Exemplo n.º 1
0
static void fq_out_info(FILE *out, field_ptr f) {
  field_ptr fbase = f->data;
  element_fprintf(out, "extension x^2 + %B, base field: ", fq_nqr(f));
  field_out_info(out, fbase);
}
Exemplo n.º 2
0
static void fp_out_info(FILE * out, field_ptr f) {
	element_fprintf(out, "GF(%Zd): Montgomery representation", f->order);
}
Exemplo n.º 3
0
void wSetup(char *string,int attrNo,pairing_t *pairing, MSP *msp){
	int count = 0;//the index of the attribute array
	/*
	if(!strcmp(string,"ordinary")){
		setupOrdinaryPairing(pairing);//setup pairing first
		printf("Use ordinary curve...\n");
	}else if(!strcmp(string,"singular")){
		setupSingularPairing(pairing);//setup pairing first
		printf("Use singular curve...\n");
	}else{
		fprintf(stderr,"Wrong input arguments!");		
		fprintf(stderr,"Please input <./wAbe><sinuglar> or <./wAbe><ordinary>\n");
	}
	*/
    element_t g;//the generator of G
    element_init_G2(g,*pairing);//initial the generator g
    element_random(g);
    /* initial the random group elements h_1...h_attrNo 
    which belog to G and are associated with the attrNo 
    attributes in the system.
    */
      
    element_t h;
	element_init_G2(h,*pairing);
	//initial the h
	element_t alpha;
	element_t a;
	//initial the alpha and a in Z_p        
	element_init_Zr(alpha,*pairing);
	element_init_Zr(a,*pairing);
	element_random(alpha);
	element_random(a);
	//public key e(g,g)^alpha
	element_t pubKey;
	element_t gAlpha;
	element_t gA;
    element_init_GT(pubKey,*pairing);//initial the publicKey
	element_init_G2(gAlpha,*pairing);//initial the gAlpha
	element_init_G2(gA,*pairing);//initial the gA
	element_pow_zn(gAlpha,g,alpha);//gAlpha=g^alpha
	element_pow_zn(gA,g,a);//gA=g^a
	weilPairing(&pubKey,g,gAlpha,*pairing);//publicKey = e(g,g^alpha) = e(g,g)^alpha
	//Master secret key
	element_t msk;
	element_init_G2(msk,*pairing);
	element_set(msk,gAlpha);//msk = g^alpha
	//write the master key and public key to file
	FILE* fG = fopen("publicKey/g.key","w");//file pointer to the public key g
	FILE* fGA = fopen("publicKey/gA.key","w");//file pointer to the public key gA
	FILE* fPub = fopen("publicKey/eGG.key","w");//file pointer to the public key e(g,gALPHA)
	FILE* fH;//file pointer the the attribute key
	FILE* fMsk = fopen("MSK/msk.key","w");//file pointer to the master key
	element_fprintf(fG,"%B\n",g);
	element_fprintf(fPub,"%B\n",pubKey);
	element_fprintf(fGA,"%B\n",gA);
	
	count = 0;
	char hCmd[100];//the command line for the pointer of FILE* fH
	char attrName[2];//the name of attribute
	memset(hCmd,'\0',100);
	memset(attrName,'\0',2);
	strcpy(hCmd,"publicKey/h");
	while(count!=attrNo){
		sprintf(attrName,"%c",msp->label[count]);
		strcat(hCmd,attrName);
		strcat(hCmd,".key");
		fH = fopen(hCmd,"w");		
		element_random(h);
		element_fprintf(fH,"%B",h);
		memset(hCmd,'\0',100);		
		strcpy(hCmd,"publicKey/h");
		memset(attrName,'\0',2);
		fclose(fH);
		count++;
	}
	element_clear(h);
	element_fprintf(fMsk,"%B\n",msk);
	//close the file pointer and clear all the element
	fclose(fG);
	fclose(fGA);
	fclose(fPub);
	fclose(fMsk);
	element_clear(g);
	element_clear(a);
	element_clear(alpha);
	element_clear(gAlpha);
	element_clear(gA);
	element_clear(pubKey);
	element_clear(msk);

