positions );
    } else if( molecule == "Dimer" ){
        buildDimer( gbvi, positions );
    } else {
        buildEthane( gbvi, positions );
    }

    int numParticles = gbvi->getNumParticles();
    System standardSystem;
    System customGbviSystem;
    for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++) {
        standardSystem.addParticle(1.0);
        customGbviSystem.addParticle(1.0);
    }
    standardSystem.setDefaultPeriodicBoxVectors(Vec3(boxSize, 0.0, 0.0), Vec3(0.0, boxSize, 0.0), Vec3(0.0, 0.0, boxSize));
    customGbviSystem.setDefaultPeriodicBoxVectors(Vec3(boxSize, 0.0, 0.0), Vec3(0.0, boxSize, 0.0), Vec3(0.0, 0.0, boxSize));
    gbvi->setCutoffDistance(2.0);

    // create customGbviForce GBVI force

    CustomGBForce* customGbviForce  = createCustomGBVI( gbvi->getSolventDielectric(), gbvi->getSoluteDielectric() );
    customGbviForce->setCutoffDistance(2.0);

    // load parameters from gbvi to customGbviForce

    loadGbviParameters( gbvi, customGbviForce );

    OpenMM_SFMT::SFMT sfmt;
    init_gen_rand(0, sfmt);

    vector<Vec3> velocities(numParticles);
    for (int ii = 0; ii < numParticles; ii++) {
        velocities[ii] = Vec3(genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt));
    }
    gbvi->setNonbondedMethod(gbviMethod);
    customGbviForce->setNonbondedMethod(customGbviMethod);

    standardSystem.addForce(gbvi);
    customGbviSystem.addForce(customGbviForce);

    VerletIntegrator integrator1(0.01);
    VerletIntegrator integrator2(0.01);

    Context context1(standardSystem, integrator1, platform);
    context1.setPositions(positions);
    context1.setVelocities(velocities);
    State state1 = context1.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);

    Context context2(customGbviSystem, integrator2, platform);
    context2.setPositions(positions);
    context2.setVelocities(velocities);
    State state2 = context2.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);

    ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(state1.getPotentialEnergy(), state2.getPotentialEnergy(), 1e-4);

    for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++) {
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(state1.getForces()[i], state2.getForces()[i], 1e-4);
    }
}
void testOBC(GBSAOBCForce::NonbondedMethod obcMethod, CustomGBForce::NonbondedMethod customMethod) {
    const int numMolecules = 70;
    const int numParticles = numMolecules*2;
    const double boxSize = 10.0;
    const double cutoff = 2.0;
    ReferencePlatform platform;

    // Create two systems: one with a GBSAOBCForce, and one using a CustomGBForce to implement the same interaction.

    System standardSystem;
    System customSystem;
    for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++) {
        standardSystem.addParticle(1.0);
        customSystem.addParticle(1.0);
    }
    standardSystem.setDefaultPeriodicBoxVectors(Vec3(boxSize, 0.0, 0.0), Vec3(0.0, boxSize, 0.0), Vec3(0.0, 0.0, boxSize));
    customSystem.setDefaultPeriodicBoxVectors(Vec3(boxSize, 0.0, 0.0), Vec3(0.0, boxSize, 0.0), Vec3(0.0, 0.0, boxSize));
    GBSAOBCForce* obc = new GBSAOBCForce();
    CustomGBForce* custom = new CustomGBForce();
    obc->setCutoffDistance(cutoff);
    custom->setCutoffDistance(cutoff);
    custom->addPerParticleParameter("q");
    custom->addPerParticleParameter("radius");
    custom->addPerParticleParameter("scale");
    custom->addGlobalParameter("solventDielectric", obc->getSolventDielectric());
    custom->addGlobalParameter("soluteDielectric", obc->getSoluteDielectric());
    custom->addComputedValue("I", "step(r+sr2-or1)*0.5*(1/L-1/U+0.25*(1/U^2-1/L^2)*(r-sr2*sr2/r)+0.5*log(L/U)/r+C);"
                                  "U=r+sr2;"
                                  "C=2*(1/or1-1/L)*step(sr2-r-or1);"
                                  "L=max(or1, D);"
                                  "D=abs(r-sr2);"
                                  "sr2 = scale2*or2;"
                                  "or1 = radius1-0.009; or2 = radius2-0.009", CustomGBForce::ParticlePairNoExclusions);
    custom->addComputedValue("B", "1/(1/or-tanh(1*psi-0.8*psi^2+4.85*psi^3)/radius);"
                                  "psi=I*or; or=radius-0.009", CustomGBForce::SingleParticle);
    custom->addEnergyTerm("28.3919551*(radius+0.14)^2*(radius/B)^6-0.5*138.935485*(1/soluteDielectric-1/solventDielectric)*q^2/B", CustomGBForce::SingleParticle);
    string invCutoffString = "";
    if (obcMethod != GBSAOBCForce::NoCutoff) {
        stringstream s;
        s<<(1.0/cutoff);
        invCutoffString = s.str();
    }
    custom->addEnergyTerm("138.935485*(1/soluteDielectric-1/solventDielectric)*q1*q2*("+invCutoffString+"-1/f);"
                          "f=sqrt(r^2+B1*B2*exp(-r^2/(4*B1*B2)))", CustomGBForce::ParticlePairNoExclusions);
    vector<Vec3> positions(numParticles);
    vector<Vec3> velocities(numParticles);
    OpenMM_SFMT::SFMT sfmt;
    init_gen_rand(0, sfmt);

