void Cabin::randomEvent() {
int random = ofRandom(0,8);
switch(random) {
case 0:
turbulence();
break;
case 1:
cabinCrew();
break;
case 2:
garbledAnnouncement();
break;
case 3:
inappropriateComment();
break;
case 4:
landingGear();
break;
case 5:
fallingTraytable();
break;
case 6:
weirdSmell();
break;
case 7:
babyCrying();
break;
}
}
Color3f PerlinTexture::sample(Point2f &uv) const {
float result = 0.0f;
float x = clamp(uv(0), 0.0f, 1.0f) * m_width;
float y = clamp(uv(1), 0.0f, 1.0f) * m_height;
result = turbulence(x, y);
return Color3f(result, result, result);
}
void LICE_TexGen_CircNoise(LICE_IBitmap *dest, RECT *rect, float rv, float gv, float bv, float nrings, float power, int size)
{
initNoise();
int span=dest->getRowSpan();
int w = dest->getWidth();
int h = dest->getHeight();
int x = 0;
int y = 0;
if(rect)
{
x = rect->left;
y = rect->top;
w = rect->right - rect->left;
h = rect->bottom - rect->top;
}
if (x<0) { w+=x; x=0; }
if (y<0) { h+=y; y=0; }
if (x+w > dest->getWidth()) w=dest->getWidth()-x;
if (y+h > dest->getHeight()) h=dest->getHeight()-y;
if (w<1 || h<1) return;
LICE_pixel *startp = dest->getBits();
if (dest->isFlipped())
{
startp += x + (dest->getHeight()-1-y)*span;
span=-span;
}
else startp += x + y*span;
float xyPeriod = nrings;
float turbPower = power;
const float iturbSize = 1.0f/(float)size;
const float turbSize = (float)size;
{
LICE_pixel *p = startp;
for(int i=0;i<h;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<w;j++)
{
float xValue = ((float)j - w / 2) / w;
float yValue = ((float)i - h / 2) / h;
float distValue = sqrt(xValue * xValue + yValue * yValue) + turbPower * turbulence(j, i, turbSize, iturbSize) / 256.0f;
float col = (float)fabs(256.0 * sin(2 * xyPeriod * distValue * 3.14159));
p[j] = LICE_RGBA((int)(col*rv),(int)(col*bv),(int)(col*gv),255);
}
p+=span;
}
}
}
void marble::apply( Vector& p, surface_data& t )
{
double x = p.x * scale.x + offs.x;
double s = pow( saw_wave( x + turb * turbulence(p,octaves) ), squeeze );
// if(!Tbl.IsEmpty())
// {
t.color = tbl.find_color(s);
// return;
// }
}
double apply_marble_noise(int x, int y, double res, double **tab_noise)
{
double x_period;
double y_period;
double turb_power;
double xy_val;
double sin_val;
x_period = 1.0;
y_period = 30.0;
turb_power = 10.0;
xy_val = x * x_period / WIDTH;
xy_val += y * y_period / HEIGHT;
xy_val += turb_power * turbulence(x, y, res, tab_noise) / 256.0;
sin_val = 256 * fabs(sin(xy_val * M_PI));
return (sin_val);
}
rgb Ray_Trace(int obj_num,float dx, float dy,float dz, points from, int depth)
{
int shadow_flag;
int texture, buf_ptr = 0;
int num_image = 1;
float nx, ny, nz;
float t_min, t1, t2, ipx = 0, ipy = 0, ipz = 0;
float rlx, rly, rlz, rfx,rfy,rfz;
rgb rgb_color;
/* Check if the current ray intercepts spheres */
t_min = 999.0;