}//end of setup
Exemplo n.º 4
0
static void zp_out_info(FILE * out, field_ptr f) {
  element_fprintf(out, "GF(%Zd), GMP wrapped", f->order);
}
Exemplo n.º 5
0
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{  
   DIR *d;
   FILE  *fpub, *fciph, *fplain, *fprod, *fkey;
   paillier_pubkey_t *pub;
   paillier_plaintext_t *plain, *plain_sum, *plain_temp;
   paillier_prvkey_t *priv;
   paillier_get_rand_t get_rand;
   paillier_ciphertext_t *cipher, *cipher_prod, *cipher_total;
   int count = 0, count1=0, val = 163000, no_of_copies = 10;
   long int key_int, key_int1, key_rnd;
   struct dirent *dir;
   char* len;	
   mpz_t           rndKey, randNum, rnd,rnd_sum, rndno, sum, pl_sum;      /* Hold our random numbers */
   mpz_t           rndBnd;       /* Bound for mpz_urandomm */
   mpz_t key, key1;		//key for PRF
   mpz_t plain_total, plain_nomod;
   gmp_randstate_t gmpRandState, gmpRandState1, gmpRandState2; /* Random generator state object */
   
   mpz_init(sum); 
   mpz_init(pl_sum);
   mpz_init(rnd);
   mpz_init(rndno);
   mpz_init(rndBnd);
   mpz_init(randNum);
   mpz_init(key);
   mpz_init(key1);
   mpz_init(rnd_sum);
   mpz_init(plain_total);
   mpz_init(rnd);
   mpz_init(rndKey);
   mpz_init(plain_nomod);
   mpz_set_ui(plain_total, 0);
   
   plain = (paillier_plaintext_t*) malloc(sizeof(paillier_plaintext_t));
   plain_sum = (paillier_plaintext_t*) malloc(sizeof(paillier_plaintext_t));
   plain_temp = (paillier_plaintext_t*) malloc(sizeof(paillier_plaintext_t));
   cipher_prod = (paillier_ciphertext_t*) malloc(sizeof(paillier_ciphertext_t));
   cipher_total = (paillier_ciphertext_t*) malloc(sizeof(paillier_ciphertext_t));
   cipher = (paillier_ciphertext_t*) malloc(sizeof(paillier_ciphertext_t));
   len = (char *)malloc(2048*sizeof(char));
   //mpz_init(cipher_prod->c);
   mpz_init(cipher_total->c);
   mpz_set_ui(rnd_sum, 0);
   mpz_init_set_str(cipher_prod->c, "1", 10);
   mpz_init_set_str(cipher_total->c, "1", 10);
   mpz_init_set_str(plain_sum->m, "0", 10);
  // printf("\nloading pailler keys");
   if((fpub = fopen("pub.txt", "r")))
    {
       	pub = (paillier_pubkey_t*) malloc(sizeof(paillier_pubkey_t));
	priv = (paillier_prvkey_t*) malloc(sizeof(paillier_prvkey_t));	
	mpz_init(pub->n_squared);
	mpz_init(pub->n);
	fgets(len, 1000, fpub);
   	mpz_init_set_str(pub->p, len, 10);
	fgets(len, 1000, fpub);
   	mpz_init_set_str(pub->q, len, 10);
	fgets(len, 1000, fpub);
   	mpz_init_set_str(pub->n_plusone, len, 10);
	//printf("value of nplusone : \n");
	//mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, pub->n_plusone);
	paillier_keygen(&pub, &priv, get_rand, 0);
        pub->bits = mpz_sizeinbase(pub->n, 2);	
        fclose(fpub);
    }
    gmp_randinit_default(gmpRandState);
    mpz_set_str(rndBnd, "163000", 10); 
    mpz_set_ui(rndKey, time(NULL));
    gmp_randseed(gmpRandState, rndKey);
    fkey = fopen("prf_key.txt", "w");
    mpz_urandomm(rndno, gmpRandState, pub->n); 
    mpz_set(key, rndno);
    element_fprintf(fkey, "%Zd\n", key);
    mpz_urandomm(rndno, gmpRandState, pub->n); 
    mpz_set(key1, rndno);
    element_fprintf(fkey, "%Zd", key1);  
    fclose(fkey);
    
