static R3Vector calculate_sink_force(R3Scene* scene, R3Particle* particle)
{
R3ParticleSink* sink;
R3Vector force = R3Vector(0,0,0);
for (int i = 0; i < scene->NParticleSinks(); i++)
{
sink = scene->ParticleSink(i);
if (sink->shape->type == R3_SPHERE_SHAPE)
{
R3Sphere* sphere = sink->shape->sphere;
R3Point center = sphere->Center();
R3Vector f = -(particle->position - center);
double d = f.Length() - sphere->Radius();
f.Normalize();
double mag = sink->intensity / (sink->constant_attenuation +
sink->linear_attenuation*d +
sink->quadratic_attenuation*d*d);
force += f*mag;
}
else if (sink->shape->type == R3_MESH_SHAPE)
{
R3Mesh* mesh = sink->shape->mesh;
R3Point center = R3Point(0,0,0);
for (unsigned int j = 0; j < mesh->vertices.size(); j++)
{
center += mesh->vertices[i]->position / mesh->vertices.size();
}
R3Vector f = -(particle->position - center);
double d = f.Length();
f.Normalize();
double mag = sink->intensity / (sink->constant_attenuation +
sink->linear_attenuation*d +
sink->quadratic_attenuation*d*d);
force += f*mag;
}
else if (sink->shape->type == R3_BOX_SHAPE)
{
R3Box* box = sink->shape->box;
R3Point center = R3Point((box->XMax() - box->XMin())/2 + box->XMin(),
(box->YMax() - box->YMin())/2 + box->YMin(),
(box->ZMax() - box->ZMin())/2 + box->ZMin());
R3Vector f = -(particle->position - center);
double d = f.Length();
f.Normalize();
double mag = sink->intensity / (sink->constant_attenuation +
sink->linear_attenuation*d +
sink->quadratic_attenuation*d*d);
force += f*mag;
}
}
return force;
}
void GLUTMotion(int x, int y)
{
// Invert y coordinate
y = GLUTwindow_height - y;
// Compute mouse movement
int dx = x - GLUTmouse[0];
int dy = y - GLUTmouse[1];
// Process mouse motion event
if ((dx != 0) || (dy != 0)) {
R3Point mesh_center = mesh->Center();
if ((GLUTbutton[0] && (GLUTmodifiers & GLUT_ACTIVE_SHIFT)) || GLUTbutton[1]) {
// Scale world
double factor = (double) dx / (double) GLUTwindow_width;
factor += (double) dy / (double) GLUTwindow_height;
factor = exp(2.0 * factor);
factor = (factor - 1.0) / factor;
R3Vector translation = (mesh_center - camera_eye) * factor;
camera_eye += translation;
glutPostRedisplay();
}
else if (GLUTbutton[0] && (GLUTmodifiers & GLUT_ACTIVE_CTRL)) {
// Translate world
double length = R3Distance(mesh_center, camera_eye) * tan(camera_yfov);
double vx = length * (double) dx / (double) GLUTwindow_width;
double vy = length * (double) dy / (double) GLUTwindow_height;
R3Vector camera_right = camera_up % camera_towards;
R3Vector translation = -((camera_right * vx) + (camera_up * vy));
camera_eye += translation;
glutPostRedisplay();
}
else if (GLUTbutton[0]) {
// Rotate world
double vx = (double) dx / (double) GLUTwindow_width;
double vy = (double) dy / (double) GLUTwindow_height;
double theta = 4.0 * (fabs(vx) + fabs(vy));
R3Vector camera_right = camera_up % camera_towards;
R3Vector vector = (camera_right * vx) + (camera_up * vy);
R3Vector rotation_axis = vector % camera_towards;
rotation_axis.Normalize();
camera_eye.Rotate(R3Line(mesh_center, rotation_axis), theta);
camera_towards.Rotate(rotation_axis, theta);
camera_up.Rotate(rotation_axis, theta);
camera_right = camera_up % camera_towards;
camera_up = camera_towards % camera_right;
camera_towards.Normalize();
camera_up.Normalize();
glutPostRedisplay();
}
}
// Remember mouse position
GLUTmouse[0] = x;
GLUTmouse[1] = y;
}
RNRgb R3DirectionalLight::
SpecularReflection(const R3Brdf& brdf, const R3Point& eye,
const R3Point& point, const R3Vector& normal) const
{
// Check if light is active
if (!IsActive()) return RNblack_rgb;
// Get material properties
const RNRgb& Sc = brdf.Specular();
RNScalar s = brdf.Shininess();
// Get light properties
const RNRgb& Ic = Color();
RNScalar I = Intensity();
R3Vector L = -(Direction());
// Compute geometric stuff
RNScalar NL = normal.Dot(L);
if (RNIsNegativeOrZero(NL)) return RNblack_rgb;
R3Vector R = (2.0 * NL) * normal - L;
R3Vector V = eye - point;
V.Normalize();
RNScalar VR = V.Dot(R);
if (RNIsNegativeOrZero(VR)) return RNblack_rgb;
// Return specular component of reflection
return (I * pow(VR,s)) * Sc * Ic;
}
RNRgb R3PointLight::
Reflection(const R3Brdf& brdf, const R3Point& eye,
const R3Point& point, const R3Vector& normal) const
{
// Check if light is active
if (!IsActive()) return RNblack_rgb;
// Get material properties
const RNRgb& Dc = brdf.Diffuse();
const RNRgb& Sc = brdf.Specular();
RNScalar s = brdf.Shininess();
// Get light properties
RNScalar I = IntensityAtPoint(point);
R3Vector L = DirectionFromPoint(point);
const RNRgb& Ic = Color();
// Compute geometric stuff
RNScalar NL = normal.Dot(L);
if (RNIsNegativeOrZero(NL)) return RNblack_rgb;
R3Vector R = (2.0 * NL) * normal - L;
R3Vector V = eye - point;
V.Normalize();
RNScalar VR = V.Dot(R);
// Compute diffuse reflection
RNRgb rgb = (I * NL) * Dc * Ic;
// Compute specular reflection
if (RNIsPositive(VR)) rgb += (I * pow(VR,s)) * Sc * Ic;
// Return total reflection
return rgb;
}
int Bubble::Collides(R3Mesh* mesh, R3Vector offset) {
R3Box box = mesh -> bbox;
R3Vector SepAxis = pos - (box.Centroid() + offset);
double dist = SepAxis.Length();
SepAxis.Normalize();
double x = SepAxis.X();
double y = SepAxis.Y();
double z = SepAxis.Z();
if (x >= y && x >= z && x != 0)
SepAxis /= x;
else if (y >= x && y >= z != 0)
SepAxis /= y;
else if (z != 0)
SepAxis /= z;
double x_len = box.XLength();
double y_len = box.YLength();
double z_len = box.ZLength();
//effective radius
SepAxis.SetX(x * x_len/2.0);
SepAxis.SetY(y * y_len/2.0);
SepAxis.SetZ(z * z_len/2.0);
if (dist <= (size + SepAxis.Length()))
return 1;
return 0;
}
void R3MeshFace::
UpdatePlane(void)
{
// Check number of vertices
int nvertices = vertices.size();
if (nvertices < 3) {
plane = R3null_plane;
return;
}
// Compute centroid
R3Point centroid = R3zero_point;
for (int i = 0; i < nvertices; i++)
centroid += vertices[i]->position;
centroid /= nvertices;
// Compute best normal for counter-clockwise array of vertices using newell's method
R3Vector normal = R3zero_vector;
const R3Point *p1 = &(vertices[nvertices-1]->position);
for (int i = 0; i < nvertices; i++) {
const R3Point *p2 = &(vertices[i]->position);
normal[0] += (p1->Y() - p2->Y()) * (p1->Z() + p2->Z());
normal[1] += (p1->Z() - p2->Z()) * (p1->X() + p2->X());
normal[2] += (p1->X() - p2->X()) * (p1->Y() + p2->Y());
p1 = p2;
}
// Normalize normal vector
normal.Normalize();
// Update face plane
plane.Reset(centroid, normal);
}
R3Vector R3PointLight::
DirectionFromPoint(const R3Point& point) const
{
// Return direction to point
R3Vector L = position - point;
L.Normalize();
return L;
}
void R3Triad::
Rotate(const R3Vector& from, const R3Vector& to)
{
// Rotate each axis
RNAngle angle = R3InteriorAngle(from, to);
R3Vector rotaxis = from % to;
rotaxis.Normalize();
Rotate(rotaxis, angle);
}
// compute intersection between a sphere and a ray
R3Intersection ComputeIntersection(R3Sphere *sphere, R3Ray &ray)
{
R3Intersection i;
bool in_front_of_center = false;
bool internal = false;
R3Vector l = sphere->Center() - ray.Start();
double tca = l.Dot(ray.Vector());
if (tca < 0) // case where ray originates within sphere and points away from its center
{
tca = -tca;
in_front_of_center = true;
internal = true;
}
double d2 = l.Dot(l) - tca * tca;
double r2 = sphere->Radius() * sphere->Radius();
if (d2 > r2) // case where ray misses sphere entirely
{
i.hit = false;
return i;
}
double thc = sqrt(r2 - d2);
double t;
if (!in_front_of_center)
{
t = tca - thc;
if (t < 0)
{
t = tca + thc;
internal = true;
}
}
else
{
t = thc - tca;
}
if (t < 0)
{
i.hit = false;
return i;
}
R3Point p = ray.Point(t);
R3Vector n = p - sphere->Center();
n.Normalize();
if (internal)
n = -n;
// populate intersection data
i.hit = true;
i.normal = n;
i.position = p;
i.t = t;
return i;
}
void R4Matrix::
Rotate(const R3Vector& from, const R3Vector& to)
{
// rotate matrix that takes direction of vector "from" -> "to"
// This is a quickie hack -- there's got to be a better way
RNAngle radians = R3InteriorAngle(from, to);