//obj_num = 0;
texture = 0;
for(int i = 1; i <= NUM_SPHERES; i++)
{
Check_Sphere(from.x, from.y, from.z, dx, dy, dz, c[i-1][0],
c[i-1][1], c[i-1][2], c[i-1][3], &t1, &t2);
if (t1>=0.00001) {
t_min = t1;
obj_num = i;
Compute_Intersection(from.x, from.y, from.z,
dx, dy, dz, t1, &ipx, &ipy, &ipz);
}
if (t2>=0.00001 && t2<t_min) {
t_min = t2;
obj_num = i;
Compute_Intersection(from.x, from.y, from.z,
dx, dy, dz, t2, &ipx, &ipy, &ipz);
}
}
/* Check if the current ray intercepts planes. */
for(int i = 1; i <= NUM_PLANES; i++)
{
Check_Plane(from.x, from.y, from.z, dx, dy, dz, p[i-1][0], p[i-1][1], p[i-1][2], p[i-1][3], &t1);
if (t1 >= 0.00001 && t1<t_min) {
/* Check if the intersection point is inside the min/max values. */
Compute_Intersection(from.x, from.y, from.z,
dx, dy, dz, t1, &ipx, &ipy, &ipz);
if (ipx >= pminmax[i-1][0][0] && ipx <= pminmax[i-1][0][1] &&
ipy >= pminmax[i-1][1][0] && ipy <= pminmax[i-1][1][1] &&
ipz >= pminmax[i-1][2][0] && ipz <= pminmax[i-1][2][1] ) {
t_min = t1;
obj_num = i+NUM_SPHERES;
}
}
}
int grain;
float u,v,w,t,value,x;
/* Compute the intensity to use at the current pixel. */
switch (obj_num) {
/* The current ray does not intersect any of the objects. */
case 0 :rgb_color.r = 0.1;
rgb_color.g = 0.1;
rgb_color.b = 0.1;
break;
/* The current ray intercept sphere #1. */
case 1 :
nx = ipx - c[0][0];
ny = ipy - c[0][1];
nz = ipz - c[0][2];
Normalize(&nx, &ny, &nz);
shadow_flag = 0;
shadow_flag = Check_Shadow(ipx, ipy, ipz, obj_num);
texture = 0;
rgb_color = Compute_Color(shadow_flag, ipx, ipy, ipz, nx, ny, nz, ia, ka_S[0], kd_S[0], ks_S[0], ns_S[0], krg_S[0], ktg_S[0], 1);
break;
/* The current ray intercepts sphere #2. */
case 2 :
nx = ipx - c[1][0];
ny = ipy - c[1][1];
nz = ipz - c[1][2];
Normalize(&nx, &ny, &nz);
shadow_flag = 0;
shadow_flag = Check_Shadow(ipx, ipy, ipz, obj_num);
texture = rand() % 2;
if(texture == 1)
{
Bump_map(ipx,ipy,ipz,dx,dy,dz,1,&nx,&ny,&nz,2);
rgb_color = Compute_Color(shadow_flag, ipx, ipy, ipz, nx, ny, nz, ia, ka_S[1], kd_S[1], ks_S[1], ns_S[1], krg_S[1], ktg_S[1], 1);
}
else
rgb_color = Compute_Color(shadow_flag, ipx, ipy, ipz, nx, ny, nz, ia, ka_S[1], kd_S[1], ks_S[1], ns_S[1], krg_S[1], ktg_S[1], 1);
break;
/* The current ray intercepts sphere #3. */
case 3 :
nx = ipx - c[2][0];
ny = ipy - c[2][1];
nz = ipz - c[2][2];
Normalize(&nx, &ny, &nz);
shadow_flag = 0;
shadow_flag = Check_Shadow(ipx, ipy, ipz, obj_num);
texture = rand() % 2;
if (texture==1) // Compute texture. */
{
Bump_map(ipx,ipy,ipz,dx,dy,dz,1,&nx,&ny,&nz,1);
rgb_color = Compute_Color(shadow_flag, ipx, ipy, ipz, nx, ny, nz, ia, tka3, tkd3, ks_S[2], ns_S[2], krg_S[2], ktg_S[2], 1);
}
else
rgb_color = Compute_Color(shadow_flag, ipx, ipy, ipz, nx, ny, nz, ia, ka_S[2], kd_S[2], ks_S[2], ns_S[2], krg_S[2], ktg_S[2], 1);
break;