  	 
  gmp_randseed(gmpRandState, key);
  //mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, rnd);
   //****Opening files to read files and encrypt*****  
    int i, j;
   mpz_t rand_val[val], rand_init[no_of_copies], mpz_result[no_of_copies];
   char fileName[1000], file[1000];
   //strcpy(fileName, "./cipher/copy3/output");
  mpz_set_str(sum, "0", 10);
  mpz_set_str(pl_sum, "0", 10);
  for(j =0; j < no_of_copies; j++)
  {
    mpz_init(rand_init[j]);
    mpz_urandomm(rand_init[j], gmpRandState, pub->n); 
    mpz_add(sum, sum, rand_init[j]);
  //  mpz_mod(sum, sum, pub->n);
    //printf("\n 1st rand \n");
    //mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, rand_init[j]);
  }
 // printf("\nsum\n");
 // mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, sum);
  mpz_set_str(pl_sum, "0", 10);
  gmp_randseed(gmpRandState, key1);
  for(j =0; j < no_of_copies; j++)
  {
   mpz_set_ui(cipher_prod->c, 1);
   for(i = 0; i < val; i++)
   {
     sprintf(fileName, "./cipher/copy%d/output", (j+1));
     
     if(j == 0)
     {
      do	
        mpz_urandomm(randNum, gmpRandState, rndBnd);
      while(mpz_cmp_ui(randNum,0) ==0);
      mpz_init(rand_val[i]);
      mpz_set(rand_val[i], randNum);
      //printf("\n2ndrand\n");
      //mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, randNum);
     // printf("random\n");
     // mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, rand_val[i]);
     }
     else
     {
      mpz_set(randNum, rand_val[i]);
      }
    // sprintf(num, "output%d.txt", (j+1));
     mpz_get_str(file, 10, randNum);
     strcat(fileName, file);
     strcat(fileName,".txt");
     count = 0;
   //  printf("\n%s", fileName);
     //mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, randNum);
     if(!(fciph = fopen(fileName, "r")))
       {
         printf("\n not able to read %s", fileName);
         //  fputs("not possible to read  file!\n", stderr);
       } 
     else
       {
	fgets(len, 1000, fciph);
	mpz_init_set_str(cipher->c, len, 10);
	//if(strstr(dir->d_name, "output") != NULL)
        //{
	//  printf("\ncipher\n");
          //mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, cipher->c);
          paillier_mul(pub, cipher_prod, cipher_prod, cipher);
	  // printf("\ncipher after product\n");
          //mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, cipher_prod->c);
        //}
	fclose(fciph);
       }
     if(j == 0)
      {
       strcpy(fileName, "./split/output"); 
       strcat(fileName, file);
       strcat(fileName,".txt");
       if(!(fplain = fopen(fileName, "r")))
         {
           printf("\n not read %s", fileName);
	   count1++;
         }
        else
         {
	  fgets(len, 1000, fplain);
         // printf("\npleain sum\n");
	 // mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, plain_sum->m);
	  mpz_init_set_str(plain->m, len, 10);
	 // if(strstr(dir->d_name, "output") != NULL)
          //{
	   mpz_add(plain_sum->m, plain_sum->m, plain->m);
	   //mpz_mod(pla in_sum->m, plain_sum->m, pub->n);	
 	  //}
          fclose(fplain);
	 } 
       } 
   } 
    mpz_powm(cipher_prod->c, cipher_prod->c, rand_init[j], pub->n_squared);
    paillier_mul(pub, cipher_total, cipher_total, cipher_prod);
   
    mpz_mul(plain_temp->m, plain_sum->m, rand_init[j]);
    mpz_add(plain_total, plain_total, plain_temp->m);
    mpz_mod(plain_total, plain_total, pub->n); 
   }
   plain = paillier_dec(plain, pub, priv, cipher_total);
   printf("\n decrypt \n");
   mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, plain->m);
   // printf("\n plain total \n");
   //mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, plain_total);
   printf("\n plain text total\n");
    mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, plain_sum->m);
   mpz_mul(pl_sum, plain_sum->m, sum);
   mpz_mul(pl_sum, pl_sum, pub->n);
   mpz_mul(pl_sum, pl_sum, priv->lambda);
 //  mpz_mod(pl_sum, pl_sum, pub->n);
    printf("\n plain text * rnd\n");
    mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, pl_sum);  
   if((fprod = fopen("result/cipher_result.txt", "w")))
        {
         printf("\nWriting the result to file \n");
         gmp_fprintf(fprod, "%Zd\n", cipher_total->c);  
	 fclose(fprod);
        }
   
