Пример #1
0
void peide(int n, int m, int nobs, int *nbp, real_t par[],
		real_t res[], int bp[], real_t **jtjinv,
		real_t in[], real_t out[],
		int (*deriv)(int,int,real_t [],real_t [],real_t,real_t []),
		int (*jacdfdy)(int,int,real_t [],real_t [],real_t,real_t **),
		int (*jacdfdp)(int,int,real_t [],real_t [],real_t,real_t **),
		void (*callystart)(int,int,real_t [],real_t [],real_t[]),
		void (*data)(int,real_t [],real_t [],int[]),
		void (*monitor)(int,int,int,real_t [],real_t [],int,int))
{
	int i,j,weight,ncol,nrow,away,max,nfe,nis,*cobs,
			first,sec,clean,nbpold,maxfe,fe,it,err,emergency;
	real_t eps1,res1,in3,in4,fac3,fac4,aux[4],*obs,*save,*tobs,
			**yp,*ymax,*y,**fy,**fp,w,**aid,temp,
			vv,ww,w2,mu,res2,fpar,fparpres,lambda,lambdamin,p,pw,
			reltolres,abstolres,em[8],*val,*b,*bb,*parpres,**jaco;
	static real_t save1[35]={1.0, 1.0, 9.0, 4.0, 0.0, 2.0/3.0, 1.0,
			1.0/3.0, 36.0, 20.25, 1.0, 6.0/11.0, 1.0, 6.0/11.0,
			1.0/11.0, 84.028, 53.778, 0.25, 0.48, 1.0, 0.7, 0.2,
			0.02, 156.25, 108.51, 0.027778, 120.0/274.0, 1.0,
			225.0/274.0, 85.0/274.0, 15.0/274.0, 1.0/274.0, 0.0,
			187.69, 0.0047361};

	nbpold=(*nbp);
	cobs=allocate_integer_vector(1,nobs);
	obs=allocate_real_vector(1,nobs);
	save=allocate_real_vector(-38,6*n);
	tobs=allocate_real_vector(0,nobs);
	ymax=allocate_real_vector(1,n);
	y=allocate_real_vector(1,6*n*(nbpold+m+1));
	yp=allocate_real_matrix(1,nbpold+nobs,1,nbpold+m);
	fy=allocate_real_matrix(1,n,1,n);
	fp=allocate_real_matrix(1,n,1,m+nbpold);
	aid=allocate_real_matrix(1,m+nbpold,1,m+nbpold);

