// This is where execution begins. Attributes can be sent to main
int main() {
// cout outputs text and a carriage return with endl
// Statements must end with a semicolon
// Strings must be surrounded by "
// << sends the text via standard output to the screen
cout << "Hello Internet" << endl;
// ---------- VARIABLES / DATA TYPES ----------
// Variables start with a letter and can contain letters, numbers and _
// They are case sensitive
// A value that won't change is a constant
// Starts with const and it should be uppercase
const double PI = 3.1415926535;
// chars can contain 1 character that are surrounded with ' and is one byte in size
char myGrade = 'A';
// bools have the value of (true/1) or (false/0)
bool isHappy = true;
// ints are whole numbers
int myAge = 39;
// floats are floating point numbers accurate to about 6 decimals
float favNum = 3.141592;
// doubles are floating point numbers accurate to about 15 digits
double otherFavNum = 1.6180339887;
// You can output a variable value like this
cout << "Favorite Number " << favNum << endl;
// Other types include
// short int : At least 16 bits
// long int : At least 32 bits
// long long int : At least 64 bits
// unsigned int : Same size as signed version
// long double : Not less then double
// You can get the number of bytes for a data type with sizeof
cout << "Size of int " << sizeof(myAge) << endl;
cout << "Size of char " << sizeof(myGrade) << endl;
cout << "Size of bool " << sizeof(isHappy) << endl;
cout << "Size of float " << sizeof(favNum) << endl;
cout << "Size of double " << sizeof(otherFavNum) << endl;
int largestInt = 2147483647;
cout << "Largest int " << largestInt << endl;
// ---------- ARITHMETIC ----------
// The arithmetic operators are +, -, *, /, %, ++, --
cout << "5 + 2 = " << 5+2 << endl;
cout << "5 - 2 = " << 5-2 << endl;
cout << "5 * 2 = " << 5*2 << endl;
cout << "5 / 2 = " << 5/2 << endl;
cout << "5 % 2 = " << 5%2 << endl;
int five = 5;
cout << "5++ = " << five++ << endl;
cout << "++5 = " << ++five << endl;
cout << "5-- = " << five-- << endl;
cout << "--5 = " << --five << endl;
// Shorthand assignment operators
// a += b == a = a + b
// There is also -=, *=, /=, %=
// Order of Operation states * and / is performed before + and -
cout << "1 + 2 - 3 * 2 = " << 1 + 2 - 3 * 2 << endl;
cout << "(1 + 2 - 3) * 2 = " << (1 + 2 - 3) * 2 << endl;
// ---------- CASTING ----------
// You convert from one data type to another by casting
// char, int, float, double
cout << "4 / 5 = " << 4 / 5 << endl;
cout << "4 / 5 = " << (float) 4 / 5 << endl;
// ---------- IF STATEMENT ----------
// Executes different code depending upon a condition
// Comparison operators include ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
// Will return true (1) if the comparison is true, or false (0)
// Logical operators include &&, ||, !
