/**
* \author Creighton, T. D.
*
* \brief Computes a continuous waveform with frequency drift and Doppler
* modulation from a parabolic orbital trajectory.
*
* This function computes a quaiperiodic waveform using the spindown and
* orbital parameters in <tt>*params</tt>, storing the result in
* <tt>*output</tt>.
*
* In the <tt>*params</tt> structure, the routine uses all the "input"
* fields specified in \ref GenerateSpinOrbitCW_h, and sets all of the
* "output" fields. If <tt>params-\>f</tt>=\c NULL, no spindown
* modulation is performed. If <tt>params-\>oneMinusEcc</tt>\f$\neq0\f$, or if
* <tt>params-\>rPeriNorm</tt>\f$\times\f$<tt>params-\>angularSpeed</tt>\f$\geq1\f$
* (faster-than-light speed at periapsis), an error is returned.
*
* In the <tt>*output</tt> structure, the field <tt>output-\>h</tt> is
* ignored, but all other pointer fields must be set to \c NULL. The
* function will create and allocate space for <tt>output-\>a</tt>,
* <tt>output-\>f</tt>, and <tt>output-\>phi</tt> as necessary. The
* <tt>output-\>shift</tt> field will remain set to \c NULL.
*
* ### Algorithm ###
*
* For parabolic orbits, we combine \eqref{eq_spinorbit-tr},
* \eqref{eq_spinorbit-t}, and \eqref{eq_spinorbit-upsilon} to get \f$t_r\f$
* directly as a function of \f$E\f$:
* \f{equation}{
* \label{eq_cubic-e}
* t_r = t_p + \frac{r_p\sin i}{c} \left[ \cos\omega +
* \left(\frac{1}{v_p} + \cos\omega\right)E -
* \frac{\sin\omega}{4}E^2 + \frac{1}{12v_p}E^3\right] \;,
* \f}
* where \f$v_p=r_p\dot{\upsilon}_p\sin i/c\f$ is a normalized velocity at
* periapsis. Following the prescription for the general analytic
* solution to the real cubic equation, we substitute
* \f$E=x+3v_p\sin\omega\f$ to obtain:
* \f{equation}{
* \label{eq_cubic-x}
* x^3 + px = q \;,
* \f}
* where:
* \f{eqnarray}{
* \label{eq_cubic-p}
* p & = & 12 + 12v_p\cos\omega - 3v_p^2\sin^2\omega \;, \\
* \label{eq_cubic-q}
* q & = & 12v_p^2\sin\omega\cos\omega - 24v_p\sin\omega +
* 2v_p^3\sin^3\omega + 12\dot{\upsilon}_p(t_r-t_p) \;.
* \f}
* We note that \f$p>0\f$ is guaranteed as long as \f$v_p<1\f$, so the right-hand
* side of \eqref{eq_cubic-x} is monotonic in \f$x\f$ and has exactly one
* root. However, \f$p\rightarrow0\f$ in the limit \f$v_p\rightarrow1\f$ and
* \f$\omega=\pi\f$. This may cause some loss of precision in subsequent
* calculations. But \f$v_p\sim1\f$ means that our solution will be
* inaccurate anyway because we ignore significant relativistic effects.
*
* Since \f$p>0\f$, we can substitute \f$x=y\sqrt{3/4p}\f$ to obtain:
* \f{equation}{
* 4y^3 + 3y = \frac{q}{2}\left(\frac{3}{p}\right)^{3/2} \equiv C \;.
* \f}
* Using the triple-angle hyperbolic identity
* \f$\sinh(3\theta)=4\sinh^3\theta+3\sinh\theta\f$, we have
* \f$y=\sinh\left(\frac{1}{3}\sinh^{-1}C\right)\f$. The solution to the
* original cubic equation is then:
* \f{equation}{
* E = 3v_p\sin\omega + 2\sqrt{\frac{p}{3}}
* \sinh\left(\frac{1}{3}\sinh^{-1}C\right) \;.
* \f}
* To ease the calculation of \f$E\f$, we precompute the constant part
* \f$E_0=3v_p\sin\omega\f$ and the coefficient \f$\Delta E=2\sqrt{p/3}\f$.
* Similarly for \f$C\f$, we precompute a constant piece \f$C_0\f$ evaluated at
* the epoch of the output time series, and a stepsize coefficient
* \f$\Delta C=6(p/3)^{3/2}\dot{\upsilon}_p\Delta t\f$, where \f$\Delta t\f$ is
* the step size in the (output) time series in \f$t_r\f$. Thus at any
* timestep \f$i\f$, we obtain \f$C\f$ and hence \f$E\f$ via:
* \f{eqnarray}{
* C & = & C_0 + i\Delta C \;,\\
* E & = & E_0 + \Delta E\times\left\{\begin{array}{l@{\qquad}c}
* \sinh\left[\frac{1}{3}\ln\left(
* C + \sqrt{C^2+1} \right) \right]\;, & C\geq0 \;,\\ \\
* \sinh\left[-\frac{1}{3}\ln\left(
* -C + \sqrt{C^2+1} \right) \right]\;, & C\leq0 \;,\\
* \end{array}\right.
* \f}
* where we have explicitly written \f$\sinh^{-1}\f$ in terms of functions in
* \c math.h. Once \f$E\f$ is found, we can compute
* \f$t=E(12+E^2)/(12\dot{\upsilon}_p)\f$ (where again \f$1/12\dot{\upsilon}_p\f$
* can be precomputed), and hence \f$f\f$ and \f$\phi\f$ via
* \eqref{eq_taylorcw-freq} and \eqref{eq_taylorcw-phi}. The
* frequency \f$f\f$ must then be divided by the Doppler factor:
* \f[
* 1 + \frac{\dot{R}}{c} = 1 + \frac{v_p}{4+E^2}\left(
* 4\cos\omega - 2E\sin\omega \right)
* \f]
* (where once again \f$4\cos\omega\f$ and \f$2\sin\omega\f$ can be precomputed).
*
* This routine does not account for relativistic timing variations, and
* issues warnings or errors based on the criterea of
* \eqref{eq_relativistic-orbit} in GenerateEllipticSpinOrbitCW().
* The routine will also warn if
* it seems likely that \c REAL8 precision may not be sufficient to
* track the orbit accurately. We estimate that numerical errors could
* cause the number of computed wave cycles to vary by
* \f[
* \Delta N \lesssim f_0 T\epsilon\left[
* \sim6+\ln\left(|C|+\sqrt{|C|^2+1}\right)\right] \;,
* \f]
* where \f$|C|\f$ is the maximum magnitude of the variable \f$C\f$ over the
* course of the computation, \f$f_0T\f$ is the approximate total number of
* wave cycles over the computation, and \f$\epsilon\approx2\times10^{-16}\f$
* is the fractional precision of \c REAL8 arithmetic. If this
* estimate exceeds 0.01 cycles, a warning is issued.