	for (i=0; i<=34; i++) save[-38+i]=save1[i];
	(*data)(nobs,tobs,obs,cobs);
	weight=1;
	first=sec=0;
	clean=(*nbp > 0);
	aux[2]=FLT_EPSILON;
	eps1=1.0e10;
	out[1]=0.0;
	bp[0]=max=0;
	/* smooth integration without break-points */
	if (!peidefunct(nobs,m,par,res,
			n,m,nobs,nbp,first,&sec,&max,&nis,eps1,weight,bp,
			save,ymax,y,yp,fy,fp,cobs,tobs,obs,in,aux,clean,deriv,
			jacdfdy,jacdfdp,callystart,monitor)) goto Escape;
	res1=sqrt(vecvec(1,nobs,0,res,res));
	nfe=1;
	if (in[5] == 1.0) {
		out[1]=1.0;
		goto Escape;
	}
	if (clean) {
		first=1;
		clean=0;
		fac3=sqrt(sqrt(in[3]/res1));
		fac4=sqrt(sqrt(in[4]/res1));
		eps1=res1*fac4;
		if (!peidefunct(nobs,m,par,res,
				n,m,nobs,nbp,first,&sec,&max,&nis,eps1,weight,bp,
				save,ymax,y,yp,fy,fp,cobs,tobs,obs,in,aux,clean,deriv,
				jacdfdy,jacdfdp,callystart,monitor)) goto Escape;
		first=0;
	} else
		nfe=0;
	ncol=m+(*nbp);
	nrow=nobs+(*nbp);
	sec=1;
	in3=in[3];
	in4=in[4];
	in[3]=res1;
	weight=away=0;
	out[4]=out[5]=w=0.0;
	temp=sqrt(weight)+1.0;
	weight=temp*temp;
	while (weight != 16 && *nbp > 0) {
		if (away == 0 && w != 0.0) {
			/* if no break-points were omitted then one function
				function evaluation is saved */
			w=weight/w;
			for (i=nobs+1; i<=nrow; i++) {
				for (j=1; j<=ncol; j++) yp[i][j] *= w;
				res[i] *= w;
			}
			sec=1;
			nfe--;
		}
		in[3] *= fac3*weight;
		in[4]=eps1;
		(*monitor)(2,ncol,nrow,par,res,weight,nis);
		/* marquardt's method */
		val=allocate_real_vector(1,ncol);
		b=allocate_real_vector(1,ncol);
		bb=allocate_real_vector(1,ncol);
		parpres=allocate_real_vector(1,ncol);
		jaco=allocate_real_matrix(1,nrow,1,ncol);
		vv=10.0;
		w2=0.5;
		mu=0.01;
		ww = (in[6] < 1.0e-7) ? 1.0e-8 : 1.0e-1*in[6];
		em[0]=em[2]=em[6]=in[0];
		em[4]=10*ncol;
		reltolres=in[3];
		abstolres=in[4]*in[4];
		maxfe=in[5];
		err=0;
		fe=it=1;
		p=fpar=res2=0.0;
		pw = -log(ww*in[0])/2.30;
		if (!peidefunct(nrow,ncol,par,res,
					n,m,nobs,nbp,first,&sec,&max,&nis,eps1,
					weight,bp,save,ymax,y,yp,fy,fp,cobs,tobs,obs,
					in,aux,clean,deriv,jacdfdy,jacdfdp,
					callystart,monitor))
			err=3;
		else {
			fpar=vecvec(1,nrow,0,res,res);
			out[3]=sqrt(fpar);
			emergency=0;
			it=1;
			do {
				dupmat(1,nrow,1,ncol,jaco,yp);
				i=qrisngvaldec(jaco,nrow,ncol,val,aid,em);
				if (it == 1)
					lambda=in[6]*vecvec(1,ncol,0,val,val);
				else
					if (p == 0.0) lambda *= w2;
				for (i=1; i<=ncol; i++)
					b[i]=val[i]*tamvec(1,nrow,i,jaco,res);
				while (1) {
					for (i=1; i<=ncol; i++)
						bb[i]=b[i]/(val[i]*val[i]+lambda);
					for (i=1; i<=ncol; i++)
						parpres[i]=par[i]-matvec(1,ncol,i,aid,bb);
					fe++;
					if (fe >= maxfe)
						err=1;
					else
						if (!peidefunct(nrow,ncol,parpres,res,
								n,m,nobs,nbp,first,&sec,&max,&nis,
								eps1,weight,bp,save,ymax,y,yp,fy,fp,
								cobs,tobs,obs,in,aux,clean,deriv,
								jacdfdy,jacdfdp,callystart,monitor))
							err=2;
					if (err != 0) {
						emergency=1;
						break;
					}
					fparpres=vecvec(1,nrow,0,res,res);
					res2=fpar-fparpres;
					if (res2 < mu*vecvec(1,ncol,0,b,bb)) {
						p += 1.0;
						lambda *= vv;
						if (p == 1.0) {
							lambdamin=ww*vecvec(1,ncol,0,val,val);
							if (lambda < lambdamin) lambda=lambdamin;
						}
						if (p >= pw) {
							err=4;
							emergency=1;
							break;
						}
					} else {
						dupvec(1,ncol,0,par,parpres);
						fpar=fparpres;
						break;
					}
				}
				if (emergency) break;
				it++;
			} while (fpar>abstolres &&
							res2>reltolres*fpar+abstolres);
			for (i=1; i<=ncol; i++)
				mulcol(1,ncol,i,i,jaco,aid,1.0/(val[i]+in[0]));
			for (i=1; i<=ncol; i++)
				for (j=1; j<=i; j++)
					aid[i][j]=aid[j][i]=mattam(1,ncol,i,j,jaco,jaco);
			lambda=lambdamin=val[1];