case 4 : /* The current ray intercepts plane #1. */
nx = p[0][0];
ny = p[0][1];
nz = p[0][2];
shadow_flag = 0;
shadow_flag = Check_Shadow(ipx, ipy, ipz,obj_num);
grain = wood_grain(ipx,ipy,ipz);
if(grain < 3)
rgb_color = Compute_Color(shadow_flag, ipx, ipy, ipz, nx, ny, nz, ia, tka4 ,tkd4 , ks_P[0], ns_P[0] ,krg_P[0], ktg_P[0], 1);
else
rgb_color = Compute_Color(shadow_flag, ipx, ipy, ipz, nx, ny, nz, ia, ka_P[0], kd_P[0], ks_P[0], ns_P[0], krg_P[0], ktg_P[0], 1);
break;
case 5 : /* The current ray intercepts plane #2. */
nx = p[1][0];
ny = p[1][1];
nz = p[1][2];
shadow_flag = 0;
shadow_flag = Check_Shadow(ipx, ipy, ipz,obj_num);
if (ipz < 2.0 || (ipz>=4.0 && ipz<6.0)) {
if ((ipy>=2.0 && ipy<4.0) || (ipy>=6.0))
texture = 1;
else
texture = 0;
}
else {
if ((ipy<2.0) || (ipy>=4.0 && ipy<6.0))
texture = 1;
else
texture = 0;
}
if (texture == 1)
rgb_color = Compute_Color(shadow_flag, ipx, ipy, ipz, nx, ny, nz, ia, tka5, tkd5, ks_P[1], ns_P[1], krg_P[1], ktg_P[1], 1);
else
rgb_color = Compute_Color(shadow_flag, ipx, ipy, ipz, nx, ny, nz, ia, ka_P[1], kd_P[1], ks_P[1], ns_P[1], krg_P[1], ktg_P[1], 1);
break;
case 6 : /* The current ray intercepts plane #3. */
nx = p[2][0];
ny = p[2][1];
nz = p[2][2];
shadow_flag = 0;
shadow_flag = Check_Shadow(ipx, ipy, ipz,obj_num);
if (ipx < 2.0 || (ipx >= 4.0 && ipx < 6.0)) {
if ((ipz >= 2.0 && ipz < 4.0) || (ipz >=6.0))
texture = 1;
else
texture = 0;
}
else {
if ((ipz<2.0) || (ipz>=4.0 && ipz<6.0))
texture = 1;
else
texture = 0;
}
t = turbulence(ipx,ipy,ipz,0.5);
value = ipx+t;
x = sqrt( value + 1.0)*0.7071;
get_marble_color( (float)sin(value*3.1415926), &rgb_color);
get_marble_color( (float)sin(value*3.1415926), &rgb_color);
get_marble_color( (float)sin(value*3.1415926), &rgb_color);
/*if (texture == 1)
rgb_color = Compute_Color(shadow_flag, ipx, ipy, ipz, nx, ny, nz, ia, tka6, tkd6, ks_P[2], ns_P[2], krg_P[2], ktg_P[2], 1);
else
rgb_color = Compute_Color(shadow_flag, ipx, ipy, ipz, nx, ny, nz, ia, ka_P[2], kd_P[2], ks_P[2], ns_P[2], krg_P[2], ktg_P[2], 1);
*/
break;
default:
break;
}
if(depth < MAX_DEPTH)
{
if(obj_num > 0 && obj_num !=4 && nx >= 0 && ny >= 0 && nz >= 0)
{
compute_reflected_ray(dx, dy, dz, nx, ny, nz, &rlx, &rly, &rlz);
points newFrom;
newFrom.x = ipx;
newFrom.y = ipy;
newFrom.z = ipz;
rgb rcolor = Ray_Trace(obj_num,rlx,rly,rlz,newFrom,depth+1);
switch(obj_num)
{
case 1:
rgb_color.r += krg_S[0]*rcolor.r;
rgb_color.g += krg_S[0]*rcolor.g;
rgb_color.b += krg_S[0]*rcolor.b;
break;
case 2:
rgb_color.r += krg_S[1]*rcolor.r;
rgb_color.g += krg_S[1]*rcolor.g;
rgb_color.b += krg_S[1]*rcolor.b;
break;
case 3:
rgb_color.r += krg_S[2]*rcolor.r;
rgb_color.g += krg_S[2]*rcolor.g;
rgb_color.b += krg_S[2]*rcolor.b;
break;
case 4:
rgb_color.r += krg_P[0]*rcolor.r;
rgb_color.g += krg_P[0]*rcolor.g;