*/
void
LALGenerateParabolicSpinOrbitCW( LALStatus *stat,
PulsarCoherentGW *output,
SpinOrbitCWParamStruc *params )
{
UINT4 n, i; /* number of and index over samples */
UINT4 nSpin = 0, j; /* number of and index over spindown terms */
REAL8 t, dt, tPow; /* time, interval, and t raised to a power */
REAL8 phi0, f0, twopif0; /* initial phase, frequency, and 2*pi*f0 */
REAL8 f, fPrev; /* current and previous values of frequency */
REAL4 df = 0.0; /* maximum difference between f and fPrev */
REAL8 phi; /* current value of phase */
REAL8 vp; /* projected speed at periapsis */
REAL8 argument; /* argument of periapsis */
REAL8 fourCosOmega; /* four times the cosine of argument */
REAL8 twoSinOmega; /* two times the sine of argument */
REAL8 vpCosOmega; /* vp times cosine of argument */
REAL8 vpSinOmega; /* vp times sine of argument */
REAL8 vpSinOmega2; /* vpSinOmega squared */
REAL8 vDot6; /* 6 times angular speed at periapsis */
REAL8 oneBy12vDot; /* one over (12 times angular speed) */
REAL8 pBy3; /* constant sqrt(p/3) in cubic equation */
REAL8 p32; /* constant (p/3)^1.5 in cubic equation */
REAL8 c, c0, dc; /* C variable, offset, and step increment */
REAL8 e, e2, e0; /* E variable, E^2, and constant piece of E */
REAL8 de; /* coefficient of sinh() piece of E */
REAL8 tpOff; /* orbit epoch - time series epoch (s) */
REAL8 spinOff; /* spin epoch - orbit epoch (s) */
REAL8 *fSpin = NULL; /* pointer to Taylor coefficients */
REAL4 *fData; /* pointer to frequency data */
REAL8 *phiData; /* pointer to phase data */
INITSTATUS(stat);
ATTATCHSTATUSPTR( stat );
/* Make sure parameter and output structures exist. */
ASSERT( params, stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_ENUL,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGENUL );
ASSERT( output, stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_ENUL,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGENUL );
/* Make sure output fields don't exist. */
ASSERT( !( output->a ), stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EOUT,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEOUT );
ASSERT( !( output->f ), stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EOUT,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEOUT );
ASSERT( !( output->phi ), stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EOUT,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEOUT );
ASSERT( !( output->shift ), stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EOUT,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEOUT );
/* If Taylor coeficients are specified, make sure they exist. */
if ( params->f ) {
ASSERT( params->f->data, stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_ENUL,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGENUL );
nSpin = params->f->length;
fSpin = params->f->data;
}
/* Set up some constants (to avoid repeated calculation or
dereferencing), and make sure they have acceptable values. */
vp = params->rPeriNorm*params->angularSpeed;
vDot6 = 6.0*params->angularSpeed;
n = params->length;
dt = params->deltaT;
f0 = fPrev = params->f0;
if ( params->oneMinusEcc != 0.0 ) {
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EECC,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEECC );
}
if ( vp >= 1.0 ) {
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EFTL,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEFTL );
}
if ( vp <= 0.0 || dt <= 0.0 || f0 <= 0.0 || vDot6 <= 0.0 ||
n == 0 ) {
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_ESGN,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGESGN );
}
#ifndef NDEBUG
if ( lalDebugLevel & LALWARNING ) {
if ( f0*n*dt*vp*vp > 0.5 )
LALWarning( stat, "Orbit may have significant relativistic"
" effects that are not included" );
}
#endif
/* Compute offset between time series epoch and periapsis, and
betweem periapsis and spindown reference epoch. */
tpOff = (REAL8)( params->orbitEpoch.gpsSeconds -
params->epoch.gpsSeconds );
tpOff += 1.0e-9 * (REAL8)( params->orbitEpoch.gpsNanoSeconds -
params->epoch.gpsNanoSeconds );
spinOff = (REAL8)( params->orbitEpoch.gpsSeconds -
params->spinEpoch.gpsSeconds );
spinOff += 1.0e-9 * (REAL8)( params->orbitEpoch.gpsNanoSeconds -
params->spinEpoch.gpsNanoSeconds );
/* Set up some other constants. */
twopif0 = f0*LAL_TWOPI;
phi0 = params->phi0;
argument = params->omega;
oneBy12vDot = 0.5/vDot6;
fourCosOmega = 4.0*cos( argument );
twoSinOmega = 2.0*sin( argument );
vpCosOmega = 0.25*vp*fourCosOmega;
vpSinOmega = 0.5*vp*twoSinOmega;
vpSinOmega2 = vpSinOmega*vpSinOmega;
pBy3 = sqrt( 4.0*( 1.0 + vpCosOmega ) - vpSinOmega2 );
p32 = 1.0/( pBy3*pBy3*pBy3 );
c0 = p32*( vpSinOmega*( 6.0*vpCosOmega - 12.0 + vpSinOmega2 ) -
tpOff*vDot6 );
dc = p32*vDot6*dt;
e0 = 3.0*vpSinOmega;
de = 2.0*pBy3;
/* Check whether REAL8 precision is good enough. */
#ifndef NDEBUG
if ( lalDebugLevel & LALWARNING ) {
REAL8 x = fabs( c0 + n*dc ); /* a temporary computation variable */
if ( x < fabs( c0 ) )
x = fabs( c0 );
x = 6.0 + log( x + sqrt( x*x + 1.0 ) );
if ( LAL_REAL8_EPS*f0*dt*n*x > 0.01 )
LALWarning( stat, "REAL8 arithmetic may not have sufficient"
" precision for this orbit" );
}
#endif
/* Allocate output structures. */
if ( ( output->a = (REAL4TimeVectorSeries *)
LALMalloc( sizeof(REAL4TimeVectorSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EMEM,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEMEM );
}
memset( output->a, 0, sizeof(REAL4TimeVectorSeries) );
if ( ( output->f = (REAL4TimeSeries *)
LALMalloc( sizeof(REAL4TimeSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EMEM,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEMEM );
}
memset( output->f, 0, sizeof(REAL4TimeSeries) );
if ( ( output->phi = (REAL8TimeSeries *)
LALMalloc( sizeof(REAL8TimeSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EMEM,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEMEM );
}
memset( output->phi, 0, sizeof(REAL8TimeSeries) );
/* Set output structure metadata fields. */
output->position = params->position;
output->psi = params->psi;
output->a->epoch = output->f->epoch = output->phi->epoch
= params->epoch;
output->a->deltaT = n*params->deltaT;
output->f->deltaT = output->phi->deltaT = params->deltaT;
output->a->sampleUnits = lalStrainUnit;
output->f->sampleUnits = lalHertzUnit;
output->phi->sampleUnits = lalDimensionlessUnit;
snprintf( output->a->name, LALNameLength, "CW amplitudes" );
snprintf( output->f->name, LALNameLength, "CW frequency" );
snprintf( output->phi->name, LALNameLength, "CW phase" );
/* Allocate phase and frequency arrays. */
LALSCreateVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->f->data ), n );
BEGINFAIL( stat ) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
} ENDFAIL( stat );
LALDCreateVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->phi->data ), n );
BEGINFAIL( stat ) {
TRY( LALSDestroyVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->f->data ) ),
stat );
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
} ENDFAIL( stat );
/* Allocate and fill amplitude array. */
{
CreateVectorSequenceIn in; /* input to create output->a */
in.length = 2;
in.vectorLength = 2;
LALSCreateVectorSequence( stat->statusPtr, &(output->a->data), &in );
BEGINFAIL( stat ) {
TRY( LALSDestroyVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->f->data ) ),
stat );
TRY( LALDDestroyVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->phi->data ) ),
stat );
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
} ENDFAIL( stat );
output->a->data->data[0] = output->a->data->data[2] = params->aPlus;
output->a->data->data[1] = output->a->data->data[3] = params->aCross;
}
/* Fill frequency and phase arrays. */
fData = output->f->data->data;
phiData = output->phi->data->data;
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ ) {
/* Compute emission time. */
c = c0 + dc*i;
if ( c > 0 )
e = e0 + de*sinh( log( c + sqrt( c*c + 1.0 ) )/3.0 );
else
e = e0 + de*sinh( -log( -c + sqrt( c*c + 1.0 ) )/3.0 );
e2 = e*e;
phi = t = tPow = oneBy12vDot*e*( 12.0 + e2 );
/* Compute source emission phase and frequency. */
f = 1.0;
for ( j = 0; j < nSpin; j++ ) {
f += fSpin[j]*tPow;
phi += fSpin[j]*( tPow*=t )/( j + 2.0 );