			for (i=2; i<=ncol; i++)
				if (val[i] > lambda)
					lambda=val[i];
				else
					if (val[i] < lambdamin) lambdamin=val[i];
			temp=lambda/(lambdamin+in[0]);
			out[7]=temp*temp;
			out[2]=sqrt(fpar);
			out[6]=sqrt(res2+fpar)-out[2];
		}
		out[4]=fe;
		out[5]=it-1;
		out[1]=err;
		free_real_vector(val,1);
		free_real_vector(b,1);
		free_real_vector(bb,1);
		free_real_vector(parpres,1);
		free_real_matrix(jaco,1,nrow,1);
		if (out[1] > 0.0) goto Escape;
		/* the relative starting value of lambda is adjusted
			to the last value of lambda used */
		away=out[4]-out[5]-1.0;
		in[6] *= pow(5.0,away)*pow(2.0,away-out[5]);
		nfe += out[4];
		w=weight;
		temp=sqrt(weight)+1.0;
		eps1=temp*temp*in[4]*fac4;
		away=0;
		/* omit useless break-points */
		for (j=1; j<=(*nbp); j++)
			if (fabs(obs[bp[j]]+res[bp[j]]-par[j+m]) < eps1) {
				(*nbp)--;
				for (i=j; i<=(*nbp); i++) bp[i]=bp[i+1];
				dupvec(j+m,(*nbp)+m,1,par,par);
				j--;
				away++;
				bp[*nbp+1]=0;
			}
		ncol -= away;
		nrow -= away;
		temp=sqrt(weight)+1.0;
		weight=temp*temp;
	}
	in[3]=in3;
	in[4]=in4;
	*nbp=0;
	weight=1;
	(*monitor)(2,m,nobs,par,res,weight,nis);
	/* marquardt's method */
	val=allocate_real_vector(1,m);
	b=allocate_real_vector(1,m);
	bb=allocate_real_vector(1,m);
	parpres=allocate_real_vector(1,m);
	jaco=allocate_real_matrix(1,nobs,1,m);
	vv=10.0;
	w2=0.5;
	mu=0.01;
	ww = (in[6] < 1.0e-7) ? 1.0e-8 : 1.0e-1*in[6];
	em[0]=em[2]=em[6]=in[0];
	em[4]=10*m;
	reltolres=in[3];
	abstolres=in[4]*in[4];
	maxfe=in[5];
	err=0;
	fe=it=1;
	p=fpar=res2=0.0;
	pw = -log(ww*in[0])/2.30;
	if (!peidefunct(nobs,m,par,res,
				n,m,nobs,nbp,first,&sec,&max,&nis,eps1,weight,bp,
				save,ymax,y,yp,fy,fp,cobs,tobs,obs,in,aux,clean,
				deriv,jacdfdy,jacdfdp,callystart,monitor))
		err=3;
	else {
		fpar=vecvec(1,nobs,0,res,res);
		out[3]=sqrt(fpar);
		emergency=0;
		it=1;
		do {
			dupmat(1,nobs,1,m,jaco,yp);
			i=qrisngvaldec(jaco,nobs,m,val,jtjinv,em);
			if (it == 1)
				lambda=in[6]*vecvec(1,m,0,val,val);
			else
				if (p == 0.0) lambda *= w2;
			for (i=1; i<=m; i++)
				b[i]=val[i]*tamvec(1,nobs,i,jaco,res);
			while (1) {
				for (i=1; i<=m; i++)
					bb[i]=b[i]/(val[i]*val[i]+lambda);
				for (i=1; i<=m; i++)
					parpres[i]=par[i]-matvec(1,m,i,jtjinv,bb);
				fe++;
				if (fe >= maxfe)
					err=1;
				else
					if (!peidefunct(nobs,m,parpres,res,
							n,m,nobs,nbp,first,&sec,&max,&nis,eps1,
							weight,bp,save,ymax,y,yp,fy,fp,cobs,tobs,
							obs,in,aux,clean,deriv,jacdfdy,jacdfdp,
							callystart,monitor))
						err=2;
				if (err != 0) {
					emergency=1;
					break;
				}
				fparpres=vecvec(1,nobs,0,res,res);
				res2=fpar-fparpres;
				if (res2 < mu*vecvec(1,m,0,b,bb)) {
					p += 1.0;
					lambda *= vv;
					if (p == 1.0) {
						lambdamin=ww*vecvec(1,m,0,val,val);
						if (lambda < lambdamin) lambda=lambdamin;
					}
					if (p >= pw) {
						err=4;
						emergency=1;
						break;
					}
				} else {
					dupvec(1,m,0,par,parpres);
					fpar=fparpres;
					break;
				}
			}
			if (emergency) break;
			it++;
		} while (fpar>abstolres && res2>reltolres*fpar+abstolres);
		for (i=1; i<=m; i++)
			mulcol(1,m,i,i,jaco,jtjinv,1.0/(val[i]+in[0]));
		for (i=1; i<=m; i++)
			for (j=1; j<=i; j++)
				jtjinv[i][j]=jtjinv[j][i]=mattam(1,m,i,j,jaco,jaco);
		lambda=lambdamin=val[1];
		for (i=2; i<=m; i++)
			if (val[i] > lambda)
				lambda=val[i];
			else
				if (val[i] < lambdamin) lambdamin=val[i];
		temp=lambda/(lambdamin+in[0]);
		out[7]=temp*temp;
		out[2]=sqrt(fpar);
		out[6]=sqrt(res2+fpar)-out[2];
	}
	out[4]=fe;
	out[5]=it-1;
	out[1]=err;
	free_real_vector(val,1);
	free_real_vector(b,1);
	free_real_vector(bb,1);
	free_real_vector(parpres,1);
	free_real_matrix(jaco,1,nobs,1);
	nfe += out[4];