rgb_color.b += krg_P[0]*rcolor.b;
break;
case 5:
rgb_color.r += krg_P[1]*rcolor.r;
rgb_color.g += krg_P[1]*rcolor.g;
rgb_color.b += krg_P[1]*rcolor.b;
break;
case 6:
rgb_color.r += krg_P[2]*rcolor.r;
rgb_color.g += krg_P[2]*rcolor.g;
rgb_color.b += krg_P[2]*rcolor.b;
break;
default:
break;
}
}
float n1 = 1.0003; /*refractive index air*/
/*nt - refractive index material*/
float thetha = 1000;
if(obj_num > 0 && obj_num < 7)
{
if(obj_num < 4)
{
thetha = asin((float)n1/(float)nt_S[obj_num-1]);
if(thetha < 41.2) /* Check if object is semi transparent */
{
points newFrom;
newFrom.x = ipx;
newFrom.y = ipy;
newFrom.z = ipz;
compute_refracted_ray(dx,dy,dz,nx,ny,nz,&rfx,&rfy,&rfz,nt_S[obj_num-1]); /*Compute refracted ray*/
rgb rcolor = Ray_Trace(obj_num,rfx,rfy,rfz,newFrom,depth+1);
rgb_color.r += ktg_P[0]*rcolor.r;
rgb_color.g += ktg_P[0]*rcolor.g;
rgb_color.b += ktg_P[0]*rcolor.b;
}
}
else
{
int i = obj_num-NUM_SPHERES-1;
thetha = asin((float)n1/(float)nt_P[i]);
if(thetha < 41.2) /* Check if object is semi transparent */
{
points newFrom;
newFrom.x = ipx;
newFrom.y = ipy;
newFrom.z = ipz;
compute_refracted_ray(dx,dy,dz,nx,ny,nz,&rfx,&rfy,&rfz,nt_P[i]); /*Compute refracted ray*/
rgb rcolor = Ray_Trace(obj_num,rfx,rfy,rfz,newFrom,depth+1);
rgb_color.r += ktg_P[0]*rcolor.r;
rgb_color.g += ktg_P[0]*rcolor.g;
rgb_color.b += ktg_P[0]*rcolor.b;
}
}
}
}
return rgb_color;
}
void stochasticDispersionRAS::disperseParcels() const
{
const scalar cps = 0.16432;
scalar dt = spray_.runTime().deltaT().value();
const volScalarField& k = turbulence().k();
//volVectorField gradk = fvc::grad(k);
const volScalarField& epsilon = turbulence().epsilon();
const volVectorField& U = spray_.U();
for
(
spray::iterator elmnt = spray_.begin();
elmnt != spray_.end();
++elmnt
)
{
label celli = elmnt().cell();
scalar UrelMag = mag(elmnt().U() - U[celli] - elmnt().Uturb());
scalar Tturb = min
(
k[celli]/epsilon[celli],
cps*pow(k[celli], 1.5)/epsilon[celli]/(UrelMag + SMALL)
);
// parcel is perturbed by the turbulence
if (dt < Tturb)
{
elmnt().tTurb() += dt;
if (elmnt().tTurb() > Tturb)
{
elmnt().tTurb() = 0.0;
scalar sigma = sqrt(2.0*k[celli]/3.0);
vector dir = 2.0*spray_.rndGen().vector01() - vector::one;
dir /= mag(dir) + SMALL;
// numerical recipes... Ch. 7. Random Numbers...
scalar x1,x2;
scalar rsq = 10.0;
while((rsq > 1.0) || (rsq == 0.0))
{
x1 = 2.0*spray_.rndGen().scalar01() - 1.0;
x2 = 2.0*spray_.rndGen().scalar01() - 1.0;
rsq = x1*x1 + x2*x2;
}
scalar fac = sqrt(-2.0*log(rsq)/rsq);
fac *= mag(x1);
elmnt().Uturb() = sigma*fac*dir;
}
}
else
{
elmnt().tTurb() = GREAT;
elmnt().Uturb() = vector::zero;
}
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
argList::addNote
(
"apply a simplified boundary-layer model to the velocity and\n"
"turbulence fields based on the 1/7th power-law."