}
/* Appy frequency Doppler shift. */
f *= f0 / ( 1.0 + vp*( fourCosOmega - e*twoSinOmega )
/( 4.0 + e2 ) );
phi *= twopif0;
if ( fabs( f - fPrev ) > df )
df = fabs( f - fPrev );
*(fData++) = fPrev = f;
*(phiData++) = phi + phi0;
}
/* Set output field and return. */
params->dfdt = df*dt;
DETATCHSTATUSPTR( stat );
RETURN( stat );
}
void
LALGenerateRing(
LALStatus *stat,
CoherentGW *output,
REAL4TimeSeries UNUSED *series,
SimRingdownTable *simRingdown,
RingParamStruc *params
)
{
UINT4 i; /* number of and index over samples */
REAL8 t, dt; /* time, interval */
REAL8 gtime ; /* central time, decay time */
REAL8 f0, quality; /* frequency and quality factor */
REAL8 twopif0; /* 2*pi*f0 */
REAL4 h0; /* peak strain for ringdown */
REAL4 *fData; /* pointer to frequency data */
REAL8 *phiData; /* pointer to phase data */
REAL8 init_phase; /*initial phase of injection */
REAL4 *aData; /* pointer to frequency data */
UINT4 nPointInj; /* number of data points in a block */
#if 0
UINT4 n;
REAL8 t0;
REAL4TimeSeries signalvec; /* start time of block that injection is injected into */
LALTimeInterval interval;
INT8 geoc_tns; /* geocentric_start_time of the injection in ns */
INT8 block_tns; /* start time of block in ns */
REAL8 deltaTns;
INT8 inj_diff; /* time between start of segment and injection */
LALTimeInterval dummyInterval;
#endif
INITSTATUS(stat);
ATTATCHSTATUSPTR( stat );
/* Make sure parameter and output structures exist. */
ASSERT( params, stat, GENERATERINGH_ENUL,
GENERATERINGH_MSGENUL );
ASSERT( output, stat, GENERATERINGH_ENUL,
GENERATERINGH_MSGENUL );
/* Make sure output fields don't exist. */
ASSERT( !( output->a ), stat, GENERATERINGH_EOUT,
GENERATERINGH_MSGEOUT );
ASSERT( !( output->f ), stat, GENERATERINGH_EOUT,
GENERATERINGH_MSGEOUT );
ASSERT( !( output->phi ), stat, GENERATERINGH_EOUT,
GENERATERINGH_MSGEOUT );
ASSERT( !( output->shift ), stat, GENERATERINGH_EOUT,
GENERATERINGH_MSGEOUT );
/* Set up some other constants, to avoid repeated dereferencing. */
dt = params->deltaT;
/* N_point = 2 * floor(0.5+ 1/ dt); */
nPointInj = 163840;
/* Generic ring parameters */
h0 = simRingdown->amplitude;
quality = (REAL8)simRingdown->quality;
f0 = (REAL8)simRingdown->frequency;
twopif0 = f0*LAL_TWOPI;
init_phase = simRingdown->phase;
if ( ( output->a = (REAL4TimeVectorSeries *)
LALMalloc( sizeof(REAL4TimeVectorSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
ABORT( stat, GENERATERINGH_EMEM, GENERATERINGH_MSGEMEM );
}
memset( output->a, 0, sizeof(REAL4TimeVectorSeries) );
if ( ( output->f = (REAL4TimeSeries *)
LALMalloc( sizeof(REAL4TimeSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
ABORT( stat, GENERATERINGH_EMEM, GENERATERINGH_MSGEMEM );
}
memset( output->f, 0, sizeof(REAL4TimeSeries) );
if ( ( output->phi = (REAL8TimeSeries *)
LALMalloc( sizeof(REAL8TimeSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
ABORT( stat, GENERATERINGH_EMEM, GENERATERINGH_MSGEMEM );
}
memset( output->phi, 0, sizeof(REAL8TimeSeries) );
/* Set output structure metadata fields. */
output->position.longitude = simRingdown->longitude;
output->position.latitude = simRingdown->latitude;
output->position.system = params->system;
output->psi = simRingdown->polarization;
/* set epoch of output time series to that of the block */
output->a->epoch = output->f->epoch = output->phi->epoch = simRingdown->geocent_start_time;
output->a->deltaT = params->deltaT;
output->f->deltaT = output->phi->deltaT = params->deltaT;
output->a->sampleUnits = lalStrainUnit;
output->f->sampleUnits = lalHertzUnit;
output->phi->sampleUnits = lalDimensionlessUnit;
snprintf( output->a->name, LALNameLength, "Ring amplitudes" );
snprintf( output->f->name, LALNameLength, "Ring frequency" );
snprintf( output->phi->name, LALNameLength, "Ring phase" );
/* Allocate phase and frequency arrays. */
LALSCreateVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->f->data ), nPointInj );
BEGINFAIL( stat ) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
} ENDFAIL( stat );
LALDCreateVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->phi->data ), nPointInj );
BEGINFAIL( stat ) {
TRY( LALSDestroyVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->f->data ) ),
stat );
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
} ENDFAIL( stat );
/* Allocate amplitude array. */
{
CreateVectorSequenceIn in; /* input to create output->a */
in.length = nPointInj;
in.vectorLength = 2;
LALSCreateVectorSequence( stat->statusPtr, &(output->a->data), &in );
BEGINFAIL( stat ) {
TRY( LALSDestroyVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->f->data ) ),
stat );
TRY( LALDDestroyVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->phi->data ) ),
stat );
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
} ENDFAIL( stat );
}
/* set arrays to zero */
memset( output->f->data->data, 0, sizeof( REAL4 ) * output->f->data->length );
memset( output->phi->data->data, 0, sizeof( REAL8 ) * output->phi->data->length );
memset( output->a->data->data, 0, sizeof( REAL4 ) *
output->a->data->length * output->a->data->vectorLength );
/* Fill frequency and phase arrays starting at time of injection NOT start */
fData = output->f->data->data;
phiData = output->phi->data->data;
aData = output->a->data->data;
if ( !( strcmp( simRingdown->waveform, "Ringdown" ) ) )
{
for ( i = 0; i < nPointInj; i++ )
{
t = i * dt;
gtime = twopif0 / 2 / quality * t ;
*(fData++) = f0;
*(phiData++) = twopif0 * t+init_phase;
*(aData++) = h0 * ( 1.0 + pow( cos( simRingdown->inclination ), 2 ) ) *
exp( - gtime );
*(aData++) = h0* 2.0 * cos( simRingdown->inclination ) * exp( - gtime );
}
}
else
{
ABORT( stat, GENERATERINGH_ETYP, GENERATERINGH_MSGETYP );
}
/* Set output field and return. */
DETATCHSTATUSPTR( stat );
RETURN( stat );
}
/**
* \author Creighton, T. D.
*
* \brief Computes a continuous waveform with frequency drift and Doppler
* modulation from a hyperbolic orbital trajectory.
*
* This function computes a quaiperiodic waveform using the spindown and
* orbital parameters in <tt>*params</tt>, storing the result in
* <tt>*output</tt>.
*
* In the <tt>*params</tt> structure, the routine uses all the "input"
* fields specified in \ref GenerateSpinOrbitCW_h, and sets all of the
* "output" fields. If <tt>params-\>f</tt>=\c NULL, no spindown
* modulation is performed. If <tt>params-\>oneMinusEcc</tt>\f$\not<0\f$ (a
* non-hyperbolic orbit), or if
* <tt>params-\>rPeriNorm</tt>\f$\times\f$<tt>params-\>angularSpeed</tt>\f$\geq1\f$
* (faster-than-light speed at periapsis), an error is returned.
*
* In the <tt>*output</tt> structure, the field <tt>output-\>h</tt> is
* ignored, but all other pointer fields must be set to \c NULL. The
* function will create and allocate space for <tt>output-\>a</tt>,
* <tt>output-\>f</tt>, and <tt>output-\>phi</tt> as necessary. The
* <tt>output-\>shift</tt> field will remain set to \c NULL.
*
* ### Algorithm ###
*
* For hyperbolic orbits, we combine \eqref{eq_spinorbit-tr},
* \eqref{eq_spinorbit-t}, and \eqref{eq_spinorbit-upsilon} to get \f$t_r\f$
* directly as a function of \f$E\f$:
* \f{eqnarray}{
* \label{eq_tr-e3}
* t_r = t_p & + & \left(\frac{r_p \sin i}{c}\right)\sin\omega\\
* & + & \frac{1}{n} \left( -E +
* \left[v_p(e-1)\cos\omega + e\right]\sinh E
* - \left[v_p\sqrt{\frac{e-1}{e+1}}\sin\omega\right]
* [\cosh E - 1]\right) \;,
* \f}
* where \f$v_p=r_p\dot{\upsilon}_p\sin i/c\f$ is a normalized velocity at
* periapsis and \f$n=\dot{\upsilon}_p\sqrt{(1-e)^3/(1+e)}\f$ is a normalized
* angular speed for the orbit (the hyperbolic analogue of the mean
* angular speed for closed orbits). For simplicity we write this as:
* \f{equation}{
* \label{eq_tr-e4}
* t_r = T_p + \frac{1}{n}\left( E + A\sinh E + B[\cosh E - 1] \right) \;,
* \f}
*
* \figure{inject_hanomaly,eps,0.23,Function to be inverted to find eccentric anomaly}
*
* where \f$T_p\f$ is the \e observed time of periapsis passage. Thus
* the key numerical procedure in this routine is to invert the
* expression \f$x=E+A\sinh E+B(\cosh E - 1)\f$ to get \f$E(x)\f$. This function
* is sketched to the right (solid line), along with an approximation
* used for making an initial guess (dotted line), as described later.