R3Vector axis = from % to;
axis.Normalize();
Rotate(axis, radians);
}
void R3Matrix::Rotate(const R3Vector& from, const R3Vector& to)
{
// rotate matrix that takes direction of vector "from" -> "to"
// This is a quickie hack -- there's got to be a better way
double d1 = from.Length();
if (d1 == 0) return;
double d2 = to.Length();
if (d2 == 0) return;
double cosine = from.Dot(to) / (d1 * d2);
double radians = acos(cosine);
R3Vector axis = from % to;
axis.Normalize();
Rotate(axis, radians);
}
R3Ray ConstructRay(R3Camera c, int x, int y, int width, int height) {
// c.xfov = 1;
// c.yfov = 1;
R3Point pcenter = c.eye + c.towards * c.neardist;
R3Vector vright = c.right * c.neardist * tan(c.xfov);
R3Vector vup = c.up * c.neardist * tan(c.yfov);
double halfwidth = (double) width / 2.0;
double halfheight = (double) height / 2.0;
R3Point p = pcenter + ((double)x - halfwidth)/halfwidth * vright + ((double)y - halfheight)/halfheight * vup;
R3Vector v = p - c.eye;
v.Normalize();
return R3Ray(c.eye, v);
}
int IntersectMesh(R3Mesh *m, R3Ray r, R3Point *position, R3Vector *normal, double *t) {
*t = DBL_MAX;
for(int i=0; i < m->NFaces(); i++) {
R3MeshFace *f = m->Face(i);
if(f->vertices.size() != 3) continue;
R3Vector trianglenormal = (f->vertices[1]->position - f->vertices[0]->position);
trianglenormal.Cross(f->vertices[2]->position - f->vertices[0]->position);
trianglenormal.Normalize();
R3Plane triangleplane(f->vertices[0]->position, trianglenormal);
R3Point intersectionpoint;
double t_intersection;
if(IntersectPlane(&triangleplane, r, &intersectionpoint, &trianglenormal, &t_intersection) !=0 ) {
// check inside triangle
int withintriangle = 1;
for(int j=0; j<3; j++) {
R3Vector v1 = f->vertices[j%3]->position - r.Start();
R3Vector v2 = f->vertices[(j+1)%3]->position - r.Start();
R3Vector n1 = v2;
n1.Cross(v1);
n1.Normalize();
R3Plane p(r.Start(), n1);
if(R3SignedDistance(p, intersectionpoint) < 0) {
withintriangle = 0;
break;
}
}
if(withintriangle == 1 && t_intersection > 0 && t_intersection < *t) {
*t = t_intersection;
*position = intersectionpoint;
*normal = trianglenormal;
}
}
}
if(*t < DBL_MAX) {
return 1;
}
else {
return 0;
}
}
// Compute the luminance for a light at a specific point
R3Rgb ComputeLuminance(R3Light *light, R3Point &point)
{
R3Rgb il(0, 0, 0, 1);
switch (light->type)
{
// quadratic attenuation factor
case R3_POINT_LIGHT:
{
double d = (light->position - point).Length();
double att = light->constant_attenuation + light->linear_attenuation * d + light->quadratic_attenuation * d * d;
il = light->color / att;
break;
}
// constant luminance
case R3_DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT:
{
il = light->color;
break;
}
// quadratic attenuation with directional falloff
case R3_SPOT_LIGHT:
{
R3Vector l = (point - light->position);
l.Normalize();
double cost = l.Dot(light->direction);
if (acos(cost) <= light->angle_cutoff)
{
double d = (light->position - point).Length();
double att = light->constant_attenuation + light->linear_attenuation * d + light->quadratic_attenuation * d * d;
il = light->color * pow(cost, light->angle_attenuation) / att;
}
break;
}
// not implemented
case R3_AREA_LIGHT:
break;
case R3_NUM_LIGHT_TYPES:
break;
}
return il;
}
static R3Vector calculate_attractive_force(R3Scene* scene, R3Particle* particle)
{
R3Vector attractive_force = R3Vector(0,0,0);
double G = 6.67300e-11;
for (int i = 0; i < scene->NParticles(); i++)
{
if (scene->Particle(i) == particle)
continue;
R3Vector r = particle->position - scene->Particle(i)->position;
double m1 = particle->mass;
double m2 = scene->Particle(i)->mass;
double mag = -G * m1 * m2 / (r.Length() * r.Length());
r.Normalize();
attractive_force += mag * r;
}
return attractive_force;
}
void Explode(R3Scene *scene, R3Enemy *enemy) {
if (enemy->shape->type == R3_MESH_SHAPE) {
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < enemy->shape->mesh->vertices.size(); i++) {
int percent = 1;
//int percent = player->shape->mesh->vertices.size() / 150;
/*if (enemy->shape->mesh->vertices.size() < 300) {
percent = 10;
}*/
if (i % percent == 0) {
R3Particle *particle = new R3Particle();
double speed = 1 * RandomNumber();
double x1 = 10 * RandomNumber();
double x2 = 10 * RandomNumber();
double x3 = 10 * RandomNumber();
double mass = 0.00000001;
double drag = 0.0;
double elasticity = 0.0;
R3Vector velocity = R3Vector(x1, x2, x3);
velocity.Normalize();
static R3Material sink;
static R3Material sink_material;
static R3Material sink_material2;
static R3Material sink_material3;
if (sink.id != 33) {
sink.ka.Reset(0.2,0.2,0.2,1);
sink.kd.Reset(1,0,0,1);
sink.ks.Reset(1,0,0,1);
sink.kt.Reset(0,0,0,1);
sink.emission.Reset(1, 0, 0,1);
sink.shininess = 1;
sink.indexofrefraction = 1;
sink.texture = NULL;
sink.texture_index = -1;
sink.id = 33;
}
if (sink_material.id != 33) {
sink_material.ka.Reset(0.2,0.2,0.2,1);
sink_material.kd.Reset(1,0,0,1);
sink_material.ks.Reset(1,0,0,1);
sink_material.kt.Reset(0,0,0,1);
sink_material.emission.Reset(1, 0, 0,1);
sink_material.shininess = 1;
sink_material.indexofrefraction = 1;
sink_material.texture = NULL;
sink_material.texture_index = -1;
sink_material.id = 33;
}
if (sink_material2.id != 33) {
sink_material2.ka.Reset(0.2,0.2,0.2,1);
sink_material2.kd.Reset(0.96,0.44,0.11,1);
sink_material2.ks.Reset(0.96,0.44,0.11,1);
sink_material2.kt.Reset(0,0,0,1);
sink_material2.emission.Reset(.96, .44, .11,1);
sink_material2.shininess = 1;
sink_material2.indexofrefraction = 1;
sink_material2.texture = NULL;
sink_material2.texture_index = -1;
sink_material2.id = 33;
}
if (sink_material3.id != 33) {
sink_material3.ka.Reset(0.2,0.2,0.2,1);
sink_material.kd.Reset(1,0.83,0,1);
sink_material.ks.Reset(1,0.83,0,1);
sink_material3.kt.Reset(0,0,0,1);
sink_material3.emission.Reset(1, 0.83, 0,1);
sink_material3.shininess = 1;
sink_material3.indexofrefraction = 1;
sink_material3.texture = NULL;
sink_material3.texture_index = -1;
sink_material3.id = 33;
}
particle->position = R3Point(enemy->shape->mesh->vertices[i]->position);
particle->velocity = speed * velocity;
particle->mass = mass;
particle->fixed = false;
particle->drag = drag;
particle->elasticity = elasticity;
particle->lifetimeactive = true;
particle->lifetime = 1.0;
if (x1 < 0.5)
particle->material = &sink_material;
else if (x1 < 3.33)
particle->material = &sink;
else if (x1 < 6.67)
particle->material = &sink_material2;
else
particle->material = &sink_material3;
scene->particles.push_back(particle);
}
}
}
pid_t pid;
pid = fork();
if (pid == 0) {
if (LINUX)
system("avplay -nodisp -autoexit boomEnemy.wav");
else
system("afplay boomEnemy.wav");
exit(0);
}
scene->enemies.erase(scene->enemies.begin());
}
void GenerateParticles(R3Scene *scene, double current_time, double delta_time)
{
for (int i = 0; i < scene->NParticleSources(); i++) {
R3ParticleSource *source = scene->ParticleSource(i);
// spheres
if (source->shape->type == R3_SPHERE_SHAPE) {
// remainder term for fraction of particle
double numberweshouldmake = delta_time * source->rate + source->remainder;
int nparts = (int) floor(numberweshouldmake);
source->remainder = numberweshouldmake - nparts;
for (int p = 0; p < nparts; p++) {
R3Particle *newpart = new R3Particle();
// calculate position and velocity
double u = RandomNumber();
double theta = 2*PI*u;
double v = RandomNumber();
double phi = acos(2*v-1);
double r = source->shape->sphere->Radius();
R3Point center = source->shape->sphere->Center();
double x = r*cos(theta)*sin(phi);
double y = r*sin(theta)*sin(phi);
double z = r*cos(phi);
R3Vector n = R3Vector(x,y,z);
n.Normalize();
// find tangent vector, use lecture notes to get velocity
R3Plane plane = R3Plane(R3Point(0,0,0),n);
R3Vector a;
do {
a = R3Vector(RandomNumber(),RandomNumber(),RandomNumber());
a.Project(plane);
} while (a.Length() == 0.0);
a.Normalize();
double t1 = 2*PI*RandomNumber();
double t2 = sin(source->angle_cutoff)*RandomNumber();
a.Rotate(n,t1);
R3Vector vec = R3Vector(a);
R3Vector cross = R3Vector(vec);
cross.Cross(n);
vec.Rotate(cross,acos(t2));
newpart->position = center + n*r;