    vector<double> params(3);
    for (int i = 0; i < numMolecules; i++) {
        if (i < numMolecules/2) {
            obc->addParticle(1.0, 0.2, 0.5);
            params[0] = 1.0;
            params[1] = 0.2;
            params[2] = 0.5;
            custom->addParticle(params);
            obc->addParticle(-1.0, 0.1, 0.5);
            params[0] = -1.0;
            params[1] = 0.1;
            custom->addParticle(params);
        }
        else {
            obc->addParticle(1.0, 0.2, 0.8);
            params[0] = 1.0;
            params[1] = 0.2;
            params[2] = 0.8;
            custom->addParticle(params);
            obc->addParticle(-1.0, 0.1, 0.8);
            params[0] = -1.0;
            params[1] = 0.1;
            custom->addParticle(params);
        }
        positions[2*i] = Vec3(boxSize*genrand_real2(sfmt), boxSize*genrand_real2(sfmt), boxSize*genrand_real2(sfmt));
        positions[2*i+1] = Vec3(positions[2*i][0]+1.0, positions[2*i][1], positions[2*i][2]);
        velocities[2*i] = Vec3(genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt));
        velocities[2*i+1] = Vec3(genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt));
    }
    obc->setNonbondedMethod(obcMethod);
    custom->setNonbondedMethod(customMethod);
    standardSystem.addForce(obc);
    customSystem.addForce(custom);
    VerletIntegrator integrator1(0.01);
    VerletIntegrator integrator2(0.01);
    Context context1(standardSystem, integrator1, platform);
    context1.setPositions(positions);
    context1.setVelocities(velocities);
    State state1 = context1.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);
    Context context2(customSystem, integrator2, platform);
    context2.setPositions(positions);
    context2.setVelocities(velocities);
    State state2 = context2.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);
    ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(state1.getPotentialEnergy(), state2.getPotentialEnergy(), 1e-4);
    for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++) {
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(state1.getForces()[i], state2.getForces()[i], 1e-4);
    }
    
    // Try changing the particle parameters and make sure it's still correct.
    
    for (int i = 0; i < numMolecules/2; i++) {
        obc->setParticleParameters(2*i, 1.1, 0.3, 0.6);
        params[0] = 1.1;
        params[1] = 0.3;
        params[2] = 0.6;
        custom->setParticleParameters(2*i, params);
        obc->setParticleParameters(2*i+1, -1.1, 0.2, 0.4);
        params[0] = -1.1;
        params[1] = 0.2;
        params[2] = 0.4;
        custom->setParticleParameters(2*i+1, params);
    }
    obc->updateParametersInContext(context1);
    custom->updateParametersInContext(context2);
    state1 = context1.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);
    state2 = context2.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);
    ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(state1.getPotentialEnergy(), state2.getPotentialEnergy(), 1e-4);
    for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++) {
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(state1.getForces()[i], state2.getForces()[i], 1e-4);
    }
}
static CustomGBForce* createCustomGBVI( double solventDielectric, double soluteDielectric ) {