*
* We note that \f$A^2-B^2<1\f$, although it approaches 1 when
* \f$e\rightarrow1\f$, or when \f$v_p\rightarrow1\f$ and either \f$e=0\f$ or
* \f$\omega=\pi\f$. Except in this limit, Newton-Raphson methods will
* converge rapidly for any initial guess. In this limit, though, the
* slope \f$dx/dE\f$ approaches zero at \f$E=0\f$, and an initial guess or
* iteration landing near this point will send the next iteration off to
* unacceptably large or small values. A hybrid root-finding strategy is
* used to deal with this, and with the exponential behaviour of \f$x\f$ at
* large \f$E\f$.
*
* First, we compute \f$x=x_{\pm1}\f$ at \f$E=\pm1\f$. If the desired \f$x\f$ lies
* in this range, we use a straightforward Newton-Raphson root finder,
* with the constraint that all guesses of \f$E\f$ are restricted to the
* domain \f$[-1,1]\f$. This guarantees that the scheme will eventually find
* itself on a uniformly-convergent trajectory.
*
* Second, for \f$E\f$ outside of this range, \f$x\f$ is dominated by the
* exponential terms: \f$x\approx\frac{1}{2}(A+B)\exp(E)\f$ for \f$E\gg1\f$, and
* \f$x\approx-\frac{1}{2}(A-B)\exp(-E)\f$ for \f$E\ll-1\f$. We therefore do an
* \e approximate Newton-Raphson iteration on the function \f$\ln|x|\f$,
* where the approximation is that we take \f$d\ln|x|/d|E|\approx1\f$. This
* involves computing an extra logarithm inside the loop, but gives very
* rapid convergence to high precision, since \f$\ln|x|\f$ is very nearly
* linear in these regions.
*
* At the start of the algorithm, we use an initial guess of
* \f$E=-\ln[-2(x-x_{-1})/(A-B)-\exp(1)]\f$ for \f$x<x_{-1}\f$, \f$E=x/x_{-1}\f$ for
* \f$x_{-1}\leq x\leq0\f$, \f$E=x/x_{+1}\f$ for \f$0\leq x\leq x_{+1}\f$, or
* \f$E=\ln[2(x-x_{+1})/(A+B)-\exp(1)]\f$ for \f$x>x_{+1}\f$. We refine this
* guess until we get agreement to within 0.01 parts in part in
* \f$N_\mathrm{cyc}\f$ (where \f$N_\mathrm{cyc}\f$ is the larger of the number
* of wave cycles in a time \f$2\pi/n\f$, or the number of wave cycles in the
* entire waveform being generated), or one part in \f$10^{15}\f$ (an order
* of magnitude off the best precision possible with \c REAL8
* numbers). The latter case indicates that \c REAL8 precision may
* fail to give accurate phasing, and one should consider modeling the
* orbit as a set of Taylor frequency coefficients \'{a} la
* <tt>LALGenerateTaylorCW()</tt>. On subsequent timesteps, we use the
* previous timestep as an initial guess, which is good so long as the
* timesteps are much smaller than \f$1/n\f$.
*
* Once a value of \f$E\f$ is found for a given timestep in the output
* series, we compute the system time \f$t\f$ via \eqref{eq_spinorbit-t},
* and use it to determine the wave phase and (non-Doppler-shifted)
* frequency via \eqref{eq_taylorcw-freq}
* and \eqref{eq_taylorcw-phi}. The Doppler shift on the frequency is
* then computed using \eqref{eq_spinorbit-upsilon}
* and \eqref{eq_orbit-rdot}. We use \f$\upsilon\f$ as an intermediate in
* the Doppler shift calculations, since expressing \f$\dot{R}\f$ directly in
* terms of \f$E\f$ results in expression of the form \f$(e-1)/(e\cosh E-1)\f$,
* which are difficult to simplify and face precision losses when
* \f$E\sim0\f$ and \f$e\rightarrow1\f$. By contrast, solving for \f$\upsilon\f$ is
* numerically stable provided that the system <tt>atan2()</tt> function is
* well-designed.
*
* This routine does not account for relativistic timing variations, and
* issues warnings or errors based on the criterea of
* \eqref{eq_relativistic-orbit} in \ref LALGenerateEllipticSpinOrbitCW().
*/
void
LALGenerateHyperbolicSpinOrbitCW( LALStatus *stat,
PulsarCoherentGW *output,
SpinOrbitCWParamStruc *params )
{
UINT4 n, i; /* number of and index over samples */
UINT4 nSpin = 0, j; /* number of and index over spindown terms */
REAL8 t, dt, tPow; /* time, interval, and t raised to a power */
REAL8 phi0, f0, twopif0; /* initial phase, frequency, and 2*pi*f0 */
REAL8 f, fPrev; /* current and previous values of frequency */
REAL4 df = 0.0; /* maximum difference between f and fPrev */
REAL8 phi; /* current value of phase */
REAL8 vDotAvg; /* nomalized orbital angular speed */
REAL8 vp; /* projected speed at periapsis */
REAL8 upsilon, argument; /* true anomaly, and argument of periapsis */
REAL8 eCosOmega; /* eccentricity * cosine of argument */
REAL8 tPeriObs; /* time of observed periapsis */
REAL8 spinOff; /* spin epoch - orbit epoch */
REAL8 x; /* observed ``mean anomaly'' */
REAL8 xPlus, xMinus; /* limits where exponentials dominate */
REAL8 dx, dxMax; /* current and target errors in x */
REAL8 a, b; /* constants in equation for x */
REAL8 ecc; /* orbital eccentricity */
REAL8 eccMinusOne, eccPlusOne; /* ecc - 1 and ecc + 1 */
REAL8 e; /* hyperbolic anomaly */
REAL8 sinhe, coshe; /* sinh of e, and cosh of e minus 1 */
REAL8 *fSpin = NULL; /* pointer to Taylor coefficients */
REAL4 *fData; /* pointer to frequency data */
REAL8 *phiData; /* pointer to phase data */
INITSTATUS(stat);
ATTATCHSTATUSPTR( stat );
/* Make sure parameter and output structures exist. */
ASSERT( params, stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_ENUL,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGENUL );
ASSERT( output, stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_ENUL,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGENUL );
/* Make sure output fields don't exist. */
ASSERT( !( output->a ), stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EOUT,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEOUT );
ASSERT( !( output->f ), stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EOUT,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEOUT );
ASSERT( !( output->phi ), stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EOUT,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEOUT );
ASSERT( !( output->shift ), stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EOUT,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEOUT );
/* If Taylor coeficients are specified, make sure they exist. */
if ( params->f ) {
ASSERT( params->f->data, stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_ENUL,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGENUL );
nSpin = params->f->length;
fSpin = params->f->data;
}
/* Set up some constants (to avoid repeated calculation or
dereferencing), and make sure they have acceptable values. */
eccMinusOne = -params->oneMinusEcc;
ecc = 1.0 + eccMinusOne;
eccPlusOne = 2.0 + eccMinusOne;
if ( eccMinusOne <= 0.0 ) {
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EECC,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEECC );
}
vp = params->rPeriNorm*params->angularSpeed;