newpart->velocity = vec*source->velocity;
//update
newpart->mass = source->mass;
newpart->fixed = source->fixed;
newpart->drag = source->drag;
newpart->elasticity = source->elasticity;
newpart->lifetime = source->lifetime;
newpart->lifetimeactive = source->lifetimeactive;
newpart->material = source->material;
scene->particles.push_back(newpart);
}
}
// CIRCLE
if (source->shape->type == R3_CIRCLE_SHAPE) {
double numberweshouldmake = delta_time * source->rate + source->remainder;
int nparts = (int) floor(numberweshouldmake);
source->remainder = numberweshouldmake - nparts;
for (int p = 0; p < nparts; p++) {
R3Particle *newpart = new R3Particle();
// calculate position and velocity
double r = source->shape->circle->Radius();
R3Point center = source->shape->circle->Center();
R3Plane plane = source->shape->circle->Plane();
R3Vector n = plane.Normal();
n.Normalize();
// get a random point on a circle
double xcirc, ycirc;
do {
xcirc = 2*r*(RandomNumber() - 0.5);
ycirc = 2*r*(RandomNumber() - 0.5);
} while (xcirc*xcirc + ycirc*ycirc > r*r);
// get basis vectors of circle
R3Vector tang;
do {
tang = R3Vector(RandomNumber(),RandomNumber(),RandomNumber());
tang.Project(plane);
} while (tang.Length() == 0.0);
R3Vector othertang = R3Vector(tang);
othertang.Cross(n);
othertang.Normalize();
tang.Normalize();
R3Point pos = center + tang*xcirc + othertang*ycirc;
R3Vector a = R3Vector(tang);
double t1 = 2*PI*RandomNumber();
double t2 = sin(source->angle_cutoff)*RandomNumber();
a.Rotate(n,t1);
R3Vector vec = R3Vector(a);
R3Vector cross = R3Vector(vec);
cross.Cross(n);
vec.Rotate(cross,acos(t2));
newpart->position = pos;
newpart->velocity = vec*source->velocity;
newpart->mass = source->mass;
newpart->fixed = source->fixed;
newpart->drag = source->drag;
newpart->elasticity = source->elasticity;
newpart->lifetime = source->lifetime;
newpart->lifetimeactive = source->lifetimeactive;
newpart->material = source->material;
scene->particles.push_back(newpart);
}
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < (int)scene->enemies.size(); i++) {
R3Enemy *enemy = scene->enemies[i];
// spheres
if (enemy->shape->type == R3_SPHERE_SHAPE) {
// remainder term for fraction of particle
double numberweshouldmake = delta_time * enemy->rate + enemy->remainder;
int nparts = (int) floor(numberweshouldmake);
enemy->remainder = numberweshouldmake - nparts;
for (int p = 0; p < nparts; p++) {
R3Particle *newpart = new R3Particle();
// calculate position and velocity
double u = RandomNumber();
double theta = 2*PI*u;
double v = RandomNumber();
double phi = acos(2*v-1);
double r = enemy->shape->sphere->Radius();
R3Point center = enemy->shape->sphere->Center();
double x = r*cos(theta)*sin(phi);
double y = r*sin(theta)*sin(phi);
double z = r*cos(phi);
R3Vector n = R3Vector(x,y,z);
n.Normalize();
// find tangent vector, use lecture notes to get velocity
R3Plane plane = R3Plane(R3Point(0,0,0),n);
R3Vector a;
do {
a = R3Vector(RandomNumber(),RandomNumber(),RandomNumber());
a.Project(plane);
} while (a.Length() == 0.0);
a.Normalize();
double t1 = 2*PI*RandomNumber();
double t2 = sin(enemy->angle_cutoff)*RandomNumber();
a.Rotate(n,t1);
R3Vector vec = R3Vector(a);
R3Vector cross = R3Vector(vec);
cross.Cross(n);
vec.Rotate(cross,acos(t2));
newpart->position = center + n*r;
newpart->velocity = vec*enemy->velocity;
//update
newpart->mass = enemy->mass;
newpart->fixed = enemy->fixed;
newpart->drag = enemy->drag;
newpart->elasticity = enemy->elasticity;
newpart->lifetime = enemy->lifetime;
newpart->lifetimeactive = enemy->lifetimeactive;
newpart->material = enemy->material;
scene->particles.push_back(newpart);
}
}
// CIRCLE
if (enemy->shape->type == R3_CIRCLE_SHAPE) {
double numberweshouldmake = delta_time * enemy->rate + enemy->remainder;
int nparts = (int) floor(numberweshouldmake);
enemy->remainder = numberweshouldmake - nparts;
for (int p = 0; p < nparts; p++) {
R3Particle *newpart = new R3Particle();
// calculate position and velocity
double r = enemy->shape->circle->Radius();
R3Point center = enemy->shape->circle->Center();
R3Plane plane = enemy->shape->circle->Plane();
R3Vector n = plane.Normal();
n.Normalize();
// get a random point on a circle
double xcirc, ycirc;
do {
xcirc = 2*r*(RandomNumber() - 0.5);
ycirc = 2*r*(RandomNumber() - 0.5);
} while (xcirc*xcirc + ycirc*ycirc > r*r);
// get basis vectors of circle
R3Vector tang;
do {
tang = R3Vector(RandomNumber(),RandomNumber(),RandomNumber());
tang.Project(plane);
} while (tang.Length() == 0.0);
R3Vector othertang = R3Vector(tang);
othertang.Cross(n);
othertang.Normalize();
tang.Normalize();
R3Point pos = center + tang*xcirc + othertang*ycirc;
R3Vector a = R3Vector(tang);
double t1 = 2*PI*RandomNumber();
double t2 = sin(enemy->angle_cutoff)*RandomNumber();
a.Rotate(n,t1);
R3Vector vec = R3Vector(a);
R3Vector cross = R3Vector(vec);
cross.Cross(n);
vec.Rotate(cross,acos(t2));
newpart->position = pos;
newpart->velocity = vec * 1.0;
newpart->mass = enemy->mass;
newpart->fixed = enemy->fixed;
newpart->drag = enemy->drag;
newpart->elasticity = enemy->elasticity;
newpart->lifetime = enemy->lifetime;
newpart->lifetimeactive = enemy->lifetimeactive;
newpart->material = enemy->material;
scene->particles.push_back(newpart);
}
}
}
}
void UpdateParticles(R3Scene *scene, double current_time, double delta_time, int integration_type)
{
// array of ints to be deleted
std::vector<int> tobedeleted;
// for each particle
for(int i = 0; i < scene->NParticles(); i++) {
R3Particle *particle = scene->Particle(i);
bool needstobedeleted = false;
// check lifetime deletion
if (particle->lifetimeactive) {
if (particle->lifetime < 0) needstobedeleted = true;
particle->lifetime -= delta_time;
}
R3Vector positionchange;
R3Vector velocitychange;
// Euler
if (integration_type == EULER_INTEGRATION) {
R3Vector f = ForceVector(scene, current_time, particle, particle->position, particle->velocity);
positionchange = particle->velocity*delta_time;
velocitychange = delta_time*f/particle->mass;
}
// midpoint
else if (integration_type == MIDPOINT_INTEGRATION) {
R3Vector f = ForceVector(scene, current_time, particle, particle->position, particle->velocity);
R3Point xmid = particle->position + delta_time*particle->velocity/2.0;
R3Vector vmid = particle->velocity + delta_time*f/particle->mass/2.0;
R3Vector midf = ForceVector(scene, current_time, particle, xmid, vmid);
positionchange = vmid*delta_time;
velocitychange = delta_time*midf/particle->mass;
}
// rk4
else if (integration_type == RK4_INTEGRATION) {
R3Vector fk1 = ForceVector(scene, current_time, particle, particle->position, particle->velocity);
R3Vector v1 = particle->velocity;
R3Point x2 = particle->position + delta_time*particle->velocity/2.0;
R3Vector v2 = particle->velocity + delta_time*fk1/particle->mass/2.0;
R3Vector fk2 = ForceVector(scene, current_time, particle, x2, v2);
R3Vector v3 = particle->velocity + delta_time*fk2/particle->mass/2.0;
R3Vector fk3 = ForceVector(scene, current_time, particle, x2, v3);
R3Point x4 = particle->position + delta_time*particle->velocity;
R3Vector v4 = particle->velocity + delta_time*fk3/particle->mass;
R3Vector fk4 = ForceVector(scene, current_time,particle,x4, v4);
R3Vector finalf = (fk1+ 2*fk2 + 2*fk3 + fk4)/(6.0);
R3Vector finalv = (v1+ 2*v2 +2*v3 + v4)/(6.0);
positionchange = finalv*delta_time;
velocitychange = delta_time*finalf/particle->mass;
}
// adaptive method
else if (integration_type == ADAPTIVE_STEP_SIZE_INTEGRATION) {
int numbersteps = 1;
R3Vector poschange1;
R3Vector velchange1;
R3Vector poschange2;
R3Vector velchange2;
double error;
// do first euler
for (int step = 0; step < numbersteps; step++) {
poschange2 = R3Vector(0,0,0);
velchange2 = R3Vector(0,0,0);
R3Vector f = ForceVector(scene, current_time, particle, particle->position + poschange2, particle->velocity + velchange2);
poschange2 += particle->velocity*delta_time/numbersteps;
velchange2 += delta_time*f/particle->mass/numbersteps;
}
// half below threshold
do {
poschange1 = poschange2;
velchange1 = velchange2;