);
argList::addOption
(
"ybl",
"scalar",
"specify the boundary-layer thickness"
);
argList::addOption
(
"Cbl",
"scalar",
"boundary-layer thickness as Cbl * mean distance to wall"
);
argList::addBoolOption
(
"writenut",
"write nut field"
);
#include "setRootCase.H"
if (!args.optionFound("ybl") && !args.optionFound("Cbl"))
{
FatalErrorIn(args.executable())
<< "Neither option 'ybl' or 'Cbl' have been provided to calculate "
<< "the boundary-layer thickness.\n"
<< "Please choose either 'ybl' OR 'Cbl'."
<< exit(FatalError);
}
else if (args.optionFound("ybl") && args.optionFound("Cbl"))
{
FatalErrorIn(args.executable())
<< "Both 'ybl' and 'Cbl' have been provided to calculate "
<< "the boundary-layer thickness.\n"
<< "Please choose either 'ybl' OR 'Cbl'."
<< exit(FatalError);
}
#include "createTime.H"
#include "createMesh.H"
#include "createFields.H"
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
// Modify velocity by applying a 1/7th power law boundary-layer
// u/U0 = (y/ybl)^(1/7)
// assumes U0 is the same as the current cell velocity
Info<< "Setting boundary layer velocity" << nl << endl;
scalar yblv = ybl.value();
forAll(U, cellI)
{
if (y[cellI] <= yblv)
{
mask[cellI] = 1;
U[cellI] *= ::pow(y[cellI]/yblv, (1.0/7.0));
}
}
mask.correctBoundaryConditions();
Info<< "Writing U\n" << endl;
U.write();
// Update/re-write phi
#include "createPhi.H"
phi.write();
singlePhaseTransportModel laminarTransport(U, phi);
autoPtr<incompressible::turbulenceModel> turbulence
(
incompressible::turbulenceModel::New(U, phi, laminarTransport)
);
if (isA<incompressible::RASModel>(turbulence()))
{
// Calculate nut - reference nut is calculated by the turbulence model
// on its construction
tmp<volScalarField> tnut = turbulence->nut();
volScalarField& nut = tnut();
volScalarField S(mag(dev(symm(fvc::grad(U)))));
nut = (1 - mask)*nut + mask*sqr(kappa*min(y, ybl))*::sqrt(2)*S;
// do not correct BC - wall functions will 'undo' manipulation above
// by using nut from turbulence model
if (args.optionFound("writenut"))
{
Info<< "Writing nut" << endl;
nut.write();
}
//--- Read and modify turbulence fields
// Turbulence k
tmp<volScalarField> tk = turbulence->k();
volScalarField& k = tk();
scalar ck0 = pow025(Cmu)*kappa;
k = (1 - mask)*k + mask*sqr(nut/(ck0*min(y, ybl)));
// do not correct BC - operation may use inconsistent fields wrt these
// local manipulations
// k.correctBoundaryConditions();
Info<< "Writing k\n" << endl;
k.write();
// Turbulence epsilon
tmp<volScalarField> tepsilon = turbulence->epsilon();
volScalarField& epsilon = tepsilon();
scalar ce0 = ::pow(Cmu, 0.75)/kappa;
epsilon = (1 - mask)*epsilon + mask*ce0*k*sqrt(k)/min(y, ybl);
// do not correct BC - wall functions will use non-updated k from
// turbulence model
// epsilon.correctBoundaryConditions();
Info<< "Writing epsilon\n" << endl;
epsilon.write();
// Turbulence omega
IOobject omegaHeader
(
"omega",
runTime.timeName(),
mesh,
IOobject::MUST_READ,
IOobject::NO_WRITE,
false
);
if (omegaHeader.headerOk())
{
volScalarField omega(omegaHeader, mesh);
dimensionedScalar k0("VSMALL", k.dimensions(), VSMALL);
omega = (1 - mask)*omega + mask*epsilon/(Cmu*k + k0);
// do not correct BC - wall functions will use non-updated k from
// turbulence model
// omega.correctBoundaryConditions();
Info<< "Writing omega\n" << endl;
omega.write();
}
// Turbulence nuTilda