	Escape:
	if (out[1] == 3.0)
		out[1]=2.0;
	else
		if (out[1] == 4.0) out[1]=6.0;
	if (save[-3] != 0.0) out[1]=save[-3];
	out[3]=res1;
	out[4]=nfe;
	out[5]=max;
	free_integer_vector(cobs,1);
	free_real_vector(obs,1);
	free_real_vector(save,-38);
	free_real_vector(tobs,0);
	free_real_vector(ymax,1);
	free_real_vector(y,1);
	free_real_matrix(yp,1,nbpold+nobs,1);
	free_real_matrix(fy,1,n,1);
	free_real_matrix(fp,1,n,1);
	free_real_matrix(aid,1,m+nbpold,1);
}
Пример #2
0
void praxis( int n, double *x, int *data, double (*funct)(double *, void *data), double *in, double *out) {

	int illc,i,j,k,k2,nl,maxf,nf,kl,kt,ktm,emergency;
	double s,sl,dn,dmin,fx,f1,lds,ldt,sf,df,qf1,qd0,qd1,qa,qb,qc,m2,m4,
			small,vsmall,large,vlarge,scbd,ldfac,t2,macheps,reltol,
			abstol,h,**v,*d,*y,*z,*q0,*q1,**a,em[8],l;

	/*
	 *  Seed random number generator
	 */
#ifdef MSWIN
	srand(34084320);
#else
	srand48(34084320);
#endif

//	for (i=0; i<8; ++i) x[i+1] = (double)data->x[i];
	d=allocate_real_vector(1,n);
	y=allocate_real_vector(1,n);
	z=allocate_real_vector(1,n);
	q0=allocate_real_vector(1,n);
	q1=allocate_real_vector(1,n);
	v=allocate_real_matrix(1,n,1,n);
	a=allocate_real_matrix(1,n,1,n);