   return 0;
}
Exemplo n.º 6
0
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{  
  ///list all the files in the directory///
   DIR *d;
   FILE  *fpub, *fpriv, *fciph, *fplain, *ftag, *fpairing, *ftemp, *frand;//, *fp6, *fp7;
   paillier_pubkey_t *pub;
   paillier_prvkey_t *priv;
   paillier_get_rand_t get_rand;
   paillier_plaintext_t *plain;
   paillier_ciphertext_t *cipher, *cipher_copy;
   paillier_tag* tag;
   mpz_t tag_sig, *rand_prf;
   gmp_randstate_t rand;
   char *len;
   struct stat st= {0};
   unsigned char *data;
   int count=0, count1=0, gbytes, n, no_copies=10;
   struct dirent *dir;
   ///pairing parameters
   pairing_t pairing;
   //pairing_t p;
    //printf("setting pairing parameters\n");
    //pairing_init_set_str(pairing, param_str);
  // printf("after pairing setup\n");
   element_t g, h, u, temp_pow, test1, test2;
   element_t public_key, sig;
   element_t secret_key;
   ///end of pairing parameters
   //initialize pairing parametrs
   pbc_demo_pairing_init(pairing, argc, argv);
   element_init_G2(g, pairing);
   element_init_G1(u, pairing);
   element_init_G1(test1, pairing);
   element_init_G2(test2, pairing);
   element_init_G1(temp_pow, pairing);
   element_init_G2(public_key, pairing);
  // element_from_hash(h, "hashofmessage", 13);
   element_init_G1(h, pairing);
   element_init_G1(sig, pairing);
   element_init_Zr(secret_key, pairing);
   //end of pairing parameters initialization
   //set up pairing parameters
   //generate system parameters
   element_random(g);
  // n = pairing_length_in_bytes_x_only_G1(pairing);
  // data = pbc_malloc(n);
  // gbytes = pairing_length_in_bytes_G2(pairing);
  // printf(" \n g in bytes %d \n", gbytes);
  // element_printf("system parameter g = %B\n", g);
   //generate private key
   element_random(secret_key);
   //generate u
   element_random(u);
   //calculating hash of a file name and mapping it to element in group G1
  // element_from_hash(h, "FileName", 8);	
   element_random(h);
   //element_printf("private key = %B\n", secret_key);
   //compute corresponding public key
   element_pow_zn(public_key, g, secret_key);
   //element_printf("public key = %B\n", public_key);
   //end of setup
   tag = (paillier_tag*) malloc(sizeof(paillier_tag));
   plain = (paillier_plaintext_t*) malloc(sizeof(paillier_plaintext_t));
   cipher = (paillier_ciphertext_t*) malloc(sizeof(paillier_ciphertext_t));
   mpz_init(plain->m);
   mpz_init(tag->t);	
   mpz_init(cipher->c);
   mpz_init(tag_sig);	
   rand_prf = (mpz_t*) malloc(n*sizeof(mpz_t));
   
   len = (char *)malloc(2048*sizeof(char));
  //****paillier key generation****
   if(!(fpub = fopen("pub.txt", "r")))
    {
       //fputs("Not able to read public key file!\n", stderr);
       paillier_keygen(&pub, &priv, get_rand,450);
       //fclose(fpub);	
       fpub = fopen("pub.txt", "w");
       gmp_fprintf(fpub, "%Zd\n", pub->p); 
       gmp_fprintf(fpub, "%Zd\n", pub->q);	
       gmp_fprintf(fpub, "%Zd\n", pub->n_plusone);
       //***Writing private keys into a file***
       fpriv = fopen("priv.txt", "w"); 	
       gmp_fprintf(fpriv, "%Zd\n", priv->lambda);  		
       gmp_fprintf(fpriv, "%Zd\n", priv->x);  		
       fclose(fpriv);
       //****End of writing private key in a file***	
    }
   else
    {
        printf("\n in else");
	pub = (paillier_pubkey_t*) malloc(sizeof(paillier_pubkey_t));
	priv = (paillier_prvkey_t*) malloc(sizeof(paillier_prvkey_t));	
	mpz_init(pub->n_squared);
	mpz_init(pub->n);
	fgets(len, 1000, fpub);
   	mpz_init_set_str(pub->p, len, 10);
	fgets(len, 1000, fpub);
   	mpz_init_set_str(pub->q, len, 10);
	fgets(len, 1000, fpub);
   	mpz_init_set_str(pub->n_plusone, len, 10);
	//printf("value of nplusone : \n");
	//mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, pub->n_plusone);
	paillier_keygen(&pub, &priv, get_rand, 0);
        pub->bits = mpz_sizeinbase(pub->n, 2);	
    }
   fclose(fpub);
  //****end of paillier key generation****
  //printf("writing pairing parameters to a file\n");
  //writing pairing keys to file
  fpairing = fopen("pairing.txt", "w"); 
  