numbersteps *= 2;
// euler integrate with twice the number of steps
for (int step = 0; step < numbersteps; step++) {
poschange2 = R3Vector(0,0,0);
velchange2 = R3Vector(0,0,0);
R3Vector f = ForceVector(scene, current_time, particle, particle->position + poschange2, particle->velocity + velchange2);
poschange2 += particle->velocity*delta_time/numbersteps/2.0;
velchange2 += delta_time*f/particle->mass/numbersteps/2.0;
}
double d1 = (poschange1 - poschange2).Length();
double d2 = (velchange1 - velchange2).Length();
// error for both velocity and position
error = d1 + d2;
} while (error > ADAPTIVE_THRESHOLD);
positionchange = poschange2;
velocitychange = velchange2;
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, "invalid integration type\n");
return;
}
// new values
R3Point nextpos = particle->position + positionchange;
R3Vector nextvel = particle->velocity + velocitychange;
// check if particle needs to deleted
int i = 0;
for (; i < scene->NParticleSinks(); i++) {
R3ParticleSink *sink = scene->ParticleSink(i);
//sphere sink
if (sink->shape->type == R3_SPHERE_SHAPE) {
double r = sink->shape->sphere->Radius();
R3Point center = sink->shape->sphere->Center();
// inside the sphere?
if (R3Distance(nextpos,center) < r) needstobedeleted = true;
R3Vector toward1 = particle->position - center;
R3Vector toward2 = nextpos - center;
// goes flying through the sphere?
if (toward1.Dot(toward2) < 0) needstobedeleted = true;
}
}
if (!needstobedeleted) {
// check for bouncing in scene
R3Vector to = nextpos - particle->position;
to.Normalize();
R3Ray *r = new R3Ray(particle->position, to);
R3Intersect intersect = ComputeIntersect(scene,scene->Root(),r);
if (intersect.intersected && intersect.t < R3Distance(nextpos,particle->position)) {
R3Plane plane = R3Plane(intersect.pos,intersect.norm);
R3Point first = particle->position;
R3Point second = intersect.pos;
R3Point third = nextpos;
// calculate new position
R3Vector posreflect = third-second;
R3Vector posreflectplanar = R3Vector(posreflect);
posreflectplanar.Project(plane);
R3Vector posreflectnorm = posreflect - posreflectplanar;
R3Vector purenorm = R3Vector(posreflectnorm);
posreflectnorm *= -1*(particle->elasticity);
purenorm.Normalize();
purenorm *= -1;
nextpos = second + posreflectplanar + posreflectnorm + eps*purenorm;
// calculate new velocity
R3Vector velreflect = R3Vector(nextvel);
R3Vector velreflectplanar = R3Vector(velreflect);
velreflectplanar.Project(plane);
R3Vector velreflectnorm = velreflect - velreflectplanar;
purenorm = R3Vector(velreflectnorm);
velreflectnorm *= -1*(particle->elasticity);
purenorm *= -1;
purenorm.Normalize();
nextvel = velreflectnorm + velreflectplanar + eps*purenorm;
}
// update position
if (!particle->fixed) particle->position = nextpos;
if (!particle->fixed) particle->velocity = nextvel;
}
// push on deletion vector
else {
int del = i;
tobedeleted.push_back(del);
}
}
// deleting particles
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tobedeleted.size(); i++) {
//swap contents of partcile vector with last element
R3Particle *temp = scene->particles.back();
scene->particles[scene->particles.size() - 1] = scene->particles[tobedeleted[i]];
scene->particles[tobedeleted[i]] = temp;
// delete last element
scene->particles.pop_back();
}
}
R3Vector ForceVector(R3Scene *scene, double current_time, R3Particle *particle, R3Point partpos, R3Vector partvel) {
// set to 0
R3Vector f = R3Vector(0,0,0);
// gravity
f += particle->mass*scene->gravity;
// drag
f += -1*partvel*particle->drag;
// springs
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < scene->particle_springs.size(); i++) {
R3ParticleSpring *spring = scene->particle_springs[i];
if (spring->particles[0] == particle && spring->particles[1] == particle) {
}
else if (spring->particles[0] == particle) {
R3Point q = partpos;
R3Point p = spring->particles[1]->position;
R3Vector vq = partvel;
R3Vector vp = spring->particles[1]->velocity;
double d = R3Distance(p,q);
if (d > eps) {
R3Vector D = (q-p)/d;
double mult = spring->kd*(vq - vp).Dot(D);
f -= (spring->ks*(d - spring->rest_length) + mult)*D;
}
}
else if (spring->particles[1] == particle) {
R3Point q = partpos;
R3Point p = spring->particles[0]->position;
R3Vector vq = partvel;
R3Vector vp = spring->particles[0]->velocity;
double d = R3Distance(p,q);
if (d > eps) {
R3Vector D = (q-p)/d;
double mult = spring->kd*(vq - vp).Dot(D);
f -= (spring->ks*(d - spring->rest_length) + mult)*D;
}
}
}
// particle interactions
for (int i = 0; i < scene->NParticles(); i++) {
R3Particle *otherparticle = scene->Particle(i);
if (otherparticle != particle) {
R3Vector to = otherparticle->position - partpos;
double d = to.Length();
to.Normalize();
if (d > eps) f += to*GRAV_CONSTANT*particle->mass*otherparticle->mass/d/d;
}
}
// sink interaction
for (int i = 0; i < scene->NParticleSinks(); i++) {
R3ParticleSink *sink = scene->ParticleSink(i);
//sphere sink
if (sink->shape->type == R3_SPHERE_SHAPE) {
// calculate closests point
R3Point center = sink->shape->sphere->Center();
double r = sink->shape->sphere->Radius();
R3Vector to = partpos - center;
to.Normalize();
to *= r;
R3Point closest = center + to;
// calculate force
R3Vector toward = closest - partpos;
double d = toward.Length();
toward.Normalize();
if (d > eps) {
toward *= sink->intensity/(sink->constant_attenuation + sink->linear_attenuation*d + sink->quadratic_attenuation*d*d);
f += toward;
}
}
}
return f;
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Generating Particles
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void GenerateParticles(R3Scene *scene, double current_time, double delta_time)
{
// Generate new particles for every source
R3ParticleSource* source;
for (int i = 0; i < scene->NParticleSources(); i++)
{
source = scene->ParticleSource(i);
int num_particles = source->elapsed_time * source->rate;
if ((num_particles) >= 1)
{
source->elapsed_time = 0;
for (int m = 0; m < num_particles; m++)
{
if (source->shape->type == R3_SEGMENT_SHAPE)
{
R3Segment* seg = source->shape->segment;
R3Point pos = seg->Start() + RandomNumber() * (seg->End() - seg->Start());
R3Vector dir = seg->Vector();
dir.Cross(R3Vector(RandomNumber() - .5, RandomNumber() - .5, RandomNumber() - .5));
dir.Normalize();
R3Particle* particle = new R3Particle();
particle->position = pos;
particle->velocity = source->velocity * dir;
particle->mass = source->mass;
particle->fixed = source->fixed;
particle->drag = source->drag;
particle->elasticity = source->elasticity;
particle->lifetime = source->lifetime;
particle->material = source->material;
scene->particles.push_back(particle);
}
if (source->shape->type == R3_BOX_SHAPE)
{
R3Particle* particle = generate_random_box_particle(source);
scene->particles.push_back(particle);
}
else if (source->shape->type == R3_MESH_SHAPE)
{
R3Mesh* mesh = source->shape->mesh;
double area_sum = 0.0;
double face_prob[mesh->faces.size()];
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < mesh->faces.size(); i++)
{
face_prob[i] = mesh->faces[i]->Area();
area_sum += face_prob[i];
}
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < mesh->faces.size(); i++)
face_prob[i] /= area_sum;
int source_face = discrete(face_prob, mesh->faces.size());
int num_verts = mesh->faces[source_face]->vertices.size();
R3Point pos = R3Point(0,0,0);
R3Vector dir = R3Vector(0,0,0);
if (num_verts == 3)
{
double a = 0;
double b = 0;
double c;
while (a + b <= 1)
{
a = RandomNumber();
b = RandomNumber();
}
a = 1 - a;
b = 1 - b;
c = 1 - a - b;
pos = a * mesh->faces[source_face]->vertices[0]->position
+ b * mesh->faces[source_face]->vertices[1]->position
+ c * mesh->faces[source_face]->vertices[2]->position;
mesh->faces[source_face]->vertices[0]->UpdateNormal();
mesh->faces[source_face]->vertices[1]->UpdateNormal();
mesh->faces[source_face]->vertices[2]->UpdateNormal();
dir = a * mesh->faces[source_face]->vertices[0]->normal
+ b * mesh->faces[source_face]->vertices[0]->normal
+ c * mesh->faces[source_face]->vertices[0]->normal;
}
else
{