    CustomGBForce* customGbviForce  = new CustomGBForce();

    customGbviForce->setCutoffDistance(2.0);

    customGbviForce->addPerParticleParameter("q");
    customGbviForce->addPerParticleParameter("radius");
    customGbviForce->addPerParticleParameter("scaleFactor"); // derived in GBVIForce implmentation, but parameter here
    customGbviForce->addPerParticleParameter("gamma");

    customGbviForce->addGlobalParameter("solventDielectric", solventDielectric);
    customGbviForce->addGlobalParameter("soluteDielectric", soluteDielectric);

    customGbviForce->addComputedValue("V", "                uL - lL + factor3/(radius1*radius1*radius1);"
                                      "uL                   = 1.5*x2uI*(0.25*rI-0.33333*xuI+0.125*(r2-S2)*rI*x2uI);"
                                      "lL                   = 1.5*x2lI*(0.25*rI-0.33333*xlI+0.125*(r2-S2)*rI*x2lI);"
                                      "x2lI                 = 1.0/(xl*xl);"
                                      "xlI                  = 1.0/(xl);"
                                      "xuI                  = 1.0/(xu);"
                                      "x2uI                 = 1.0/(xu*xu);"
                                      "xu                   = (r+scaleFactor2);"
                                      "rI                   = 1.0/(r);"
                                      "r2                   = (r*r);"
                                      "xl                   = factor1*lMax + factor2*xuu + factor3*(r-scaleFactor2);"
                                      "xuu                  = (r+scaleFactor2);"
                                      "S2                   = (scaleFactor2*scaleFactor2);"
                                      "factor1              = step(r-absRadiusScaleDiff);"
                                      "absRadiusScaleDiff   = abs(radiusScaleDiff);"
                                      "radiusScaleDiff      = (radius1-scaleFactor2);"
                                      "factor2              = step(radius1-scaleFactor2-r);"
                                      "factor3              = step(scaleFactor2-radius1-r);"
                                      "lMax                 = max(radius1,r-scaleFactor2);"
                                      , CustomGBForce::ParticlePairNoExclusions);

    customGbviForce->addComputedValue("B", "(1.0/(radius*radius*radius)-V)^(-0.33333333)", CustomGBForce::SingleParticle);

    // nonpolar term + polar self energy

    customGbviForce->addEnergyTerm("(-138.935485*0.5*((1.0/soluteDielectric)-(1.0/solventDielectric))*q^2/B)-((1.0/soluteDielectric)-(1.0/solventDielectric))*((gamma*(radius/B)^3))", CustomGBForce::SingleParticle);

    // polar pair energy

    customGbviForce->addEnergyTerm("-138.935485*(1/soluteDielectric-1/solventDielectric)*q1*q2/f;"
                                   "f=sqrt(r^2+B1*B2*exp(-r^2/(4*B1*B2)))", CustomGBForce::ParticlePairNoExclusions);

    return customGbviForce;
}
void testExclusions() {
    ReferencePlatform platform;
    for (int i = 3; i < 4; i++) {
        System system;
        system.addParticle(1.0);
        system.addParticle(1.0);
        VerletIntegrator integrator(0.01);
        CustomGBForce* force = new CustomGBForce();
        force->addComputedValue("a", "r", i < 2 ? CustomGBForce::ParticlePair : CustomGBForce::ParticlePairNoExclusions);
        force->addEnergyTerm("a", CustomGBForce::SingleParticle);
        force->addEnergyTerm("(1+a1+a2)*r", i%2 == 0 ? CustomGBForce::ParticlePair : CustomGBForce::ParticlePairNoExclusions);
        force->addParticle(vector<double>());
        force->addParticle(vector<double>());
        force->addExclusion(0, 1);
        system.addForce(force);
        Context context(system, integrator, platform);
        vector<Vec3> positions(2);
        positions[0] = Vec3(0, 0, 0);
        positions[1] = Vec3(1, 0, 0);
        context.setPositions(positions);
        State state = context.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);
        const vector<Vec3>& forces = state.getForces();
        double f, energy;
        switch (i)
        {
            case 0: // e = 0
                f = 0;
                energy = 0;
                break;
            case 1: // e = r
                f = 1;
                energy = 1;
                break;
            case 2: // e = 2r
                f = 2;
                energy = 2;
                break;
            case 3: // e = 3r + 2r^2
                f = 7;
                energy = 5;
                break;
            default:
                ASSERT(false);
        }
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(Vec3(f, 0, 0), forces[0], 1e-4);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(Vec3(-f, 0, 0), forces[1], 1e-4);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(energy, state.getPotentialEnergy(), 1e-4);

        // Take a small step in the direction of the energy gradient and see whether the potential energy changes by the expected amount.