// Used to test 2 or more conditionals
int age = 70;
int ageAtLastExam = 16;
bool isNotIntoxicated = true;
if((age >= 1) && (age < 16)){
cout << "You can't drive" << endl;
} else if(!isNotIntoxicated){
cout << "You can't drive" << endl;
} else if(age >= 80 && ((age > 100) || ((age - ageAtLastExam) > 5))){
cout << "You can't drive" << endl;
} else {
cout << "You can drive" << endl;
}
// ---------- SWITCH STATEMENT ----------
// switch is used when you have a limited number of possible options
int greetingOption = 2;
switch(greetingOption){
case 1 :
cout << "bonjour" << endl;
break;
case 2 :
cout << "Hola" << endl;
break;
case 3 :
cout << "Hallo" << endl;
break;
default :
cout << "Hello" << endl;
}
// ---------- TERNARY OPERATOR ----------
// Performs an assignment based on a condition
// variable = (condition) ? if true : if false
int largestNum = (5 > 2) ? 5 : 2;
cout << "The biggest number is " << largestNum << endl;
// ---------- ARRAYS ----------
// Arrays store multiple values of the same type
// You must provide a data type and the size of the array
int myFavNums[5];
// You can declare and add values in one step
int badNums[5] = {4, 13, 14, 24, 34};
// The first item in the array has the label (index) of 0
cout << "Bad Number 1: " << badNums[0] << endl;
// You can create multidimensional arrays
char myName[5][5] = {{'D','e','r','e','k'},{'B','a','n','a','s'}};
cout << "2nd Letter in 2nd Array: " << myName[1][1] << endl;
// You can change a value in an array using its index
myName[0][2] = 'e';
cout << "New Value " << myName[0][2] << endl;
// ---------- FOR LOOP ----------
// Continues to execute code as long as a condition is true
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++){
cout << i << endl;
}
// You can also cycle through an array by nesting for loops
for(int j = 0; j < 5; j++){
for(int k = 0; k < 5; k++){
cout << myName[j][k];
}
cout << endl;
}
// ---------- WHILE LOOP ----------
// Use a while loop when you don't know ahead of time when a loop will end
// Generate a random number between 1 and 100
int randNum = (rand() % 100) + 1;
while(randNum != 100){
cout << randNum << ", ";
// Used to get you out of the loop
randNum = (rand() % 100) + 1;
}
cout << endl;
// You can do the same as the for loop like this
// Create an index to iterate out side the while loop
int index = 1;
while(index <= 10){
cout << index << endl;
// Increment inside the loop
index++;
}
// ---------- DO WHILE LOOP ----------
// Used when you want to execute what is in the loop at least once
// Used to store a series of characters
string numberGuessed;
int intNumberGuessed = 0;
do {
cout << "Guess between 1 and 10: ";
// Allows for user input
// Pass the source and destination of the input
getline (cin,numberGuessed);
// stoi converts the string into an integer
intNumberGuessed = stoi(numberGuessed);
cout << intNumberGuessed << endl;
// We'll continue looping until the number entered is 4
} while (intNumberGuessed != 4);
cout << "You Win" << endl;
// ---------- STRINGS ----------
// The string library class provides a string object
// You must always surround strings with "
// Unlike the char arrays in c, the string object automatically resizes
// The C way of making a string
char happyArray[6] = {'H', 'a', 'p', 'p', 'y', '\0'};
// The C++ way
string birthdayString = " Birthday";
// You can combine / concatenate strings with +
cout << happyArray + birthdayString << endl;
string yourName;
cout << "What is your name? ";
getline (cin,yourName);
cout << "Hello " << yourName << endl;
double eulersConstant = .57721;
string eulerGuess;
double eulerGuessDouble;
cout << "What is Euler's Constant? ";
getline (cin,eulerGuess);
// Converts a string into a double
// stof() for floats
eulerGuessDouble = stod(eulerGuess);
if(eulerGuessDouble == eulersConstant){
cout << "You are right" << endl;
} else {
cout << "You are wrong" << endl;
}
// Size returns the number of characters
cout << "Size of string " << eulerGuess.size() << endl;
// empty tells you if string is empty or not
cout << "Is string empty " << eulerGuess.empty() << endl;
// append adds strings together
cout << eulerGuess.append(" was your guess") << endl;
string dogString = "dog";
string catString = "cat";
// Compare returns a 0 for a match, 1 if less than, -1 if greater then
cout << dogString.compare(catString) << endl;
cout << dogString.compare(dogString) << endl;
cout << catString.compare(dogString) << endl;
// assign copies a value to another string
string wholeName = yourName.assign(yourName);
cout << wholeName << endl;
// You can get a substring as well by defining the starting index and the
// number of characters to copy