int num_verts = mesh->faces[source_face]->vertices.size();
double vert_sum = 0.0;
double vert_prob[num_verts];
for (int i = 0; i < num_verts; i++)
{
vert_prob[i] = RandomNumber();
vert_sum += vert_prob[i];
}
R3Point pos = R3Point(0,0,0);
R3Vector dir = R3Vector(0,0,0);
for (int i = 0; i < num_verts; i++)
{
vert_prob[i] /= vert_sum;
pos += vert_prob[i] * mesh->faces[source_face]->vertices[i]->position;
mesh->faces[source_face]->vertices[i]->UpdateNormal();
dir += vert_prob[i] * mesh->faces[source_face]->vertices[i]->normal;
}
}
dir.Normalize();
R3Particle* particle = new R3Particle();
particle->position = pos;
particle->velocity = source->velocity * dir;
particle->mass = source->mass;
particle->fixed = source->fixed;
particle->drag = source->drag;
particle->elasticity = source->elasticity;
particle->lifetime = source->lifetime;
particle->material = source->material;
scene->particles.push_back(particle);
}
else if (source->shape->type == R3_SPHERE_SHAPE)
{
R3Sphere* sphere = source->shape->sphere;
double radius = sphere->Radius();
R3Point center = sphere->Center();
double z = (RandomNumber() * 2 - 1);
double t = RandomNumber() * 2 * PI;
double r = sqrt(1.0 - z*z);
double x = r * cos(t) * radius;
double y = r * sin(t) * radius;
R3Point pos = R3Point(center.X() + x, center.Y() + y, center.Z() + z*radius);
R3Vector dir = (pos - center);
dir.Normalize();
R3Particle* particle = new R3Particle();
particle->position = pos;
particle->velocity = source->velocity * dir;
particle->mass = source->mass;
particle->fixed = source->fixed;
particle->drag = source->drag;
particle->elasticity = source->elasticity;
particle->lifetime = source->lifetime;
particle->material = source->material;
scene->particles.push_back(particle);
}
}
}
else
source->elapsed_time += delta_time;
}
}
int R3Scene::
Read(const char *filename, R3Node *node)
{
// Open file
FILE *fp;
if (!(fp = fopen(filename, "r"))) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to open file %s", filename);
return 0;
}
// Create array of materials
vector<R3Material *> materials;
// Create default material
R3Material *default_material = new R3Material();
default_material->ka = R3Rgb(0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1);
default_material->kd = R3Rgb(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1);
default_material->ks = R3Rgb(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1);
default_material->kt = R3Rgb(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1);
default_material->emission = R3Rgb(0, 0, 0, 1);
default_material->shininess = 10;
default_material->indexofrefraction = 1;
default_material->texture = NULL;
default_material->id = 0;
// Create stack of group information
const int max_depth = 1024;
R3Node *group_nodes[max_depth] = { NULL };
R3Material *group_materials[max_depth] = { NULL };
group_nodes[0] = (node) ? node : root;
group_materials[0] = default_material;
int depth = 0;
// Read body
char cmd[128];
int command_number = 1;
while (fscanf(fp, "%s", cmd) == 1) {
if (cmd[0] == '#') {
// Comment -- read everything until end of line
do { cmd[0] = fgetc(fp); } while ((cmd[0] >= 0) && (cmd[0] != '\n'));
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "tri")) {
// Read data
int m;
R3Point p1, p2, p3;
if (fscanf(fp, "%d%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf", &m,
&p1[0], &p1[1], &p1[2], &p2[0], &p2[1], &p2[2], &p3[0], &p3[1], &p3[2]) != 10) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read triangle at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Get material
R3Material *material = group_materials[depth];
if (m >= 0) {
if (m < (int) materials.size()) {
material = materials[m];
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid material id at tri command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
}
// Create mesh
R3Mesh *mesh = new R3Mesh();
vector<R3MeshVertex *> vertices;
vertices.push_back(mesh->CreateVertex(p1, R3zero_vector, R2zero_point));
vertices.push_back(mesh->CreateVertex(p2, R3zero_vector, R2zero_point));
vertices.push_back(mesh->CreateVertex(p3, R3zero_vector, R2zero_point));
mesh->CreateFace(vertices);
// Create shape
R3Shape *shape = new R3Shape();
shape->type = R3_MESH_SHAPE;
shape->box = NULL;
shape->sphere = NULL;
shape->cylinder = NULL;
shape->cone = NULL;
shape->mesh = mesh;
shape->segment = NULL;
// Create shape node
R3Node *node = new R3Node();
node->transformation = R3identity_matrix;
node->material = material;
node->shape = shape;
node->bbox = R3null_box;
node->bbox.Union(p1);
node->bbox.Union(p2);
node->bbox.Union(p3);
node->enemy = NULL;
// Insert node
group_nodes[depth]->bbox.Union(node->bbox);
group_nodes[depth]->children.push_back(node);
node->parent = group_nodes[depth];
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "box")) {
// Read data
int m;
R3Point p1, p2;
if (fscanf(fp, "%d%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf", &m, &p1[0], &p1[1], &p1[2], &p2[0], &p2[1], &p2[2]) != 7) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read box at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Get material
R3Material *material = group_materials[depth];
if (m >= 0) {
if (m < (int) materials.size()) {
material = materials[m];
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid material id at box command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
}
// Create box
R3Box *box = new R3Box(p1, p2);
// Create shape
R3Shape *shape = new R3Shape();
shape->type = R3_BOX_SHAPE;
shape->box = box;
shape->sphere = NULL;
shape->cylinder = NULL;
shape->cone = NULL;
shape->mesh = NULL;
shape->segment = NULL;
// Create shape node
R3Node *node = new R3Node();
node->transformation = R3identity_matrix;
node->material = material;
node->shape = shape;
node->bbox = *box;
node->enemy = NULL;
// Insert node
group_nodes[depth]->bbox.Union(node->bbox);
group_nodes[depth]->children.push_back(node);
node->parent = group_nodes[depth];
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "sphere")) {
// Read data
int m;
R3Point c;
double r;
if (fscanf(fp, "%d%lf%lf%lf%lf", &m, &c[0], &c[1], &c[2], &r) != 5) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read sphere at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Get material
R3Material *material = group_materials[depth];
if (m >= 0) {
if (m < (int) materials.size()) {
material = materials[m];
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid material id at sphere command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
}
// Create sphere
R3Sphere *sphere = new R3Sphere(c, r);
// Create shape
R3Shape *shape = new R3Shape();
shape->type = R3_SPHERE_SHAPE;
shape->box = NULL;
shape->sphere = sphere;
shape->cylinder = NULL;
shape->cone = NULL;
shape->mesh = NULL;
shape->segment = NULL;
// Create shape node
R3Node *node = new R3Node();
node->transformation = R3identity_matrix;
node->material = material;
node->shape = shape;
node->bbox = sphere->BBox();
node->enemy = NULL;
// Insert node
group_nodes[depth]->bbox.Union(node->bbox);
group_nodes[depth]->children.push_back(node);
node->parent = group_nodes[depth];
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "cylinder")) {
// Read data
int m;
R3Point c;
double r, h;
if (fscanf(fp, "%d%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf", &m, &c[0], &c[1], &c[2], &r, &h) != 6) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read cylinder at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Get material
R3Material *material = group_materials[depth];
if (m >= 0) {
if (m < (int) materials.size()) {
material = materials[m];
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid material id at cyl command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
}
// Create cylinder
R3Cylinder *cylinder = new R3Cylinder(c, r, h);
// Create shape
R3Shape *shape = new R3Shape();
shape->type = R3_CYLINDER_SHAPE;
shape->box = NULL;
shape->sphere = NULL;
shape->cylinder = cylinder;
shape->cone = NULL;
shape->mesh = NULL;
shape->segment = NULL;
// Create shape node
R3Node *node = new R3Node();