        double norm = 0.0;
        for (int i = 0; i < (int) forces.size(); ++i)
            norm += forces[i].dot(forces[i]);
        norm = std::sqrt(norm);
        const double stepSize = 1e-3;
        double step = stepSize/norm;
        for (int i = 0; i < (int) positions.size(); ++i) {
            Vec3 p = positions[i];
            Vec3 f = forces[i];
            positions[i] = Vec3(p[0]-f[0]*step, p[1]-f[1]*step, p[2]-f[2]*step);
        }
        context.setPositions(positions);
        State state2 = context.getState(State::Energy);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(norm, (state2.getPotentialEnergy()-state.getPotentialEnergy())/stepSize, 1e-3*abs(state.getPotentialEnergy()));
    }
}
void testPositionDependence() {
    ReferencePlatform platform;
    System system;
    system.addParticle(1.0);
    system.addParticle(1.0);
    VerletIntegrator integrator(0.01);
    CustomGBForce* force = new CustomGBForce();
    force->addComputedValue("a", "r", CustomGBForce::ParticlePair);
    force->addComputedValue("b", "a+x*y", CustomGBForce::SingleParticle);
    force->addEnergyTerm("b*z", CustomGBForce::SingleParticle);
    force->addEnergyTerm("b1+b2", CustomGBForce::ParticlePair); // = 2*r+x1*y1+x2*y2
    force->addParticle(vector<double>());
    force->addParticle(vector<double>());
    system.addForce(force);
    Context context(system, integrator, platform);
    vector<Vec3> positions(2);
    vector<Vec3> forces(2);
    OpenMM_SFMT::SFMT sfmt;
    init_gen_rand(0, sfmt);

    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        positions[0] = Vec3(genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt));
        positions[1] = Vec3(genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt));
        context.setPositions(positions);
        State state = context.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);
        const vector<Vec3>& forces = state.getForces();
        Vec3 delta = positions[0]-positions[1];
        double r = sqrt(delta.dot(delta));
        double energy = 2*r+positions[0][0]*positions[0][1]+positions[1][0]*positions[1][1];
        for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++)
            energy += positions[j][2]*(r+positions[j][0]*positions[j][1]);
        Vec3 force1(-(1+positions[0][2])*delta[0]/r-(1+positions[0][2])*positions[0][1]-(1+positions[1][2])*delta[0]/r,
                    -(1+positions[0][2])*delta[1]/r-(1+positions[0][2])*positions[0][0]-(1+positions[1][2])*delta[1]/r,
                    -(1+positions[0][2])*delta[2]/r-(r+positions[0][0]*positions[0][1])-(1+positions[1][2])*delta[2]/r);
        Vec3 force2((1+positions[0][2])*delta[0]/r+(1+positions[1][2])*delta[0]/r-(1+positions[1][2])*positions[1][1],
                    (1+positions[0][2])*delta[1]/r+(1+positions[1][2])*delta[1]/r-(1+positions[1][2])*positions[1][0],
                    (1+positions[0][2])*delta[2]/r+(1+positions[1][2])*delta[2]/r-(r+positions[1][0]*positions[1][1]));
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(force1, forces[0], 1e-4);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(force2, forces[1], 1e-4);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(energy, state.getPotentialEnergy(), 0.02);

        // Take a small step in the direction of the energy gradient and see whether the potential energy changes by the expected amount.

        double norm = 0.0;
        for (int i = 0; i < (int) forces.size(); ++i)
            norm += forces[i].dot(forces[i]);
        norm = std::sqrt(norm);
        const double stepSize = 1e-3;
        double step = 0.5*stepSize/norm;
        vector<Vec3> positions2(2), positions3(2);
        for (int i = 0; i < (int) positions.size(); ++i) {
            Vec3 p = positions[i];
            Vec3 f = forces[i];
            positions2[i] = Vec3(p[0]-f[0]*step, p[1]-f[1]*step, p[2]-f[2]*step);
            positions3[i] = Vec3(p[0]+f[0]*step, p[1]+f[1]*step, p[2]+f[2]*step);
        }
        context.setPositions(positions2);
        State state2 = context.getState(State::Energy);
        context.setPositions(positions3);
        State state3 = context.getState(State::Energy);
        ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(norm, (state2.getPotentialEnergy()-state3.getPotentialEnergy())/stepSize, 1e-3);
    }
}
void testMembrane() {
    const int numMolecules = 70;
    const int numParticles = numMolecules*2;
    const double boxSize = 10.0;
    ReferencePlatform platform;

    // Create a system with an implicit membrane.