    //  heuristic numbers:
    //
    //  If the axes may be badly scaled (which is to be avoided if
    //  possible), then set scbd = 10.  otherwise set scbd=1.
    //
    //  If the problem is known to be ill-conditioned, set ILLC = true.
    //
    //  KTM is the number of iterations without improvement before the
    //  algorithm terminates.  KTM = 4 is very cautious; usually KTM = 1
    //  is satisfactory.
    //

	macheps=in[0];
	reltol=in[1];
	abstol=in[2];
	maxf=in[5];
	h=in[6];
	scbd=in[7];
	ktm=in[8];
	illc = in[9] < 0.0;
	small=macheps*macheps;
	vsmall=small*small;
	large=1.0/small;
	vlarge=1.0/vsmall;
	m2=reltol;
	m4=sqrt(m2);
	srand(1);
	ldfac = (illc ? 0.1 : 0.01);
	kt=nl=0;
	nf=1;
	out[3]=qf1=fx=(*funct)(x, data);
	abstol=t2=small+fabs(abstol);
	dmin=small;
	if (h < abstol*100.0) h=abstol*100;
	ldt=h;
	inimat(1,n,1,n,v,0.0);
	for (i=1; i<=n; i++) v[i][i]=1.0;
	d[1]=qd0=qd1=0.0;
	dupvec(1,n,0,q1,x);
	inivec(1,n,q0,0.0);
	emergency=0;