 /* n = pairing_length_in_bytes_compressed_G2(pairing);
  data = pbc_malloc(n);

  element_to_bytes_compressed(data, g);	
  element_printf(" decomp g %B\n", g);
  element_from_bytes_compressed(test2, data);
  element_printf(" decomp g %B\n", test2); */
  //writing compressed g to file
  element_fprintf(fpairing, "%B\n", g); 
//  element_printf(" g = %B\n", g);
  /*n = pairing_length_in_bytes_compressed_G1(pairing);
  data = pbc_malloc(n);
  element_to_bytes_compressed(data, u);	
  element_printf(" decomp g %B\n", u);
  element_from_bytes_compressed(test1, data);
  element_printf(" decomp g %B\n", test1);  
  //writing compressed u to file */
  element_fprintf(fpairing, "%B\n", u);
  //element_printf(" u = %B\n", u);
  //writing secret key to file
  element_fprintf(fpairing, "%B\n", secret_key); 
  //element_printf(" sk = %B\n", secret_key);
//  printf("secret key = %s\n",secret_key);	
 /* n = pairing_length_in_bytes_compressed_G2(pairing);
  data = pbc_malloc(n);
  element_to_bytes_compressed(data, public_key); 
  //writing compressed public key to file	*/ 
  element_fprintf(fpairing, "%B\n", public_key); 
  //element_printf("pk = %B\n", public_key);	
 /* n = pairing_length_in_bytes_compressed_G1(pairing);
  data = pbc_malloc(n);
  element_to_bytes_compressed(data, h);	
  element_printf(" decomp g %B\n", h);
  element_from_bytes_compressed(test1, data);
  element_printf(" decomp g %B\n", test1);  
  //writing compressed h to file */
  element_fprintf(fpairing, "%B\n", h);
  //element_printf("h = %B\n", h);
  //writing n to file
  gmp_fprintf(fpairing, "%Zd\n", pub->n);  		
  fclose(fpairing);
  //end of writing pairing keys to file  
  cipher_copy = (paillier_ciphertext_t*)malloc(no_copies*sizeof(paillier_ciphertext_t));
  frand = fopen("rand.txt","w");
  int i;
   init_rand(rand, get_rand, pub->bits / 8 + 1);
   for(i = 0; i< no_copies; i++)
   {
	mpz_init(rand_prf[i]);
	do
		mpz_urandomb(rand_prf[i], rand, pub->bits);
	while( mpz_cmp(rand_prf[i], pub->n) >= 0 );
	gmp_fprintf(frand, "%Zd\n", rand_prf[i]); 
	//printf("\nrandom : \n");
        //mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, rand_prf[i]);
   }
  fclose(frand);
  //****Opening files to read files and encrypt***** 
  d = opendir("./split");
   if (d)
   {
    while ((dir = readdir(d)) != NULL)
    {
     //printf("%s\n", dir->d_name);
     char fileName[1000], copy[1000];
     strcpy(fileName, "./split/");
     strcat(fileName,dir->d_name);	
     //printf("\nfile name %s", fileName);
     if(!(fplain = fopen(fileName, "r")))
      {
        printf("\n not able to read %s", fileName);
      //  fputs("not possible to read  file!\n", stderr);
	 count1++;
      }
      else
      {
	//printf("\n able to read %s", fileName);
	fgets(len, 2048, fplain);
        mpz_init_set_str(plain->m, len, 10);	
       // mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, plain->m);
	fclose(fplain);	
	//Writing cipher text to files
	strcpy(fileName, "./cipher/");
        //strcat(fileName,dir->d_name);	
        //printf("\nfilename %s",fileName);
        