IOobject nuTildaHeader
(
"nuTilda",
runTime.timeName(),
mesh,
IOobject::MUST_READ,
IOobject::NO_WRITE,
false
);
if (nuTildaHeader.headerOk())
{
volScalarField nuTilda(nuTildaHeader, mesh);
nuTilda = nut;
// do not correct BC
// nuTilda.correctBoundaryConditions();
Info<< "Writing nuTilda\n" << endl;
nuTilda.write();
}
}
Info<< nl << "ExecutionTime = " << runTime.elapsedCpuTime() << " s"
<< " ClockTime = " << runTime.elapsedClockTime() << " s"
<< nl << endl;
Info<< "End\n" << endl;
return 0;
}
void Foam::stochasticDispersionRAS::disperseParcels() const
{
const scalar cps = 0.16432;
const vector one(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
scalar dt = spray_.runTime().deltaTValue();
const volScalarField& k = turbulence().k();
// volVectorField gradk(fvc::grad(k));
const volScalarField& epsilon = turbulence().epsilon();
const volVectorField& U = spray_.U();
forAllIter(spray, spray_, elmnt)
{
const label cellI = elmnt().cell();
scalar UrelMag = mag(elmnt().U() - U[cellI] - elmnt().Uturb());
scalar Tturb = min
(
k[cellI]/epsilon[cellI],
cps*pow(k[cellI], 1.5)/epsilon[cellI]/(UrelMag + SMALL)
);
// parcel is perturbed by the turbulence
if (dt < Tturb)
{
elmnt().tTurb() += dt;
if (elmnt().tTurb() > Tturb)
{
elmnt().tTurb() = 0.0;
scalar sigma = sqrt(2.0*k[cellI]/3.0);
vector dir = 2.0*spray_.rndGen().sample01<vector>() - one;
dir /= mag(dir) + SMALL;
// numerical recipes... Ch. 7. Random Numbers...
scalar x1,x2;
scalar rsq = 10.0;
while (rsq > 1.0 || rsq == 0.0)
{
x1 = 2.0*spray_.rndGen().sample01<scalar>() - 1.0;
x2 = 2.0*spray_.rndGen().sample01<scalar>() - 1.0;
rsq = x1*x1 + x2*x2;
}
scalar fac = sqrt(-2.0*log(rsq)/rsq);
fac *= mag(x1);
elmnt().Uturb() = sigma*fac*dir;
}
}
else
{
elmnt().tTurb() = GREAT;
elmnt().Uturb() = vector::zero;
}
}
}
void gradientDispersionRAS::disperseParcels() const
{
const scalar cps = 0.16432;
scalar dt = spray_.runTime().deltaT().value();
const volScalarField& k = turbulence().k();
volVectorField gradk = fvc::grad(k);
const volScalarField& epsilon = turbulence().epsilon();
const volVectorField& U = spray_.U();
for
(
spray::iterator elmnt = spray_.begin();
elmnt != spray_.end();
++elmnt
)
{
label celli = elmnt().cell();
scalar UrelMag = mag(elmnt().U() - U[celli] - elmnt().Uturb());
scalar Tturb = min
(
k[celli]/epsilon[celli],
cps*pow(k[celli], 1.5)/epsilon[celli]/(UrelMag + SMALL)
);
// parcel is perturbed by the turbulence
if (dt < Tturb)
{
elmnt().tTurb() += dt;
if (elmnt().tTurb() > Tturb)
{
elmnt().tTurb() = 0.0;
scalar sigma = sqrt(2.0*k[celli]/3.0);
vector dir = -gradk[celli]/(mag(gradk[celli]) + SMALL);
// numerical recipes... Ch. 7. Random Numbers...
scalar x1 = 0.0;
scalar x2 = 0.0;
scalar rsq = 10.0;
while((rsq > 1.0) || (rsq == 0.0))
{
x1 = 2.0*spray_.rndGen().scalar01() - 1.0;
x2 = 2.0*spray_.rndGen().scalar01() - 1.0;
rsq = x1*x1 + x2*x2;
}
scalar fac = sqrt(-2.0*log(rsq)/rsq);
// in 2D calculations the -grad(k) is always
// away from the axis of symmetry
// This creates a 'hole' in the spray and to
// prevent this we let x1 be both negative/positive
if (spray_.twoD())
{
fac *= x1;
}
else
{
fac *= mag(x1);
}
elmnt().Uturb() = sigma*fac*dir;
}
}
else
{
elmnt().tTurb() = GREAT;
elmnt().Uturb() = vector::zero;
}
}
}
RealT PerlinNoise::marble (const RealT &strength, const Vec3 &v) const {
RealT t = turbulence(v);
return t;
}
