static PyObject*
_send_insert(PyObject* self, PyObject* ctx,
             PyObject* gle_args, buffer_t buffer,
             char* coll_name, int coll_len, int request_id, int safe,
             codec_options_t* options, PyObject* to_publish) {

    if (safe) {
        if (!add_last_error(self, buffer, request_id,
                            coll_name, coll_len, options, gle_args)) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    /* The max_doc_size parameter for legacy_write is the max size of any
     * document in buffer. We enforced max size already, pass 0 here. */
    return PyObject_CallMethod(ctx, "legacy_write",
                               "i" BYTES_FORMAT_STRING "iNO",
                               request_id,
                               buffer_get_buffer(buffer),
                               buffer_get_position(buffer),
                               0,
                               PyBool_FromLong((long)safe),
                               to_publish);
}
static PyObject* _cbson_update_message(PyObject* self, PyObject* args) {
    /* NOTE just using a random number as the request_id */
    struct module_state *state = GETSTATE(self);

    int request_id = rand();
    char* collection_name = NULL;
    int collection_name_length;
    int before, cur_size, max_size = 0;
    PyObject* doc;
    PyObject* spec;
    unsigned char multi;
    unsigned char upsert;
    unsigned char safe;
    unsigned char check_keys;
    unsigned char uuid_subtype;
    PyObject* last_error_args;
    int options;
    buffer_t buffer;
    int length_location, message_length;
    PyObject* result;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "et#bbOObObb",
                          "utf-8",
                          &collection_name,
                          &collection_name_length,
                          &upsert, &multi, &spec, &doc, &safe,
                          &last_error_args, &check_keys, &uuid_subtype)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    options = 0;
    if (upsert) {
        options += 1;
    }
    if (multi) {
        options += 2;
    }
    buffer = buffer_new();
    if (!buffer) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        return NULL;
    }

    // save space for message length
    length_location = buffer_save_space(buffer, 4);
    if (length_location == -1) {
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!buffer_write_bytes(buffer, (const char*)&request_id, 4) ||
        !buffer_write_bytes(buffer,
                            "\x00\x00\x00\x00"
                            "\xd1\x07\x00\x00"
                            "\x00\x00\x00\x00",
                            12) ||
        !buffer_write_bytes(buffer,
                            collection_name,
                            collection_name_length + 1) ||
        !buffer_write_bytes(buffer, (const char*)&options, 4)) {
        buffer_free(buffer);
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        return NULL;
    }

    before = buffer_get_position(buffer);
    if (!write_dict(state->_cbson, buffer, spec, 0, uuid_subtype, 1)) {
        buffer_free(buffer);
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        return NULL;
    }
    max_size = buffer_get_position(buffer) - before;

    before = buffer_get_position(buffer);
    if (!write_dict(state->_cbson, buffer, doc, check_keys, uuid_subtype, 1)) {
        buffer_free(buffer);
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        return NULL;
    }
    cur_size = buffer_get_position(buffer) - before;
    max_size = (cur_size > max_size) ? cur_size : max_size;

    message_length = buffer_get_position(buffer) - length_location;
    memcpy(buffer_get_buffer(buffer) + length_location, &message_length, 4);

    if (safe) {
        if (!add_last_error(self, buffer, request_id, collection_name,
                            collection_name_length, last_error_args)) {
            buffer_free(buffer);
            PyMem_Free(collection_name);
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    PyMem_Free(collection_name);

    /* objectify buffer */
    result = Py_BuildValue("i" BYTES_FORMAT_STRING "i", request_id,
                           buffer_get_buffer(buffer),
                           buffer_get_position(buffer),
                           max_size);
    buffer_free(buffer);
    return result;
}
static PyObject* _cbson_insert_message(PyObject* self, PyObject* args) {
    /* NOTE just using a random number as the request_id */
    struct module_state *state = GETSTATE(self);

    int request_id = rand();
    char* collection_name = NULL;
    int collection_name_length;
    PyObject* docs;
    PyObject* doc;
    PyObject* iterator;
    int before, cur_size, max_size = 0;
    int options = 0;
    unsigned char check_keys;
    unsigned char safe;
    unsigned char continue_on_error;
    unsigned char uuid_subtype;
    PyObject* last_error_args;
    buffer_t buffer;
    int length_location, message_length;
    PyObject* result;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "et#ObbObb",
                          "utf-8",
                          &collection_name,
                          &collection_name_length,
                          &docs, &check_keys, &safe,
                          &last_error_args,
                          &continue_on_error, &uuid_subtype)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (continue_on_error) {
        options += 1;
    }

    buffer = buffer_new();
    if (!buffer) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        return NULL;
    }