node->transformation = R3identity_matrix;
node->material = material;
node->shape = shape;
node->bbox = cylinder->BBox();
node->enemy = NULL;
// Insert node
group_nodes[depth]->bbox.Union(node->bbox);
group_nodes[depth]->children.push_back(node);
node->parent = group_nodes[depth];
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "mesh")) {
// Read data
int m;
char meshname[256];
if (fscanf(fp, "%d%s", &m, meshname) != 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to parse mesh command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Get material
R3Material *material = group_materials[depth];
if (m >= 0) {
if (m < (int) materials.size()) {
material = materials[m];
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid material id at cone command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
}
// Get mesh filename
char buffer[2048];
strcpy(buffer, filename);
char *bufferp = strrchr(buffer, '/');
if (bufferp) *(bufferp+1) = '\0';
else buffer[0] = '\0';
strcat(buffer, meshname);
// Create mesh
R3Mesh *mesh = new R3Mesh();
if (!mesh) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to allocate mesh\n");
return 0;
}
// Read mesh file
if (!mesh->Read(buffer)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read mesh: %s\n", buffer);
return 0;
}
// Create shape
R3Shape *shape = new R3Shape();
shape->type = R3_MESH_SHAPE;
shape->box = NULL;
shape->sphere = NULL;
shape->cylinder = NULL;
shape->cone = NULL;
shape->mesh = mesh;
shape->segment = NULL;
// Create shape node
R3Node *node = new R3Node();
node->transformation = R3identity_matrix;
node->material = material;
node->shape = shape;
node->bbox = mesh->bbox;
node->enemy = NULL;
// Insert node
group_nodes[depth]->bbox.Union(node->bbox);
group_nodes[depth]->children.push_back(node);
node->parent = group_nodes[depth];
}
//in order to set the arwing node as a global in GlutTest.cpp
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "arwing")) {
// Read data
int m;
char meshname[256];
if (fscanf(fp, "%d%s", &m, meshname) != 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to parse mesh command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Get material
R3Material *material = group_materials[depth];
if (m >= 0) {
if (m < (int) materials.size()) {
material = materials[m];
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid material id at cone command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
}
// Get mesh filename
char buffer[2048];
strcpy(buffer, filename);
char *bufferp = strrchr(buffer, '/');
if (bufferp) *(bufferp+1) = '\0';
else buffer[0] = '\0';
strcat(buffer, meshname);
// Create mesh
R3Mesh *mesh = new R3Mesh();
if (!mesh) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to allocate mesh\n");
return 0;
}
// Read mesh file
if (!mesh->Read(buffer)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read mesh: %s\n", buffer);
return 0;
}
// Create shape
R3Shape *shape = new R3Shape();
shape->type = R3_MESH_SHAPE;
shape->box = NULL;
shape->sphere = NULL;
shape->cylinder = NULL;
shape->cone = NULL;
shape->mesh = mesh;
shape->segment = NULL;
// Create shape node
R3Node *node = new R3Node();
node->transformation = R3identity_matrix;
node->material = material;
node->shape = shape;
node->bbox = mesh->bbox;
node->enemy = NULL;
// Insert node
group_nodes[depth]->bbox.Union(node->bbox);
group_nodes[depth]->children.push_back(node);
node->parent = group_nodes[depth];
arwingNode = node;
}
/* unneeded
//turret - basically a box that shoots
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "turret")) {
// Read data
int m;
R3Point p1, p2;
if (fscanf(fp, "%d%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf", &m, &p1[0], &p1[1], &p1[2], &p2[0], &p2[1], &p2[2]) != 7) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read box at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Get material
R3Material *material = group_materials[depth];
if (m >= 0) {
if (m < (int) materials.size()) {
material = materials[m];
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid material id at box command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
}
// Create box
R3Box *box = new R3Box(p1, p2);
// Create shape
R3Shape *shape = new R3Shape();
shape->type = R3_BOX_SHAPE;
shape->box = box;
shape->sphere = NULL;
shape->cylinder = NULL;
shape->cone = NULL;
shape->mesh = NULL;
shape->segment = NULL;
// Create shape node
R3Node *node = new R3Node();
node->transformation = R3identity_matrix;
node->cumulativeTransformation = R3identity_matrix;
node->material = material;
node->shape = shape;
node->bbox = *box;
node->enemy = new SFEnemy();
//list properties of the turret
node->enemy->position = box->Centroid();
node->enemy->projectileSource = box->Centroid();
node->enemy->node = node;
// node->enemy->projectileSource.InverseTransform(node->transformation);
// node->enemy->projectileSource.SetZ(node->enemy->projectileSource.Z() - .5 * (box->ZMax() - box->ZMin()));
enemies.push_back(node->enemy);
// Insert node
group_nodes[depth]->bbox.Union(node->bbox);
group_nodes[depth]->children.push_back(node);
node->parent = group_nodes[depth];
} */
//enemy - a mesh that moves and shoots
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "enemy")) {
// Read data
int fixed;
int m;
float vx, vy, vz;
int h;
char meshname[256];
float particle_velocity;
int firing_rate;
if (fscanf(fp, "%d%d%s%f%f%f%d%f%d", &fixed, &m, meshname, &vx, &vy, &vz, &h,&particle_velocity, &firing_rate) != 9) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to parse enemy command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Get material
R3Material *material = group_materials[depth];
if (m >= 0) {
if (m < (int) materials.size()) {
material = materials[m];
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid material id at cone command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
}
// Get mesh filename
char buffer[2048];
strcpy(buffer, filename);
char *bufferp = strrchr(buffer, '/');
if (bufferp) *(bufferp+1) = '\0';
else buffer[0] = '\0';
strcat(buffer, meshname);
R3Vector *initialVelocity = new R3Vector(vx, vy, vz);
// Create mesh
R3Mesh *mesh = new R3Mesh();
if (!mesh) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to allocate mesh\n");
return 0;
}
// Read mesh file
if (!mesh->Read(buffer)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read mesh: %s\n", buffer);
return 0;
}
// Create shape
R3Shape *shape = new R3Shape();
shape->type = R3_MESH_SHAPE;
shape->box = NULL;
shape->sphere = NULL;
shape->cylinder = NULL;
shape->cone = NULL;
shape->mesh = mesh;
shape->segment = NULL;
// Create shape node
R3Node *node = new R3Node();
node->transformation = R3identity_matrix;
node->cumulativeTransformation = R3identity_matrix;
node->material = material;
node->shape = shape;
node->bbox = mesh->bbox;
node->enemy = new SFEnemy(fixed, mesh, *initialVelocity, h, particle_velocity, firing_rate);
node->enemy->position = shape->mesh->Center();
node->enemy->projectileSource = shape->mesh->Center();
node->enemy->node = node;
enemies.push_back(node->enemy);
// Insert node
group_nodes[depth]->bbox.Union(node->bbox);
group_nodes[depth]->children.push_back(node);
node->parent = group_nodes[depth];
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "cone")) {
// Read data
int m;
R3Point c;
double r, h;
if (fscanf(fp, "%d%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf", &m, &c[0], &c[1], &c[2], &r, &h) != 6) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read cone at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Get material
R3Material *material = group_materials[depth];
if (m >= 0) {
if (m < (int) materials.size()) {
material = materials[m];
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid material id at cone command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
}
// Create cone
R3Cone *cone = new R3Cone(c, r, h);
// Create shape
R3Shape *shape = new R3Shape();
shape->type = R3_CONE_SHAPE;
shape->box = NULL;
shape->sphere = NULL;
shape->cylinder = NULL;
shape->cone = cone;