vDotAvg = params->angularSpeed
*sqrt( eccMinusOne*eccMinusOne*eccMinusOne/eccPlusOne );
n = params->length;
dt = params->deltaT;
f0 = fPrev = params->f0;
if ( vp >= 1.0 ) {
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EFTL,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEFTL );
}
if ( vp <= 0.0 || dt <= 0.0 || f0 <= 0.0 || vDotAvg <= 0.0 ||
n == 0 ) {
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_ESGN,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGESGN );
}
/* Set up some other constants. */
twopif0 = f0*LAL_TWOPI;
phi0 = params->phi0;
argument = params->omega;
a = vp*eccMinusOne*cos( argument ) + ecc;
b = -vp*sqrt( eccMinusOne/eccPlusOne )*sin( argument );
eCosOmega = ecc*cos( argument );
if ( n*dt*vDotAvg > LAL_TWOPI )
dxMax = 0.01/( f0*n*dt );
else
dxMax = 0.01/( f0*LAL_TWOPI/vDotAvg );
if ( dxMax < 1.0e-15 ) {
dxMax = 1.0e-15;
#ifndef NDEBUG
LALWarning( stat, "REAL8 arithmetic may not have sufficient"
" precision for this orbit" );
#endif
}
#ifndef NDEBUG
if ( lalDebugLevel & LALWARNING ) {
REAL8 tau = n*dt;
if ( tau > LAL_TWOPI/vDotAvg )
tau = LAL_TWOPI/vDotAvg;
if ( f0*tau*vp*vp*ecc/eccPlusOne > 0.25 )
LALWarning( stat, "Orbit may have significant relativistic"
" effects that are not included" );
}
#endif
/* Compute offset between time series epoch and observed periapsis,
and betweem true periapsis and spindown reference epoch. */
tPeriObs = (REAL8)( params->orbitEpoch.gpsSeconds -
params->epoch.gpsSeconds );
tPeriObs += 1.0e-9 * (REAL8)( params->orbitEpoch.gpsNanoSeconds -
params->epoch.gpsNanoSeconds );
tPeriObs += params->rPeriNorm*sin( params->omega );
spinOff = (REAL8)( params->orbitEpoch.gpsSeconds -
params->spinEpoch.gpsSeconds );
spinOff += 1.0e-9 * (REAL8)( params->orbitEpoch.gpsNanoSeconds -
params->spinEpoch.gpsNanoSeconds );
/* Determine bounds of hybrid root-finding algorithm, and initial
guess for e. */
xMinus = 1.0 + a*sinh( -1.0 ) + b*cosh( -1.0 ) - b;
xPlus = -1.0 + a*sinh( 1.0 ) + b*cosh( 1.0 ) - b;
x = -vDotAvg*tPeriObs;
if ( x < xMinus )
e = -log( -2.0*( x - xMinus )/( a - b ) - exp( 1.0 ) );
else if ( x <= 0 )
e = x/xMinus;
else if ( x <= xPlus )
e = x/xPlus;
else
e = log( 2.0*( x - xPlus )/( a + b ) - exp( 1.0 ) );
sinhe = sinh( e );
coshe = cosh( e ) - 1.0;
/* Allocate output structures. */
if ( ( output->a = (REAL4TimeVectorSeries *)
LALMalloc( sizeof(REAL4TimeVectorSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EMEM,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEMEM );
}
memset( output->a, 0, sizeof(REAL4TimeVectorSeries) );
if ( ( output->f = (REAL4TimeSeries *)
LALMalloc( sizeof(REAL4TimeSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EMEM,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEMEM );
}
memset( output->f, 0, sizeof(REAL4TimeSeries) );
if ( ( output->phi = (REAL8TimeSeries *)
LALMalloc( sizeof(REAL8TimeSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EMEM,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEMEM );
}
memset( output->phi, 0, sizeof(REAL8TimeSeries) );
/* Set output structure metadata fields. */
output->position = params->position;
output->psi = params->psi;
output->a->epoch = output->f->epoch = output->phi->epoch
= params->epoch;
output->a->deltaT = n*params->deltaT;
output->f->deltaT = output->phi->deltaT = params->deltaT;
output->a->sampleUnits = lalStrainUnit;
output->f->sampleUnits = lalHertzUnit;
output->phi->sampleUnits = lalDimensionlessUnit;
snprintf( output->a->name, LALNameLength, "CW amplitudes" );
snprintf( output->f->name, LALNameLength, "CW frequency" );
snprintf( output->phi->name, LALNameLength, "CW phase" );
/* Allocate phase and frequency arrays. */
LALSCreateVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->f->data ), n );
BEGINFAIL( stat ) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
} ENDFAIL( stat );
LALDCreateVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->phi->data ), n );
BEGINFAIL( stat ) {
TRY( LALSDestroyVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->f->data ) ),
stat );
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
} ENDFAIL( stat );
/* Allocate and fill amplitude array. */
{
CreateVectorSequenceIn in; /* input to create output->a */
in.length = 2;
in.vectorLength = 2;
LALSCreateVectorSequence( stat->statusPtr, &(output->a->data), &in );
BEGINFAIL( stat ) {
TRY( LALSDestroyVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->f->data ) ),
stat );
TRY( LALDDestroyVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->phi->data ) ),
stat );
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
} ENDFAIL( stat );
output->a->data->data[0] = output->a->data->data[2] = params->aPlus;
output->a->data->data[1] = output->a->data->data[3] = params->aCross;
}
/* Fill frequency and phase arrays. */
fData = output->f->data->data;
phiData = output->phi->data->data;
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ ) {
x = vDotAvg*( i*dt - tPeriObs );
/* Use approximate Newton-Raphson method on ln|x| if |x| > 1. */
if ( x < xMinus ) {
x = log( -x );
while ( fabs( dx = log( e - a*sinhe - b*coshe ) - x ) > dxMax ) {
e += dx;
sinhe = sinh( e );
coshe = cosh( e ) - 1.0;
}
}
else if ( x > xPlus ) {
x = log( x );
while ( fabs( dx = log( -e + a*sinhe + b*coshe ) - x ) > dxMax ) {
e -= dx;
sinhe = sinh( e );
coshe = cosh( e ) - 1.0;
}
}
/* Use ordinary Newton-Raphson method on x if |x| <= 1. */
else {
while ( fabs( dx = -e + a*sinhe + b*coshe - x ) > dxMax ) {
e -= dx/( -1.0 + a*coshe + a + b*sinhe );
if ( e < -1.0 )
e = -1.0;
else if ( e > 1.0 )
e = 1.0;
sinhe = sinh( e );
coshe = cosh( e ) - 1.0;
}
}
/* Compute source emission time, phase, and frequency. */
phi = t = tPow =
( ecc*sinhe - e )/vDotAvg + spinOff;
f = 1.0;
for ( j = 0; j < nSpin; j++ ) {
f += fSpin[j]*tPow;
phi += fSpin[j]*( tPow*=t )/( j + 2.0 );
}
/* Appy frequency Doppler shift. */
upsilon = 2.0*atan2( sqrt( eccPlusOne*coshe ),
sqrt( eccMinusOne*( coshe + 2.0 ) ) );
f *= f0 / ( 1.0 + vp*( cos( argument + upsilon ) + eCosOmega )
/eccPlusOne );
phi *= twopif0;
if ( fabs( f - fPrev ) > df )
df = fabs( f - fPrev );
*(fData++) = fPrev = f;
*(phiData++) = phi + phi0;
}
/* Set output field and return. */
params->dfdt = df*dt;
DETATCHSTATUSPTR( stat );
RETURN( stat );
}
void
LALInspiralEccentricityForInjection(
LALStatus *status,
CoherentGW *waveform,
InspiralTemplate *params,
PPNParamStruc *ppnParams
)
{
INT4 count, i;
REAL8 p, phiC;
REAL4Vector a; /* pointers to generated amplitude data */
REAL4Vector ff; /* pointers to generated frequency data */
REAL8Vector phi; /* generated phase data */
CreateVectorSequenceIn in;
CHAR message[256];
InspiralInit paramsInit;
INITSTATUS(status);
ATTATCHSTATUSPTR(status);