    System system;
    for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++) {
        system.addParticle(1.0);
    }
    system.setDefaultPeriodicBoxVectors(Vec3(boxSize, 0.0, 0.0), Vec3(0.0, boxSize, 0.0), Vec3(0.0, 0.0, boxSize));
    CustomGBForce* custom = new CustomGBForce();
    custom->setCutoffDistance(2.0);
    custom->addPerParticleParameter("q");
    custom->addPerParticleParameter("radius");
    custom->addPerParticleParameter("scale");
    custom->addGlobalParameter("thickness", 3);
    custom->addGlobalParameter("solventDielectric", 78.3);
    custom->addGlobalParameter("soluteDielectric", 1);
    custom->addComputedValue("Imol", "step(r+sr2-or1)*0.5*(1/L-1/U+0.25*(1/U^2-1/L^2)*(r-sr2*sr2/r)+0.5*log(L/U)/r+C);"
                             "U=r+sr2;"
                             "C=2*(1/or1-1/L)*step(sr2-r-or1);"
                             "L=max(or1, D);"
                             "D=abs(r-sr2);"
                             "sr2 = scale2*or2;"
                             "or1 = radius1-0.009; or2 = radius2-0.009", CustomGBForce::ParticlePairNoExclusions);
    custom->addComputedValue("Imem", "(1/radius+2*log(2)/thickness)/(1+exp(7.2*(abs(z)+radius-0.5*thickness)))", CustomGBForce::SingleParticle);
    custom->addComputedValue("B", "1/(1/or-tanh(1*psi-0.8*psi^2+4.85*psi^3)/radius);"
                             "psi=max(Imol,Imem)*or; or=radius-0.009", CustomGBForce::SingleParticle);
    custom->addEnergyTerm("28.3919551*(radius+0.14)^2*(radius/B)^6-0.5*138.935456*(1/soluteDielectric-1/solventDielectric)*q^2/B", CustomGBForce::SingleParticle);
    custom->addEnergyTerm("-138.935456*(1/soluteDielectric-1/solventDielectric)*q1*q2/f;"
                          "f=sqrt(r^2+B1*B2*exp(-r^2/(4*B1*B2)))", CustomGBForce::ParticlePairNoExclusions);
    vector<Vec3> positions(numParticles);
    vector<Vec3> velocities(numParticles);
    OpenMM_SFMT::SFMT sfmt;
    init_gen_rand(0, sfmt);
    vector<double> params(3);
    for (int i = 0; i < numMolecules; i++) {
        if (i < numMolecules/2) {
            params[0] = 1.0;
            params[1] = 0.2;
            params[2] = 0.5;
            custom->addParticle(params);
            params[0] = -1.0;
            params[1] = 0.1;
            custom->addParticle(params);
        }
        else {
            params[0] = 1.0;
            params[1] = 0.2;
            params[2] = 0.8;
            custom->addParticle(params);
            params[0] = -1.0;
            params[1] = 0.1;
            custom->addParticle(params);
        }
        positions[2*i] = Vec3(boxSize*genrand_real2(sfmt), boxSize*genrand_real2(sfmt), boxSize*genrand_real2(sfmt));
        positions[2*i+1] = Vec3(positions[2*i][0]+1.0, positions[2*i][1], positions[2*i][2]);
        velocities[2*i] = Vec3(genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt));
        velocities[2*i+1] = Vec3(genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt));
    }
    system.addForce(custom);
    VerletIntegrator integrator(0.01);
    Context context(system, integrator, platform);
    context.setPositions(positions);
    context.setVelocities(velocities);
    State state = context.getState(State::Forces | State::Energy);
    const vector<Vec3>& forces = state.getForces();

    // Take a small step in the direction of the energy gradient and see whether the potential energy changes by the expected amount.

    double norm = 0.0;
    for (int i = 0; i < (int) forces.size(); ++i)
        norm += forces[i].dot(forces[i]);
    norm = std::sqrt(norm);
    const double stepSize = 1e-3;
    double step = 0.5*stepSize/norm;
    vector<Vec3> positions2(numParticles), positions3(numParticles);
    for (int i = 0; i < (int) positions.size(); ++i) {
        Vec3 p = positions[i];
        Vec3 f = forces[i];
        positions2[i] = Vec3(p[0]-f[0]*step, p[1]-f[1]*step, p[2]-f[2]*step);
        positions3[i] = Vec3(p[0]+f[0]*step, p[1]+f[1]*step, p[2]+f[2]*step);
    }
    context.setPositions(positions2);
    State state2 = context.getState(State::Energy);
    context.setPositions(positions3);
    State state3 = context.getState(State::Energy);
    ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(norm, (state2.getPotentialEnergy()-state3.getPotentialEnergy())/stepSize, 1e-3);
}