shape->mesh = NULL;
shape->segment = NULL;
// Create shape node
R3Node *node = new R3Node();
node->transformation = R3identity_matrix;
node->material = material;
node->shape = shape;
node->bbox = cone->BBox();
node->enemy = NULL;
// Insert node
group_nodes[depth]->bbox.Union(node->bbox);
group_nodes[depth]->children.push_back(node);
node->parent = group_nodes[depth];
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "line")) {
// Read data
int m;
R3Point p1, p2;
if (fscanf(fp, "%d%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf", &m, &p1[0], &p1[1], &p1[2], &p2[0], &p2[1], &p2[2]) != 7) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read line at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Get material
R3Material *material = group_materials[depth];
if (m >= 0) {
if (m < (int) materials.size()) {
material = materials[m];
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid material id at line command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
}
// Create segment
R3Segment *segment = new R3Segment(p1, p2);
// Create shape
R3Shape *shape = new R3Shape();
shape->type = R3_SEGMENT_SHAPE;
shape->box = NULL;
shape->sphere = NULL;
shape->cylinder = NULL;
shape->cone = NULL;
shape->mesh = NULL;
shape->segment = segment;
// Create shape node
R3Node *node = new R3Node();
node->transformation = R3identity_matrix;
node->material = material;
node->shape = shape;
node->bbox = segment->BBox();
node->enemy = NULL;
// Insert node
group_nodes[depth]->bbox.Union(node->bbox);
group_nodes[depth]->children.push_back(node);
node->parent = group_nodes[depth];
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "begin")) {
// Read data
int m;
double matrix[16];
if (fscanf(fp, "%d%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf", &m,
&matrix[0], &matrix[1], &matrix[2], &matrix[3],
&matrix[4], &matrix[5], &matrix[6], &matrix[7],
&matrix[8], &matrix[9], &matrix[10], &matrix[11],
&matrix[12], &matrix[13], &matrix[14], &matrix[15]) != 17) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read begin at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Get material
R3Material *material = group_materials[depth];
if (m >= 0) {
if (m < (int) materials.size()) {
material = materials[m];
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid material id at cone command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
}
// Create new group node
R3Node *node = new R3Node();
node->transformation = R3Matrix(matrix);
node->material = NULL;
node->shape = NULL;
node->bbox = R3null_box;
node->enemy = NULL;
// Push node onto stack
depth++;
group_nodes[depth] = node;
group_materials[depth] = material;
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "end")) {
// Pop node from stack
R3Node *node = group_nodes[depth];
depth--;
// Transform bounding box
node->bbox.Transform(node->transformation);
// Insert node
group_nodes[depth]->bbox.Union(node->bbox);
group_nodes[depth]->children.push_back(node);
node->parent = group_nodes[depth];
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "material")) {
// Read data
R3Rgb ka, kd, ks, kt, e;
double n, ir;
char texture_name[256];
if (fscanf(fp, "%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%s",
&ka[0], &ka[1], &ka[2], &kd[0], &kd[1], &kd[2], &ks[0], &ks[1], &ks[2], &kt[0], &kt[1], &kt[2],
&e[0], &e[1], &e[2], &n, &ir, texture_name) != 18) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read material at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Create material
R3Material *material = new R3Material();
material->ka = ka;
material->kd = kd;
material->ks = ks;
material->kt = kt;
material->emission = e;
material->shininess = n;
material->indexofrefraction = ir;
material->texture = NULL;
// Read texture
if (strcmp(texture_name, "0")) {
// Get texture filename
char buffer[2048];
strcpy(buffer, filename);
char *bufferp = strrchr(buffer, '/');
if (bufferp) *(bufferp+1) = '\0';
else buffer[0] = '\0';
strcat(buffer, texture_name);
// Read texture image
material->texture = new R2Image();
if (!material->texture->Read(buffer)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read texture from %s at command %d in file %s\n", buffer, command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
}
// Insert material
materials.push_back(material);
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "dir_light")) {
// Read data
R3Rgb c;
R3Vector d;
if (fscanf(fp, "%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf",
&c[0], &c[1], &c[2], &d[0], &d[1], &d[2]) != 6) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read directional light at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Normalize direction
d.Normalize();
// Create light
R3Light *light = new R3Light();
light->type = R3_DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT;
light->color = c;
light->position = R3Point(0, 0, 0);
light->direction = d;
light->radius = 0;
light->constant_attenuation = 0;
light->linear_attenuation = 0;
light->quadratic_attenuation = 0;
light->angle_attenuation = 0;
light->angle_cutoff = M_PI;
// Insert light
lights.push_back(light);
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "point_light")) {
// Read data
R3Rgb c;
R3Point p;
double ca, la, qa;
if (fscanf(fp, "%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf", &c[0], &c[1], &c[2], &p[0], &p[1], &p[2], &ca, &la, &qa) != 9) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read point light at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Create light
R3Light *light = new R3Light();
light->type = R3_POINT_LIGHT;
light->color = c;
light->position = p;
light->direction = R3Vector(0, 0, 0);
light->radius = 0;
light->constant_attenuation = ca;
light->linear_attenuation = la;
light->quadratic_attenuation = qa;
light->angle_attenuation = 0;
light->angle_cutoff = M_PI;
// Insert light
lights.push_back(light);
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "spot_light")) {
// Read data
R3Rgb c;
R3Point p;
R3Vector d;
double ca, la, qa, sc, sd;
if (fscanf(fp, "%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf",
&c[0], &c[1], &c[2], &p[0], &p[1], &p[2], &d[0], &d[1], &d[2], &ca, &la, &qa, &sc, &sd) != 14) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read point light at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Normalize direction
d.Normalize();
// Create light
R3Light *light = new R3Light();
light->type = R3_SPOT_LIGHT;
light->color = c;
light->position = p;
light->direction = d;
light->radius = 0;
light->constant_attenuation = ca;
light->linear_attenuation = la;
light->quadratic_attenuation = qa;
light->angle_attenuation = sd;
light->angle_cutoff = sc;
// Insert light
lights.push_back(light);
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "area_light")) {
// Read data
R3Rgb c;
R3Point p;
R3Vector d;
double radius, ca, la, qa;
if (fscanf(fp, "%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf",
&c[0], &c[1], &c[2], &p[0], &p[1], &p[2], &d[0], &d[1], &d[2], &radius, &ca, &la, &qa) != 13) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read area light at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Normalize direction
d.Normalize();
// Create light
R3Light *light = new R3Light();
light->type = R3_AREA_LIGHT;
light->color = c;
light->position = p;
light->direction = d;
light->radius = radius;
light->constant_attenuation = ca;
light->linear_attenuation = la;
light->quadratic_attenuation = qa;
light->angle_attenuation = 0;
light->angle_cutoff = M_PI;
// Insert light
lights.push_back(light);
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "camera")) {
// Read data
double px, py, pz, dx, dy, dz, ux, uy, uz, xfov, neardist, fardist;
if (fscanf(fp, "%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf", &px, &py, &pz, &dx, &dy, &dz, &ux, &uy, &uz, &xfov, &neardist, &fardist) != 12) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read camera at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Assign camera
camera.eye = R3Point(px, py, pz);
camera.towards = R3Vector(dx, dy, dz);