	while (1) {
		sf=d[1];
		d[1]=s=0.0;
		praxismin(1,2,&(d[1]),&s,&fx,0,
					n,x,v,&qa,&qb,&qc,qd0,qd1,q0,q1,&nf,
					&nl,&fx,m2,m4,dmin,ldt,reltol,abstol,small,h,funct, data);
		if (s <= 0.0) mulcol(1,n,1,1,v,v,-1.0);
		if (sf <= 0.9*d[1] || 0.9*sf >= d[1]) inivec(2,n,d,0.0);
		for (k=2; k<=n; k++) {
			dupvec(1,n,0,y,x);
			sf=fx;
			illc = (illc || kt > 0);
			while (1) {
				kl=k;
				df=0.0;
				if (illc) {
					/* random stop to get off resulting valley */
					for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
						s=z[i]=(0.1*ldt+t2*pow(10.0,kt))*
#ifdef MSWIN
									((double)(rand())/RAND_MAX-0.5);
#else
									(drand48()-0.5);
#endif
						elmveccol(1,n,i,x,v,s);
					}
					fx=(*funct)(x, data);
					nf++;
				}
				for (k2=k; k2<=n; k2++) {
					sl=fx;
					s=0.0;
					praxismin(k2,2,&(d[k2]),&s,&fx,0,
						n,x,v,&qa,&qb,&qc,qd0,qd1,q0,q1,&nf,
						&nl,&fx,m2,m4,dmin,ldt,reltol,abstol,small,h,funct, data);
					s = illc ? d[k2]*(s+z[k2])*(s+z[k2]) : sl-fx;
					if (df < s) {
						df=s;
						kl=k2;
					}
				}
				if (!illc && df < fabs(100.0*macheps*fx))
					illc=1;
				else
					break;
			}
			for (k2=1; k2<=k-1; k2++) {
				s=0.0;
				praxismin(k2,2,&(d[k2]),&s,&fx,0,
					n,x,v,&qa,&qb,&qc,qd0,qd1,q0,q1,&nf,
					&nl,&fx,m2,m4,dmin,ldt,reltol,abstol,small,h,funct, data);
			}
			f1=fx;
			fx=sf;
			lds=0.0;
			for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
				sl=x[i];
				x[i]=y[i];
				y[i] = sl -= y[i];
				lds += sl*sl;
			}
			lds=sqrt(lds);
			if (lds > small) {
				for (i=kl-1; i>=k; i--) {
					for (j=1; j<=n; j++) v[j][i+1]=v[j][i];
					d[i+1]=d[i];
				}
				d[k]=0.0;
				dupcolvec(1,n,k,v,y);
				mulcol(1,n,k,k,v,v,1.0/lds);
				praxismin(k,4,&(d[k]),&lds,&f1,1,
					n,x,v,&qa,&qb,&qc,qd0,qd1,q0,q1,&nf,
					&nl,&fx,m2,m4,dmin,ldt,reltol,abstol,small,h,funct, data);
				if (lds <= 0.0) {
					lds = -lds;
					mulcol(1,n,k,k,v,v,-1.0);
				}
			}
			ldt *= ldfac;
			if (ldt < lds) ldt=lds;
			t2=m2*sqrt(vecvec(1,n,0,x,x))+abstol;
			kt = (ldt > 0.5*t2) ? 0 : kt+1;
			if (kt > ktm) {
				out[1]=0.0;
				emergency=1;
			}
		}
		if (emergency) break;
		/* quad */
		s=fx;
		fx=qf1;
		qf1=s;
		qd1=0.0;
		for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
			s=x[i];
			x[i]=l=q1[i];
			q1[i]=s;
			qd1 += (s-l)*(s-l);
		}
		l=qd1=sqrt(qd1);
		s=0.0;
		if ((qd0*qd1 > DBL_MIN) && (nl >=3*n*n)) {
			praxismin(0,2,&s,&l,&qf1,1,
					n,x,v,&qa,&qb,&qc,qd0,qd1,q0,q1,&nf,
					&nl,&fx,m2,m4,dmin,ldt,reltol,abstol,small,h,funct, data);
			qa=l*(l-qd1)/(qd0*(qd0+qd1));
			qb=(l+qd0)*(qd1-l)/(qd0*qd1);
			qc=l*(l+qd0)/(qd1*(qd0+qd1));
		} else {
			fx=qf1;
			qa=qb=0.0;
			qc=1.0;
		}
		qd0=qd1;
		for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
			s=q0[i];
			q0[i]=x[i];
			x[i]=qa*s+qb*x[i]+qc*q1[i];
		}
		/* end of quad */
		dn=0.0;
		for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
			d[i]=1.0/sqrt(d[i]);
			if (dn < d[i]) dn=d[i];
		}
		for (j=1; j<=n; j++) {
			s=d[j]/dn;
			mulcol(1,n,j,j,v,v,s);
		}
		if (scbd > 1.0) {
			s=vlarge;
			for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
				sl=z[i]=sqrt(mattam(1,n,i,i,v,v));
				if (sl < m4) z[i]=m4;
				if (s > sl) s=sl;
			}
			for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
				sl=s/z[i];
				z[i]=1.0/sl;
				if (z[i] > scbd) {
					sl=1.0/scbd;
					z[i]=scbd;
				}
				mulrow(1,n,i,i,v,v,sl);
			}
		}
		for (i=1; i<=n; i++) ichrowcol(i+1,n,i,i,v);
		em[0]=em[2]=macheps;
		em[4]=10*n;
		em[6]=vsmall;
		dupmat(1,n,1,n,a,v);
		if (qrisngvaldec(a,n,n,d,v,em) != 0) {
			out[1]=2.0;
			emergency=1;
		}
		if (emergency) break;
		if (scbd > 1.0) {
			for (i=1; i<=n; i++) mulrow(1,n,i,i,v,v,z[i]);
			for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
				s=sqrt(tammat(1,n,i,i,v,v));
				d[i] *= s;
				s=1.0/s;
				mulcol(1,n,i,i,v,v,s);
			}
		}
		for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
			s=dn*d[i];
			d[i] = (s > large) ? vsmall :
						((s < small) ? vlarge : 1.0/(s*s));
		}
		/* sort */
		for (i=1; i<=n-1; i++) {
			k=i;
			s=d[i];
			for (j=i+1; j<=n; j++)
				if (d[j] > s) {
					k=j;
					s=d[j];
				}
			if (k > i) {
				d[k]=d[i];
				d[i]=s;
				for (j=1; j<=n; j++) {
					s=v[j][i];
					v[j][i]=v[j][k];
					v[j][k]=s;
				}
			}
		}
		/* end of sort */
		dmin=d[n];
		if (dmin < small) dmin=small;
		illc = (m2*d[1]) > dmin;
		if (nf >= maxf) {
			out[1]=1.0;
			break;
		}
	}
	out[2]=fx;
	out[4]=nf;
	out[5]=nl;
	out[6]=ldt;
	free_real_vector(d,1);
	free_real_vector(y,1);
	free_real_vector(z,1);
	free_real_vector(q0,1);
	free_real_vector(q1,1);
	free_real_matrix(v,1,n,1);
	free_real_matrix(a,1,n,1);