    // save space for message length
    length_location = buffer_save_space(buffer, 4);
    if (length_location == -1) {
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!buffer_write_bytes(buffer, (const char*)&request_id, 4) ||
        !buffer_write_bytes(buffer,
                            "\x00\x00\x00\x00"
                            "\xd2\x07\x00\x00",
                            8) ||
        !buffer_write_bytes(buffer, (const char*)&options, 4) ||
        !buffer_write_bytes(buffer,
                            collection_name,
                            collection_name_length + 1)) {
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        buffer_free(buffer);
        return NULL;
    }

    iterator = PyObject_GetIter(docs);
    if (iterator == NULL) {
        PyObject* InvalidOperation = _error("InvalidOperation");
        if (InvalidOperation) {
            PyErr_SetString(InvalidOperation, "input is not iterable");
            Py_DECREF(InvalidOperation);
        }
        buffer_free(buffer);
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        return NULL;
    }
    while ((doc = PyIter_Next(iterator)) != NULL) {
        before = buffer_get_position(buffer);
        if (!write_dict(state->_cbson, buffer, doc, check_keys, uuid_subtype, 1)) {
            Py_DECREF(doc);
            Py_DECREF(iterator);
            buffer_free(buffer);
            PyMem_Free(collection_name);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_DECREF(doc);
        cur_size = buffer_get_position(buffer) - before;
        max_size = (cur_size > max_size) ? cur_size : max_size;
    }
    Py_DECREF(iterator);

    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
        buffer_free(buffer);
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        return NULL;
    }

    if (!max_size) {
        PyObject* InvalidOperation = _error("InvalidOperation");
        if (InvalidOperation) {
            PyErr_SetString(InvalidOperation, "cannot do an empty bulk insert");
            Py_DECREF(InvalidOperation);
        }
        buffer_free(buffer);
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        return NULL;
    }

    message_length = buffer_get_position(buffer) - length_location;
    memcpy(buffer_get_buffer(buffer) + length_location, &message_length, 4);

    if (safe) {
        if (!add_last_error(self, buffer, request_id, collection_name,
                            collection_name_length, last_error_args)) {
            buffer_free(buffer);
            PyMem_Free(collection_name);
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    PyMem_Free(collection_name);

    /* objectify buffer */
    result = Py_BuildValue("i" BYTES_FORMAT_STRING "i", request_id,
                           buffer_get_buffer(buffer),
                           buffer_get_position(buffer),
                           max_size);
    buffer_free(buffer);
    return result;
}
static PyObject* _cbson_insert_message(PyObject* self, PyObject* args) {
    /* Used by the Bulk API to insert into pre-2.6 servers. Collection.insert
     * uses _cbson_do_batched_insert. */
    struct module_state *state = GETSTATE(self);

    /* NOTE just using a random number as the request_id */
    int request_id = rand();
    char* collection_name = NULL;
    int collection_name_length;
    PyObject* docs;
    PyObject* doc;
    PyObject* iterator;
    int before, cur_size, max_size = 0;
    int flags = 0;
    unsigned char check_keys;
    unsigned char safe;
    unsigned char continue_on_error;
    codec_options_t options;
    PyObject* last_error_args;
    buffer_t buffer;
    int length_location, message_length;
    PyObject* result;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "et#ObbObO&",
                          "utf-8",
                          &collection_name,
                          &collection_name_length,
                          &docs, &check_keys, &safe,
                          &last_error_args,
                          &continue_on_error,
                          convert_codec_options, &options)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (continue_on_error) {
        flags += 1;
    }
    buffer = buffer_new();
    if (!buffer) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        destroy_codec_options(&options);
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        return NULL;
    }

    length_location = init_insert_buffer(buffer,
                                         request_id,
                                         flags,
                                         collection_name,
                                         collection_name_length);
    if (length_location == -1) {
        destroy_codec_options(&options);
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        buffer_free(buffer);
        return NULL;
    }

    iterator = PyObject_GetIter(docs);
    if (iterator == NULL) {
        PyObject* InvalidOperation = _error("InvalidOperation");
        if (InvalidOperation) {
            PyErr_SetString(InvalidOperation, "input is not iterable");
            Py_DECREF(InvalidOperation);
        }
        destroy_codec_options(&options);
        buffer_free(buffer);
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        return NULL;
    }
    while ((doc = PyIter_Next(iterator)) != NULL) {
        before = buffer_get_position(buffer);
        if (!write_dict(state->_cbson, buffer, doc, check_keys,
                        &options, 1)) {
            Py_DECREF(doc);
            Py_DECREF(iterator);
            destroy_codec_options(&options);
            buffer_free(buffer);
            PyMem_Free(collection_name);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_DECREF(doc);
        cur_size = buffer_get_position(buffer) - before;
        max_size = (cur_size > max_size) ? cur_size : max_size;
    }
    Py_DECREF(iterator);

    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
        destroy_codec_options(&options);
        buffer_free(buffer);
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        return NULL;
    }

    if (!max_size) {
        PyObject* InvalidOperation = _error("InvalidOperation");
        if (InvalidOperation) {
            PyErr_SetString(InvalidOperation, "cannot do an empty bulk insert");
            Py_DECREF(InvalidOperation);
        }
        destroy_codec_options(&options);
        buffer_free(buffer);
        PyMem_Free(collection_name);
        return NULL;
    }

    message_length = buffer_get_position(buffer) - length_location;
    memcpy(buffer_get_buffer(buffer) + length_location, &message_length, 4);

    if (safe) {
        if (!add_last_error(self, buffer, request_id, collection_name,
                            collection_name_length, &options, last_error_args)) {
            destroy_codec_options(&options);
            buffer_free(buffer);
            PyMem_Free(collection_name);
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    PyMem_Free(collection_name);

    /* objectify buffer */
    result = Py_BuildValue("i" BYTES_FORMAT_STRING "i", request_id,
                           buffer_get_buffer(buffer),
                           buffer_get_position(buffer),
                           max_size);
    destroy_codec_options(&options);
    buffer_free(buffer);
    return result;
}