static jobject doBuildTileIndex(JNIEnv* env, SkStream* stream) {
    SkImageDecoder* decoder = SkImageDecoder::Factory(stream);
    int width, height;
    if (NULL == decoder) {
        // fail to get decoder, do not forget to free stream
        stream->unref();
        doThrowIOE(env, "Image format not supported");
        return nullObjectReturn("SkImageDecoder::Factory returned null");
    }

    JavaPixelAllocator *javaAllocator = new JavaPixelAllocator(env);
    decoder->setAllocator(javaAllocator);
    javaAllocator->unref();

    if (!decoder->buildTileIndex(stream, &width, &height)) {
        char msg[100];
        snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Image failed to decode using %s decoder",
                decoder->getFormatName());
        // fail to build tile index, do not forget to free stream
        stream->unref();
        doThrowIOE(env, msg);
        return nullObjectReturn("decoder->buildTileIndex returned false");
    }

    SkBitmapRegionDecoder *bm = new SkBitmapRegionDecoder(decoder, stream, width, height);

    return GraphicsJNI::createBitmapRegionDecoder(env, bm);
}
/*
 * nine patch not supported
 *
 * purgeable not supported
 * reportSizeToVM not supported
 */
static jobject nativeDecodeRegion(JNIEnv* env, jobject, SkBitmapRegionDecoder *brd,
                                int start_x, int start_y, int width, int height, jobject options) {
    jobject tileBitmap = NULL;
    SkImageDecoder *decoder = brd->getDecoder();
    int sampleSize = 1;
    SkBitmap::Config prefConfig = SkBitmap::kNo_Config;
    bool doDither = true;
    bool preferQualityOverSpeed = false;

    if (NULL != options) {
        sampleSize = env->GetIntField(options, gOptions_sampleSizeFieldID);
        // initialize these, in case we fail later on
        env->SetIntField(options, gOptions_widthFieldID, -1);
        env->SetIntField(options, gOptions_heightFieldID, -1);
        env->SetObjectField(options, gOptions_mimeFieldID, 0);

        jobject jconfig = env->GetObjectField(options, gOptions_configFieldID);
        prefConfig = GraphicsJNI::getNativeBitmapConfig(env, jconfig);
        doDither = env->GetBooleanField(options, gOptions_ditherFieldID);
        preferQualityOverSpeed = env->GetBooleanField(options,
                gOptions_preferQualityOverSpeedFieldID);
        // Get the bitmap for re-use if it exists.
        tileBitmap = env->GetObjectField(options, gOptions_bitmapFieldID);
    }

    decoder->setDitherImage(doDither);
    decoder->setPreferQualityOverSpeed(preferQualityOverSpeed);
    AutoDecoderCancel   adc(options, decoder);

    // To fix the race condition in case "requestCancelDecode"
    // happens earlier than AutoDecoderCancel object is added
    // to the gAutoDecoderCancelMutex linked list.
    if (NULL != options && env->GetBooleanField(options, gOptions_mCancelID)) {
        return nullObjectReturn("gOptions_mCancelID");;
    }

    SkIRect region;
    region.fLeft = start_x;
    region.fTop = start_y;
    region.fRight = start_x + width;
    region.fBottom = start_y + height;
    SkBitmap* bitmap = NULL;
    SkTScopedPtr<SkBitmap> adb;

    if (tileBitmap != NULL) {
        // Re-use bitmap.
        bitmap = GraphicsJNI::getNativeBitmap(env, tileBitmap);
    }
    if (bitmap == NULL) {
        bitmap = new SkBitmap;
        adb.reset(bitmap);
    }

    if (!brd->decodeRegion(bitmap, region, prefConfig, sampleSize)) {
        return nullObjectReturn("decoder->decodeRegion returned false");
    }

    // update options (if any)
    if (NULL != options) {
        env->SetIntField(options, gOptions_widthFieldID, bitmap->width());
        env->SetIntField(options, gOptions_heightFieldID, bitmap->height());
        // TODO: set the mimeType field with the data from the codec.
        // but how to reuse a set of strings, rather than allocating new one
        // each time?
        env->SetObjectField(options, gOptions_mimeFieldID,
                            getMimeTypeString(env, decoder->getFormat()));
    }