         paillier_enc(tag, cipher_copy, pub,plain, get_rand, no_copies, rand_prf);
	// mpz_out_str(stdout, 10, tag->t);
	 int j;
         for(j=0;j < no_copies; j++)
         {
	    char num[20];
	    strcpy(copy, fileName);

	    sprintf(num, "copy%d/", (j+1));
	   // strcat(copy, );
	    strcat(copy, num);
	   if(stat(copy, &st) == -1)
	      mkdir(copy,0777);

            strcat(copy,dir->d_name);
            if(!(fciph = fopen(copy, "w")))
            {
	         printf("\nnot able to open file for writing cipher text %s", copy);
	    }
            else
            {
		// printf("\nbefore enc");
		
	        gmp_fprintf(fciph, "%Zd\n", cipher_copy[j].c); 	
                fclose(fciph); 	
	    }
         }	
	//writing tags to files
	strcpy(fileName, "./tag/");
        strcat(fileName,dir->d_name);	
        //printf("\nfilename %s",fileName);
        if(!(ftag = fopen(fileName, "w")))
        {
         printf("not able to open file for writing tag  %s", fileName);
        }
        else
        {
	
	 element_pow_mpz(temp_pow,u, tag->t);
	 element_mul(temp_pow, temp_pow, h);
	 element_pow_zn(sig, temp_pow, secret_key);
	 element_fprintf(ftag, "%B", sig);
	 fclose(ftag); 
        } 	
      }	
	count++;
    }	
   
    closedir(d);
   }
   
   printf("\nTotal number of files : %d, unreadable files %d", count, count1);
  
   return 0;
}
Exemplo n.º 7
0
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
  QTextStream err(stderr, QIODevice::WriteOnly);
  if(argc != 2) {
    err << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " qbits\n";
    return 1;
  }

  int qbits;
  QTextStream in(argv[1], QIODevice::ReadOnly);
  in >> qbits;

  if(qbits < 10) {
    err << "qbits must be greater than 10\n";
    return 1;
  }

  QTextStream out(stdout, QIODevice::WriteOnly);
  out << "--- PBC Parameter Utility ---\n";
  out << "r < q (for prime r and q)\n";
  out << "Bits: " << qbits << "\n";
  out << "\n\n";
  out.flush();

  pbc_param_t params;
  pairing_t pairing;
  const int rbits = qbits-8;
  pbc_param_init_a_gen(params, rbits, qbits);
  pbc_param_out_str(stdout, params);

  pairing_init_pbc_param(pairing, params);

  element_t gen1;
  element_t neg1;
  element_t gent;

  element_t tmp, tmp2;
  element_init_G1(tmp, pairing);
  element_init_G1(tmp2, pairing);
  element_init_Zr(neg1, pairing);

  element_init_G1(gen1, pairing);
  element_init_G1(gent, pairing);

  // neg1 = 1
  element_set1(neg1);
  // neg1 = -1 mod r
  element_neg(neg1, neg1);

  do {
    element_random(gen1);

    // tmp = gen1^-1
    element_pow_zn(tmp, gen1, neg1);
    // tmp = (gen1^-1)*gen1 == gen1^r
    element_mul(tmp2, tmp, gen1);

  } while (!element_is1(tmp2)); 

  element_fprintf(stdout, "g1 = %B\n", gen1);

  do {
    element_random(gent);

    // tmp = gen1^-1
    element_pow_zn(tmp, gent, neg1);
    // tmp = (gen1^-1)*gen1 == gen1^r
    element_mul(tmp2, tmp, gent);

  } while (!element_is1(tmp2));

  element_fprintf(stdout, "gT = %B\n", gent);

  element_clear(gen1);
  element_clear(gent);

  element_clear(tmp);
  element_clear(tmp2);
  element_clear(neg1);

  pbc_param_clear(params);
  pairing_clear(pairing);

  return 0;
}