/* Make sure parameter and waveform structures exist. */
ASSERT( params, status, LALINSPIRALH_ENULL, LALINSPIRALH_MSGENULL );
ASSERT(waveform, status, LALINSPIRALH_ENULL, LALINSPIRALH_MSGENULL);
ASSERT( !( waveform->a ), status, LALINSPIRALH_ENULL, LALINSPIRALH_MSGENULL );
ASSERT( !( waveform->f ), status, LALINSPIRALH_ENULL, LALINSPIRALH_MSGENULL );
ASSERT( !( waveform->phi ), status, LALINSPIRALH_ENULL, LALINSPIRALH_MSGENULL );
/* Compute some parameters*/
LALInspiralInit(status->statusPtr, params, ¶msInit);
CHECKSTATUSPTR(status);
if (paramsInit.nbins == 0){
DETATCHSTATUSPTR(status);
RETURN (status);
}
/* Now we can allocate memory and vector for coherentGW structure*/
ff.length = paramsInit.nbins;
a.length = 2* paramsInit.nbins;
phi.length = paramsInit.nbins;
ff.data = (REAL4 *) LALCalloc(paramsInit.nbins, sizeof(REAL4));
a.data = (REAL4 *) LALCalloc(2 * paramsInit.nbins, sizeof(REAL4));
phi.data= (REAL8 *) LALCalloc(paramsInit.nbins, sizeof(REAL8));
/* Check momory allocation is okay */
if (!(ff.data) || !(a.data) || !(phi.data))
{
if (ff.data) LALFree(ff.data);
if (a.data) LALFree(a.data);
if (phi.data) LALFree(phi.data);
ABORT( status, LALINSPIRALH_EMEM, LALINSPIRALH_MSGEMEM );
}
count = 0;
/* Call the engine function */
LALInspiralEccentricityEngine(status->statusPtr, NULL, NULL, &a, &ff, &phi, &count, params);
BEGINFAIL( status )
{
LALFree(ff.data);
LALFree(a.data);
LALFree(phi.data);
}
ENDFAIL( status );
p = phi.data[count-1];
params->fFinal = ff.data[count-1];
sprintf(message, "cycles = %f", p/(double)LAL_TWOPI);
LALInfo(status, message);
if ( (INT4)(p/LAL_TWOPI) < 2 ){
sprintf(message, "The waveform has only %f cycles; we don't keep waveform with less than 2 cycles.",
p/(double)LAL_TWOPI );
XLALPrintError("%s", message);
LALWarning(status, message);
}
/*wrap the phase vector*/
phiC = phi.data[count-1] ;
for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
phi.data[i] = phi.data[i] - phiC + ppnParams->phi;
}
/* Allocate the waveform structures. */
if ( ( waveform->a = (REAL4TimeVectorSeries *)
LALCalloc(1, sizeof(REAL4TimeVectorSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
ABORT( status, LALINSPIRALH_EMEM,
LALINSPIRALH_MSGEMEM );
}
if ( ( waveform->f = (REAL4TimeSeries *)
LALCalloc(1, sizeof(REAL4TimeSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
LALFree( waveform->a ); waveform->a = NULL;
ABORT( status, LALINSPIRALH_EMEM,
LALINSPIRALH_MSGEMEM );
}
if ( ( waveform->phi = (REAL8TimeSeries *)
LALCalloc(1, sizeof(REAL8TimeSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
LALFree( waveform->a ); waveform->a = NULL;
LALFree( waveform->f ); waveform->f = NULL;
ABORT( status, LALINSPIRALH_EMEM,
LALINSPIRALH_MSGEMEM );
}
in.length = (UINT4)(count);
in.vectorLength = 2;
LALSCreateVectorSequence( status->statusPtr, &( waveform->a->data ), &in );
CHECKSTATUSPTR(status);
LALSCreateVector( status->statusPtr, &( waveform->f->data ), count);
CHECKSTATUSPTR(status);
LALDCreateVector( status->statusPtr, &( waveform->phi->data ), count );
CHECKSTATUSPTR(status);
memcpy(waveform->f->data->data , ff.data, count*(sizeof(REAL4)));
memcpy(waveform->a->data->data , a.data, 2*count*(sizeof(REAL4)));
memcpy(waveform->phi->data->data ,phi.data, count*(sizeof(REAL8)));
waveform->a->deltaT = waveform->f->deltaT = waveform->phi->deltaT
= ppnParams->deltaT;
waveform->a->sampleUnits = lalStrainUnit;
waveform->f->sampleUnits = lalHertzUnit;
waveform->phi->sampleUnits = lalDimensionlessUnit;
waveform->position = ppnParams->position;
waveform->psi = ppnParams->psi;
snprintf( waveform->a->name, LALNameLength, "T1 inspiral amplitude" );
snprintf( waveform->f->name, LALNameLength, "T1 inspiral frequency" );
snprintf( waveform->phi->name, LALNameLength, "T1 inspiral phase" );
/* --- fill some output ---*/
ppnParams->tc = (double)(count-1) / params->tSampling ;
ppnParams->length = count;
ppnParams->dfdt = ((REAL4)(waveform->f->data->data[count-1]
- waveform->f->data->data[count-2]))
* ppnParams->deltaT;
ppnParams->fStop = params->fFinal;
ppnParams->termCode = GENERATEPPNINSPIRALH_EFSTOP;
ppnParams->termDescription = GENERATEPPNINSPIRALH_MSGEFSTOP;
ppnParams->fStart = ppnParams->fStartIn;
/* --- free memory --- */
LALFree(ff.data);
LALFree(a.data);
LALFree(phi.data);
DETATCHSTATUSPTR(status);
RETURN (status);
}
/**
* \author Creighton, T. D.
*
* \brief Computes a continuous waveform with frequency drift and Doppler
* modulation from an elliptical orbital trajectory.
*
* This function computes a quaiperiodic waveform using the spindown and
* orbital parameters in <tt>*params</tt>, storing the result in
* <tt>*output</tt>.
*
* In the <tt>*params</tt> structure, the routine uses all the "input"
* fields specified in \ref GenerateSpinOrbitCW_h, and sets all of the
* "output" fields. If <tt>params-\>f</tt>=\c NULL, no spindown
* modulation is performed. If <tt>params-\>oneMinusEcc</tt>\f$\notin(0,1]\f$
* (an open orbit), or if
* <tt>params-\>rPeriNorm</tt>\f$\times\f$<tt>params-\>angularSpeed</tt>\f$\geq1\f$
* (faster-than-light speed at periapsis), an error is returned.
*
* In the <tt>*output</tt> structure, the field <tt>output-\>h</tt> is
* ignored, but all other pointer fields must be set to \c NULL. The
* function will create and allocate space for <tt>output-\>a</tt>,
* <tt>output-\>f</tt>, and <tt>output-\>phi</tt> as necessary. The
* <tt>output-\>shift</tt> field will remain set to \c NULL.
*
* ### Algorithm ###
*
* For elliptical orbits, we combine \eqref{eq_spinorbit-tr},
* \eqref{eq_spinorbit-t}, and \eqref{eq_spinorbit-upsilon} to get \f$t_r\f$
* directly as a function of the eccentric anomaly \f$E\f$:
* \f{eqnarray}{
* \label{eq_tr-e1}
* t_r = t_p & + & \left(\frac{r_p \sin i}{c}\right)\sin\omega\\
* & + & \left(\frac{P}{2\pi}\right) \left( E +
* \left[v_p(1-e)\cos\omega - e\right]\sin E
* + \left[v_p\sqrt{\frac{1-e}{1+e}}\sin\omega\right]
* [\cos E - 1]\right) \;,
* \f}
* where \f$v_p=r_p\dot{\upsilon}_p\sin i/c\f$ is a normalized velocity at
* periapsis and \f$P=2\pi\sqrt{(1+e)/(1-e)^3}/\dot{\upsilon}_p\f$ is the
* period of the orbit. For simplicity we write this as:
* \f{equation}{
* \label{eq_tr-e2}
* t_r = T_p + \frac{1}{n}\left( E + A\sin E + B[\cos E - 1] \right) \;,
* \f}
*
* \figure{inject_eanomaly,eps,0.23,Function to be inverted to find eccentric anomaly}
*
* where \f$T_p\f$ is the \e observed time of periapsis passage and
* \f$n=2\pi/P\f$ is the mean angular speed around the orbit. Thus the key
* numerical procedure in this routine is to invert the expression
* \f$x=E+A\sin E+B(\cos E - 1)\f$ to get \f$E(x)\f$. We note that
* \f$E(x+2n\pi)=E(x)+2n\pi\f$, so we only need to solve this expression in
* the interval \f$[0,2\pi)\f$, sketched to the right.