    SkPixelRef* pr = bitmap->pixelRef();
    // promise we will never change our pixels (great for sharing and pictures)
    // pr->setImmutable();

    if(tileBitmap != NULL) {
      return tileBitmap;
    }

    // detach bitmap from its autodeleter, since we want to own it now
    adb.release();
    JavaPixelAllocator* allocator = (JavaPixelAllocator*) decoder->getAllocator();
    jbyteArray buff = allocator->getStorageObjAndReset();
    return GraphicsJNI::createBitmap(env, bitmap, buff, false, NULL, -1);
}
/*
 * nine patch not supported
 *
 * purgeable not supported
 * reportSizeToVM not supported
 */
static jobject nativeDecodeRegion(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong brdHandle,
                                jint start_x, jint start_y, jint width, jint height, jobject options) {
    SkBitmapRegionDecoder *brd = reinterpret_cast<SkBitmapRegionDecoder*>(brdHandle);
    jobject tileBitmap = NULL;
    SkImageDecoder *decoder = brd->getDecoder();
    int sampleSize = 1;
    SkColorType prefColorType = kUnknown_SkColorType;
    bool doDither = true;
    bool preferQualityOverSpeed = false;
    bool requireUnpremultiplied = false;

    if (NULL != options) {
        sampleSize = env->GetIntField(options, gOptions_sampleSizeFieldID);
        // initialize these, in case we fail later on
        env->SetIntField(options, gOptions_widthFieldID, -1);
        env->SetIntField(options, gOptions_heightFieldID, -1);
        env->SetObjectField(options, gOptions_mimeFieldID, 0);

        jobject jconfig = env->GetObjectField(options, gOptions_configFieldID);
        prefColorType = GraphicsJNI::getNativeBitmapColorType(env, jconfig);
        doDither = env->GetBooleanField(options, gOptions_ditherFieldID);
        preferQualityOverSpeed = env->GetBooleanField(options,
                gOptions_preferQualityOverSpeedFieldID);
        // Get the bitmap for re-use if it exists.
        tileBitmap = env->GetObjectField(options, gOptions_bitmapFieldID);
        requireUnpremultiplied = !env->GetBooleanField(options, gOptions_premultipliedFieldID);
    }

    decoder->setDitherImage(doDither);
    decoder->setPreferQualityOverSpeed(preferQualityOverSpeed);
    decoder->setRequireUnpremultipliedColors(requireUnpremultiplied);
    AutoDecoderCancel adc(options, decoder);

    // To fix the race condition in case "requestCancelDecode"
    // happens earlier than AutoDecoderCancel object is added
    // to the gAutoDecoderCancelMutex linked list.
    if (NULL != options && env->GetBooleanField(options, gOptions_mCancelID)) {
        return nullObjectReturn("gOptions_mCancelID");;
    }

    SkIRect region;
    region.fLeft = start_x;
    region.fTop = start_y;
    region.fRight = start_x + width;
    region.fBottom = start_y + height;
    SkBitmap* bitmap = NULL;
    SkAutoTDelete<SkBitmap> adb;

    if (tileBitmap != NULL) {
        // Re-use bitmap.
        bitmap = GraphicsJNI::getNativeBitmap(env, tileBitmap);
    }
    if (bitmap == NULL) {
        bitmap = new SkBitmap;
        adb.reset(bitmap);
    }

    if (!brd->decodeRegion(bitmap, region, prefColorType, sampleSize)) {
        return nullObjectReturn("decoder->decodeRegion returned false");
    }

    // update options (if any)
    if (NULL != options) {
        env->SetIntField(options, gOptions_widthFieldID, bitmap->width());
        env->SetIntField(options, gOptions_heightFieldID, bitmap->height());
        // TODO: set the mimeType field with the data from the codec.
        // but how to reuse a set of strings, rather than allocating new one
        // each time?
        env->SetObjectField(options, gOptions_mimeFieldID,
                            getMimeTypeString(env, decoder->getFormat()));
    }

    if (tileBitmap != NULL) {
        return tileBitmap;
    }

    // detach bitmap from its autodeleter, since we want to own it now
    adb.detach();

    JavaPixelAllocator* allocator = (JavaPixelAllocator*) decoder->getAllocator();
    jbyteArray buff = allocator->getStorageObjAndReset();

    int bitmapCreateFlags = 0;
    if (!requireUnpremultiplied) bitmapCreateFlags |= GraphicsJNI::kBitmapCreateFlag_Premultiplied;
    return GraphicsJNI::createBitmap(env, bitmap, buff, bitmapCreateFlags, NULL, NULL, -1);
}