camera.towards.Normalize();
camera.up = R3Vector(ux, uy, uz);
camera.up.Normalize();
camera.right = camera.towards % camera.up;
camera.right.Normalize();
camera.up = camera.right % camera.towards;
camera.up.Normalize();
camera.xfov = xfov;
camera.yfov = xfov;
camera.neardist = neardist;
camera.fardist = fardist;
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "include")) {
// Read data
char scenename[256];
if (fscanf(fp, "%s", scenename) != 1) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read include command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Get scene filename
char buffer[2048];
strcpy(buffer, filename);
char *bufferp = strrchr(buffer, '/');
if (bufferp) *(bufferp+1) = '\0';
else buffer[0] = '\0';
strcat(buffer, scenename);
// Read scene from included file
if (!Read(buffer, group_nodes[depth])) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read included scene: %s\n", buffer);
return 0;
}
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "background")) {
// Read data
double r, g, b;
if (fscanf(fp, "%lf%lf%lf", &r, &g, &b) != 3) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read background at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Assign background color
background = R3Rgb(r, g, b, 1);
}
else if (!strcmp(cmd, "ambient")) {
// Read data
double r, g, b;
if (fscanf(fp, "%lf%lf%lf", &r, &g, &b) != 3) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to read ambient at command %d in file %s\n", command_number, filename);
return 0;
}
// Assign ambient color
ambient = R3Rgb(r, g, b, 1);
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, "Unrecognized command %d in file %s: %s\n", command_number, filename, cmd);
return 0;
}
// Increment command number
command_number++;
}
// Update bounding box
bbox = root->bbox;
// Provide default camera
if (camera.xfov == 0) {
double scene_radius = bbox.DiagonalRadius();
R3Point scene_center = bbox.Centroid();
camera.towards = R3Vector(0, 0, -1);
camera.up = R3Vector(0, 1, 0);
camera.right = R3Vector(1, 0, 0);
camera.eye = scene_center - 3 * scene_radius * camera.towards;
camera.xfov = 0.25;
camera.yfov = 0.25;
camera.neardist = 0.01 * scene_radius;
camera.fardist = 100 * scene_radius;
}
// Provide default lights
if (lights.size() == 0) {
// Create first directional light
R3Light *light = new R3Light();
R3Vector direction(-3,-4,-5);
direction.Normalize();
light->type = R3_DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT;
light->color = R3Rgb(1,1,1,1);
light->position = R3Point(0, 0, 0);
light->direction = direction;
light->radius = 0;
light->constant_attenuation = 0;
light->linear_attenuation = 0;
light->quadratic_attenuation = 0;
light->angle_attenuation = 0;
light->angle_cutoff = M_PI;
lights.push_back(light);
// Create second directional light
light = new R3Light();
direction = R3Vector(3,2,3);
direction.Normalize();
light->type = R3_DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT;
light->color = R3Rgb(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1);
light->position = R3Point(0, 0, 0);
light->direction = direction;
light->radius = 0;
light->constant_attenuation = 0;
light->linear_attenuation = 0;
light->quadratic_attenuation = 0;
light->angle_attenuation = 0;
light->angle_cutoff = M_PI;
lights.push_back(light);
}
// Close file
fclose(fp);
// Return success
return 1;
}
// Compute the radiance emitted back along a given ray from a given intersection
R3Rgb ComputeRadiance(R3Scene *scene, R3Ray &ray, R3Intersection &intersection, int depth, int max_depth, int distrib)
{
R3Rgb il(0, 0, 0, 1);
R3Material *mat = intersection.node->material;
// add a small epsilon normal to the intersection point so light and secondary rays don't intersect with the same surface
R3Point offset_intersection_pos = intersection.position + intersection.normal * EPSILON;
// v = a unit vector pointing from the intersection to the ray origin
R3Vector v = -ray.Vector();
// if we are not using distributed ray tracing...
if (distrib == 0)
{
// include lighting from all scene lights
for (int i = 0; i < scene->NLights(); i++)
{
R3Light *light = scene->Light(i);
// l = a unit vector pointing from the intersection to a light
// d = the distance between the intersection and a light
R3Vector l;
double d;
if (light->type == R3_DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT)
{
l = -light->direction;
d = numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
}
else
{
l = (light->position - intersection.position);
l.Normalize();
d = (light->position - intersection.position).Length();
}
// construct a ray from the intersection toward the light
R3Ray light_ray(offset_intersection_pos, l);
// compute a shadow intersection and if one exists (that is between the intersection and the light), ignore the light
R3Intersection shadow_intersection = ComputeIntersection(scene, scene->Root(), light_ray, d);
if (shadow_intersection.hit && shadow_intersection.t < d)
continue;
// compute the luminance of the light at the intersection position
R3Rgb light_il = ComputeLuminance(light, intersection.position);
// evaluate the Phong BRDF equations for diffuse and specular reflection
double cos_nl = l.Dot(intersection.normal);
// r = l reflected across the intersection normal
R3Vector r = 2 * cos_nl * intersection.normal - l;
double cos_vr = v.Dot(r);
// if the light is shining on the front of the surface, include diffuse lighting
// if the light is also less than 90 degrees from the camera vector, include specular lighting
if (cos_nl > 0)
{
il += light_il * mat->kd * cos_nl;
if (cos_vr > 0)
il += light_il * mat->ks * pow(cos_vr, mat->shininess);
}
}
}
else // if we ARE using distributed...
{
if (depth < max_depth)
{
int nrays = 0;
R3Rgb dist_il(0, 0, 0, 1);
while (nrays < distrib)
{
// randomly sample outgoing directions using random variables with normal distributions
double u1 = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
double u2 = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
double u3 = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
double u4 = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
double s1 = sqrt(-2 * log(u1));
double rx = s1 * cos(2 * 3.14159 * u2);
double ry = s1 * sin(2 * 3.14159 * u2);
double s2 = sqrt(-2 * log(u3));
double rz = s2 * cos(2 * 3.14159 * u4);
R3Vector l(rx, ry, rz);
l.Normalize();
// check if vector is in the right hemisphere
if (l.Dot(intersection.normal) < 0)
continue;
// generate a random ray and recursively compute the radiance it contributes
R3Ray rray(offset_intersection_pos, l);
R3Rgb rgb = ComputeRadiance(scene, rray, depth + 1, max_depth, distrib);
// evaluate the Phong BRDF equations for diffuse and specular reflection
double cos_nl = l.Dot(intersection.normal);
// r = l reflected across the intersection normal
R3Vector r = 2 * cos_nl * intersection.normal - l;
double cos_vr = v.Dot(r);
// if the light is shining on the front of the surface, include diffuse lighting
// if the light is also less than 90 degrees from the camera vector, include specular lighting
if (cos_nl > 0)
{
dist_il += rgb * mat->kd * cos_nl;
if (cos_vr > 0)
dist_il += rgb * mat->ks * pow(cos_vr, mat->shininess);
}
nrays++;
}
il += dist_il / nrays;
}
}
// if the material has a specular component and the maximum depth hasn't been reached, reflect the camera ray from the
// intersection surface and recusively evaluate its radiance
if (!mat->ks.IsBlack() && depth < max_depth)
{
R3Ray spec_ray = GetReflectedRay(intersection, ray);
R3Rgb spec = ComputeRadiance(scene, spec_ray, depth + 1, max_depth, distrib);
il += spec * mat->ks;
}
// add refraction component for both distributed and non-distributed techniques
if (!mat->kt.IsBlack() && depth < max_depth)
{
R3Ray trans_ray = GetRefractedRay(intersection, ray, mat->indexofrefraction, scene);
R3Rgb trans = ComputeRadiance(scene, trans_ray, depth + 1, max_depth, distrib);
il += trans * mat->kt;
}
// add ambient and emission components
il += mat->emission;
il += mat->ka * scene->ambient;
return il;
}