//	for (i=0; i<40; ++i) data->x[i] = (double)x[i+1];

}
Пример #3
0
void arkmat(real_t *t, real_t te, int m, int n, real_t **u,
			void (*der)(int, int, real_t, real_t **, real_t **),
			int type, int *order, real_t *spr,
			void (*out)(real_t, real_t, int, int, real_t **, int,
							int, real_t *))
{
	real_t **allocate_real_matrix(int, int, int, int);
	void free_real_matrix(real_t **, int, int, int);
	void elmcol(int, int, int, int, real_t **, real_t **, real_t);
	void dupmat(int, int, int, int, real_t **, real_t **);
	int sig,l,last,ta,tb,i;
	real_t tau,lambda[10],**uh,**du,mlt;
	static real_t lbd1[9]={1.0/9.0, 1.0/8.0, 1.0/7.0, 1.0/6.0,
						1.0/5.0, 1.0/4.0, 1.0/3.0, 1.0/2.0, 4.3};
	static real_t lbd2[9]={0.1418519249e-2, 0.3404154076e-2,
					0.0063118569, 0.01082794375, 0.01842733851,
					0.03278507942, 0.0653627415, 0.1691078577, 156.0};
	static real_t lbd3[9]={0.3534355908e-2, 0.8532600867e-2,
					0.015956206, 0.02772229155, 0.04812587964,
					0.08848689452, 0.1863578961, 0.5, 64.0};
	static real_t lbd4[9]={1.0/8.0, 1.0/20.0, 5.0/32.0, 2.0/17.0,
					17.0/80.0, 5.0/22.0, 11.0/32.0, 1.0/2.0, 8.0};

	uh=allocate_real_matrix(1,n,1,m);
	du=allocate_real_matrix(1,n,1,m);

	/* initialize */
	if (type != 2 && type != 3) type=1;
	if (type != 2)
		*order = 2;
	else
		if (*order != 2) *order = 1;
	switch ((type == 1) ? 1 : type+(*order)-1) {
		case 1:  for (i=0; i<=8; i++) lambda[i+1]=lbd1[i]; break;
		case 2:  for (i=0; i<=8; i++) lambda[i+1]=lbd2[i]; break;
		case 3:  for (i=0; i<=8; i++) lambda[i+1]=lbd3[i]; break;
		case 4:  for (i=0; i<=8; i++) lambda[i+1]=lbd4[i]; break;
	}
	sig = ((te == *t) ? 0 : ((te > *t) ? 1 : -1));
	last=0;
	do {
		tau=((*spr == 0.0) ? fabs(te-(*t)) :
					fabs(lambda[9]/(*spr)))*sig;
		ta = (*t)+tau >= te;
		tb = tau >= 0.0;
		if ((ta && tb) || (!(ta || tb))) {
			tau=te-(*t);
			last=1;
		}
		/* difference scheme */
		(*der)(m,n,*t,u,du);
		for (i=1; i<=8; i++) {
			mlt=lambda[i]*tau;
			dupmat(1,n,1,m,uh,u);
			for (l=1; l<=m; l++) elmcol(1,n,l,l,uh,du,mlt);
			(*der)(m,n,(*t)+mlt,uh,du);
		}
		for (l=1; l<=m; l++) elmcol(1,n,l,l,u,du,tau);
		*t = (last ? te : (*t)+tau);
		(*out)(*t,te,m,n,u,type,*order,spr);
	} while (!last);
	free_real_matrix(uh,1,n,1);
	free_real_matrix(du,1,n,1);
}