*
* We further note that \f$A^2+B^2<1\f$, although it approaches 1 when
* \f$e\rightarrow1\f$, or when \f$v_p\rightarrow1\f$ and either \f$e=0\f$ or
* \f$\omega=\pi\f$. Except in this limit, Newton-Raphson methods will
* converge rapidly for any initial guess. In this limit, though, the
* slope \f$dx/dE\f$ approaches zero at the point of inflection, and an
* initial guess or iteration landing near this point will send the next
* iteration off to unacceptably large or small values. However, by
* restricting all initial guesses and iterations to the domain
* \f$E\in[0,2\pi)\f$, one will always end up on a trajectory branch that
* will converge uniformly. This should converge faster than the more
* generically robust technique of bisection. (Note: the danger with Newton's method
* has been found to be unstable for certain binary orbital parameters. So if
* Newton's method fails to converge, a bisection algorithm is employed.)
*
* In this algorithm, we start the computation with an arbitrary initial
* guess of \f$E=0\f$, and refine it until the we get agreement to within
* 0.01 parts in part in \f$N_\mathrm{cyc}\f$ (where \f$N_\mathrm{cyc}\f$ is the
* larger of the number of wave cycles in an orbital period, or the
* number of wave cycles in the entire waveform being generated), or one
* part in \f$10^{15}\f$ (an order of magnitude off the best precision
* possible with \c REAL8 numbers). The latter case indicates that
* \c REAL8 precision may fail to give accurate phasing, and one
* should consider modeling the orbit as a set of Taylor frequency
* coefficients \'{a} la <tt>LALGenerateTaylorCW()</tt>. On subsequent
* timesteps, we use the previous timestep as an initial guess, which is
* good so long as the timesteps are much smaller than an orbital period.
* This sequence of guesses will have to readjust itself once every orbit
* (as \f$E\f$ jumps from \f$2\pi\f$ down to 0), but this is relatively
* infrequent; we don't bother trying to smooth this out because the
* additional tests would probably slow down the algorithm overall.
*
* Once a value of \f$E\f$ is found for a given timestep in the output
* series, we compute the system time \f$t\f$ via \eqref{eq_spinorbit-t},
* and use it to determine the wave phase and (non-Doppler-shifted)
* frequency via \eqref{eq_taylorcw-freq}
* and \eqref{eq_taylorcw-phi}. The Doppler shift on the frequency is
* then computed using \eqref{eq_spinorbit-upsilon}
* and \eqref{eq_orbit-rdot}. We use \f$\upsilon\f$ as an intermediate in
* the Doppler shift calculations, since expressing \f$\dot{R}\f$ directly in
* terms of \f$E\f$ results in expression of the form \f$(1-e)/(1-e\cos E)\f$,
* which are difficult to simplify and face precision losses when
* \f$E\sim0\f$ and \f$e\rightarrow1\f$. By contrast, solving for \f$\upsilon\f$ is
* numerically stable provided that the system <tt>atan2()</tt> function is
* well-designed.
*
* The routine does not account for variations in special relativistic or
* gravitational time dilation due to the elliptical orbit, nor does it
* deal with other gravitational effects such as Shapiro delay. To a
* very rough approximation, the amount of phase error induced by
* gravitational redshift goes something like \f$\Delta\phi\sim
* fT(v/c)^2\Delta(r_p/r)\f$, where \f$f\f$ is the typical wave frequency, \f$T\f$
* is either the length of data or the orbital period (whichever is
* \e smaller), \f$v\f$ is the \e true (unprojected) speed at
* periapsis, and \f$\Delta(r_p/r)\f$ is the total range swept out by the
* quantity \f$r_p/r\f$ over the course of the observation. Other
* relativistic effects such as special relativistic time dilation are
* comparable in magnitude. We make a crude estimate of when this is
* significant by noting that \f$v/c\gtrsim v_p\f$ but
* \f$\Delta(r_p/r)\lesssim 2e/(1+e)\f$; we take these approximations as
* equalities and require that \f$\Delta\phi\lesssim\pi\f$, giving:
* \f{equation}{
* \label{eq_relativistic-orbit}
* f_0Tv_p^2\frac{4e}{1+e}\lesssim1 \;.
* \f}
* When this critereon is violated, a warning is generated. Furthermore,
* as noted earlier, when \f$v_p\geq1\f$ the routine will return an error, as
* faster-than-light speeds can cause the emission and reception times to
* be non-monotonic functions of one another.
*/
void
LALGenerateEllipticSpinOrbitCW( LALStatus *stat,
PulsarCoherentGW *output,
SpinOrbitCWParamStruc *params )
{
UINT4 n, i; /* number of and index over samples */
UINT4 nSpin = 0, j; /* number of and index over spindown terms */
REAL8 t, dt, tPow; /* time, interval, and t raised to a power */
REAL8 phi0, f0, twopif0; /* initial phase, frequency, and 2*pi*f0 */
REAL8 f, fPrev; /* current and previous values of frequency */
REAL4 df = 0.0; /* maximum difference between f and fPrev */
REAL8 phi; /* current value of phase */
REAL8 p, vDotAvg; /* orbital period, and 2*pi/(period) */
REAL8 vp; /* projected speed at periapsis */
REAL8 upsilon, argument; /* true anomaly, and argument of periapsis */
REAL8 eCosOmega; /* eccentricity * cosine of argument */
REAL8 tPeriObs; /* time of observed periapsis */
REAL8 spinOff; /* spin epoch - orbit epoch */
REAL8 x; /* observed mean anomaly */
REAL8 dx, dxMax; /* current and target errors in x */
REAL8 a, b; /* constants in equation for x */
REAL8 ecc; /* orbital eccentricity */
REAL8 oneMinusEcc, onePlusEcc; /* 1 - ecc and 1 + ecc */
REAL8 e = 0.0; /* eccentric anomaly */
REAL8 de = 0.0; /* eccentric anomaly step */
REAL8 sine = 0.0, cose = 0.0; /* sine of e, and cosine of e minus 1 */
REAL8 *fSpin = NULL; /* pointer to Taylor coefficients */
REAL4 *fData; /* pointer to frequency data */
REAL8 *phiData; /* pointer to phase data */
INITSTATUS(stat);
ATTATCHSTATUSPTR( stat );
/* Make sure parameter and output structures exist. */
ASSERT( params, stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_ENUL,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGENUL );
ASSERT( output, stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_ENUL,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGENUL );
/* Make sure output fields don't exist. */
ASSERT( !( output->a ), stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EOUT,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEOUT );
ASSERT( !( output->f ), stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EOUT,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEOUT );
ASSERT( !( output->phi ), stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EOUT,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEOUT );
ASSERT( !( output->shift ), stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EOUT,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEOUT );
/* If Taylor coeficients are specified, make sure they exist. */
if ( params->f ) {
ASSERT( params->f->data, stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_ENUL,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGENUL );
nSpin = params->f->length;
fSpin = params->f->data;
}
/* Set up some constants (to avoid repeated calculation or
dereferencing), and make sure they have acceptable values. */
oneMinusEcc = params->oneMinusEcc;
ecc = 1.0 - oneMinusEcc;
onePlusEcc = 1.0 + ecc;
if ( ecc < 0.0 || oneMinusEcc <= 0.0 ) {
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EECC,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEECC );
}
vp = params->rPeriNorm*params->angularSpeed;
n = params->length;
dt = params->deltaT;
f0 = fPrev = params->f0;
vDotAvg = params->angularSpeed
*sqrt( oneMinusEcc*oneMinusEcc*oneMinusEcc/onePlusEcc );
if ( vp >= 1.0 ) {
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EFTL,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEFTL );
}
if ( vp <= 0.0 || dt <= 0.0 || f0 <= 0.0 || vDotAvg <= 0.0 ||
n == 0 ) {
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_ESGN,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGESGN );
}
/* Set up some other constants. */
twopif0 = f0*LAL_TWOPI;
phi0 = params->phi0;
argument = params->omega;
p = LAL_TWOPI/vDotAvg;
a = vp*oneMinusEcc*cos( argument ) + oneMinusEcc - 1.0;
b = vp*sqrt( oneMinusEcc/( onePlusEcc ) )*sin( argument );
eCosOmega = ecc*cos( argument );
if ( n*dt > p )
dxMax = 0.01/( f0*n*dt );
else
dxMax = 0.01/( f0*p );
if ( dxMax < 1.0e-15 ) {
dxMax = 1.0e-15;
#ifndef NDEBUG
LALWarning( stat, "REAL8 arithmetic may not have sufficient"
" precision for this orbit" );
#endif
}
#ifndef NDEBUG
if ( lalDebugLevel & LALWARNING ) {
REAL8 tau = n*dt;
if ( tau > p )
tau = p;
if ( f0*tau*vp*vp*ecc/onePlusEcc > 0.25 )
LALWarning( stat, "Orbit may have significant relativistic"
" effects that are not included" );
}
#endif
/* Compute offset between time series epoch and observed periapsis,
and betweem true periapsis and spindown reference epoch. */
tPeriObs = (REAL8)( params->orbitEpoch.gpsSeconds -
params->epoch.gpsSeconds );
tPeriObs += 1.0e-9 * (REAL8)( params->orbitEpoch.gpsNanoSeconds -
params->epoch.gpsNanoSeconds );
tPeriObs += params->rPeriNorm*sin( params->omega );
spinOff = (REAL8)( params->orbitEpoch.gpsSeconds -
params->spinEpoch.gpsSeconds );
spinOff += 1.0e-9 * (REAL8)( params->orbitEpoch.gpsNanoSeconds -
params->spinEpoch.gpsNanoSeconds );
/* Allocate output structures. */
if ( ( output->a = (REAL4TimeVectorSeries *)
LALMalloc( sizeof(REAL4TimeVectorSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EMEM,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEMEM );
}
memset( output->a, 0, sizeof(REAL4TimeVectorSeries) );
if ( ( output->f = (REAL4TimeSeries *)
LALMalloc( sizeof(REAL4TimeSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EMEM,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEMEM );
}
memset( output->f, 0, sizeof(REAL4TimeSeries) );
if ( ( output->phi = (REAL8TimeSeries *)
LALMalloc( sizeof(REAL8TimeSeries) ) ) == NULL ) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
ABORT( stat, GENERATESPINORBITCWH_EMEM,
GENERATESPINORBITCWH_MSGEMEM );
}
memset( output->phi, 0, sizeof(REAL8TimeSeries) );
/* Set output structure metadata fields. */
output->position = params->position;
output->psi = params->psi;
output->a->epoch = output->f->epoch = output->phi->epoch
= params->epoch;
output->a->deltaT = n*params->deltaT;
output->f->deltaT = output->phi->deltaT = params->deltaT;
output->a->sampleUnits = lalStrainUnit;
output->f->sampleUnits = lalHertzUnit;
output->phi->sampleUnits = lalDimensionlessUnit;
snprintf( output->a->name, LALNameLength, "CW amplitudes" );
snprintf( output->f->name, LALNameLength, "CW frequency" );
snprintf( output->phi->name, LALNameLength, "CW phase" );
/* Allocate phase and frequency arrays. */
LALSCreateVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->f->data ), n );
BEGINFAIL( stat ) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
} ENDFAIL( stat );
LALDCreateVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->phi->data ), n );
BEGINFAIL( stat ) {
TRY( LALSDestroyVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->f->data ) ),
stat );
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
} ENDFAIL( stat );
/* Allocate and fill amplitude array. */
{
CreateVectorSequenceIn in; /* input to create output->a */
in.length = 2;
in.vectorLength = 2;
LALSCreateVectorSequence( stat->statusPtr, &(output->a->data), &in );
BEGINFAIL( stat ) {
TRY( LALSDestroyVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->f->data ) ),
stat );
TRY( LALDDestroyVector( stat->statusPtr, &( output->phi->data ) ),
stat );
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
} ENDFAIL( stat );
output->a->data->data[0] = output->a->data->data[2] = params->aPlus;
output->a->data->data[1] = output->a->data->data[3] = params->aCross;
}
/* Fill frequency and phase arrays. */
fData = output->f->data->data;
phiData = output->phi->data->data;
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ ) {
INT4 nOrb; /* number of orbits since the specified orbit epoch */
/* First, find x in the range [0,2*pi]. */
x = vDotAvg*( i*dt - tPeriObs );
nOrb = (INT4)( x/LAL_TWOPI );
if ( x < 0.0 )
nOrb -= 1;
x -= LAL_TWOPI*nOrb;
/* Newton-Raphson iteration to find E(x). Maximum of 100 iterations. */
INT4 maxiter = 100, iter = 0;
while ( iter<maxiter && fabs( dx = e + a*sine + b*cose - x ) > dxMax ) {
iter++;
//Make a check on the step-size so we don't step too far
de = dx/( 1.0 + a*cose + a - b*sine );
if ( de > LAL_PI )
de = LAL_PI;
else if ( de < -LAL_PI )
de = -LAL_PI;
e -= de;
if ( e < 0.0 )
e = 0.0;
else if ( e > LAL_TWOPI )
e = LAL_TWOPI;
sine = sin( e );
cose = cos( e ) - 1.0;
}
/* Bisection algorithm from GSL if Newton's method (above) fails to converge. */
if (iter==maxiter && fabs( dx = e + a*sine + b*cose - x ) > dxMax ) {
//Initialize solver
const gsl_root_fsolver_type *T = gsl_root_fsolver_bisection;
gsl_root_fsolver *s = gsl_root_fsolver_alloc(T);
REAL8 e_lo = 0.0, e_hi = LAL_TWOPI;
gsl_function F;
struct E_solver_params pars = {a, b, x};
F.function = &gsl_E_solver;
F.params = &pars;
if (gsl_root_fsolver_set(s, &F, e_lo, e_hi) != 0) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
ABORT( stat, -1, "GSL failed to set initial points" );
}
INT4 keepgoing = 1;
INT4 success = 0;
INT4 root_status = keepgoing;
e = 0.0;
iter = 0;
while (root_status==keepgoing && iter<maxiter) {
iter++;
root_status = gsl_root_fsolver_iterate(s);
if (root_status!=keepgoing && root_status!=success) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
ABORT( stat, -1, "gsl_root_fsolver_iterate() failed" );
}
e = gsl_root_fsolver_root(s);
sine = sin(e);
cose = cos(e) - 1.0;
if (fabs( dx = e + a*sine + b*cose - x ) > dxMax) root_status = keepgoing;
else root_status = success;
}
if (root_status!=success) {
LALFree( output->a ); output->a = NULL;
LALFree( output->f ); output->f = NULL;
LALFree( output->phi ); output->phi = NULL;
gsl_root_fsolver_free(s);
ABORT( stat, -1, "Could not converge using bisection algorithm" );
}
gsl_root_fsolver_free(s);
}
/* Compute source emission time, phase, and frequency. */
phi = t = tPow =
( e + LAL_TWOPI*nOrb - ecc*sine )/vDotAvg + spinOff;
f = 1.0;
for ( j = 0; j < nSpin; j++ ) {
f += fSpin[j]*tPow;
phi += fSpin[j]*( tPow*=t )/( j + 2.0 );
}
/* Appy frequency Doppler shift. */
upsilon = 2.0 * atan2 ( sqrt(onePlusEcc/oneMinusEcc) * sin(0.5*e), cos(0.5*e) );
f *= f0 / ( 1.0 + vp*( cos( argument + upsilon ) + eCosOmega ) /onePlusEcc );
phi *= twopif0;
if ( (i > 0) && (fabs( f - fPrev ) > df) )
df = fabs( f - fPrev );
*(fData++) = fPrev = f;
*(phiData++) = phi + phi0;
} /* for i < n */
/* Set output field and return. */
params->dfdt = df*dt;
DETATCHSTATUSPTR( stat );
RETURN( stat );
}