string firstName = wholeName.assign(wholeName, 0, 5);
cout << firstName << endl;
// find returns the index for the string your searching for starting
// from the index defined
int lastNameIndex = yourName.find("Banas", 0);
cout << "Index for last name " << lastNameIndex << endl;
// insert places a string in the index defined
yourName.insert(5, " Justin");
cout << yourName << endl;
// erase will delete 6 characters starting at index 7
yourName.erase(6,7);
cout << yourName << endl;
// replace 5 characters starting at index 6 with the string Maximus
yourName.replace(6,5,"Maximus");
cout << yourName << endl;
// ---------- VECTORS ----------
// Vectors are like arrays, but their size can change
vector <int> lotteryNumVect(10);
int lotteryNumArray[5] = {4, 13, 14, 24, 34};
// Add the array to the vector starting at the beginning of the vector
lotteryNumVect.insert(lotteryNumVect.begin(), lotteryNumArray, lotteryNumArray+3);
// Insert a value into the 5th index
lotteryNumVect.insert(lotteryNumVect.begin()+5, 44);
// at gets the value in the specified index
cout << "Value in 5 " << lotteryNumVect.at(5) << endl;
// push_back adds a value at the end of a vector
lotteryNumVect.push_back(64);
// back gets the value in the final index
cout << "Final Value " << lotteryNumVect.back() << endl;
// pop_back removes the final element
lotteryNumVect.pop_back();
// front returns the first element
cout << "First Element " << lotteryNumVect.front() << endl;
// back returns the last element
cout << "Last Element " << lotteryNumVect.back() << endl;
// empty tells you if the vector is empty
cout << "Vector Empty " << lotteryNumVect.empty() << endl;
// size returns the total number of elements
cout << "Number of Vector Elements " << lotteryNumVect.size() << endl;
// ---------- FUNCTIONS ----------
// Functions allow you to reuse and better organize your code
cout << addNumbers(1) << endl;
// You can't access values created in functions (Out of Scope)
// cout << combinedValue << endl;
cout << addNumbers(1, 5, 6) << endl;
cout << "The factorial of 3 is " << getFactorial(3) << endl;
// ---------- FILE I/O ----------
// We can read and write to files using text or machine readable binary
string steveQuote = "A day without sunshine is like, you know, night";
// Create an output filestream and if the file doesn't exist create it
ofstream writer("stevequote.txt");
// Verify that the file stream object was created
if(! writer){
cout << "Error opening file" << endl;
// Signal that an error occurred
return -1;
} else {
// Write the text to the file
writer << steveQuote << endl;
// Close the file
writer.close();
}
// Open a stream to append to whats there with ios::app
// ios::binary : Treat the file as binary
// ios::in : Open a file to read input
// ios::trunc : Default
// ios::out : Open a file to write output
ofstream writer2("stevequote.txt", ios::app);
if(! writer2){
cout << "Error opening file" << endl;
// Signal that an error occurred
return -1;
} else {
writer2 << "\n- Steve Martin" << endl;
writer2.close();
}
char letter;
// Read characters from a file using an input file stream
ifstream reader("stevequote.txt");
if(! reader){
cout << "Error opening file" << endl;
return -1;
} else {
// Read each character from the stream until end of file
for(int i = 0; ! reader.eof(); i++){
// Get the next letter and output it
reader.get(letter);
cout << letter;
}
cout << endl;
reader.close();
}
// ---------- EXCEPTION HANDLING ----------
// You can be prepared for potential problems with exception handling
int number = 0;
try{
if(number != 0){
cout << 2/number << endl;
} else throw(number);
}
catch(int number){
cout << number << " is not valid input" << endl;
}
// ---------- POINTERS ----------
// When data is stored it is stored in an appropriately sized box based
// on its data type
int myAge = 39;
char myGrade = 'A';
cout << "Size of int " << sizeof(myAge) << endl;
cout << "Size of char " << sizeof(myGrade) << endl;
// You can reference the box (memory address) where data is stored with
// the & reference operator
cout << "myAge is located at " << &myAge << endl;
// A pointer can store a memory address
// The data type must be the same as the data referenced and it is followed
// by a *
int* agePtr = &myAge;
// You can access the memory address and the data
cout << "Address of pointer " << agePtr << endl;
// * is the dereference or indirection operator
cout << "Data at memory address " << *agePtr << endl;
int badNums[5] = {4, 13, 14, 24, 34};
int* numArrayPtr = badNums;
// You can increment through an array using a pointer with ++ or --
cout << "Address " << numArrayPtr << " Value " << *numArrayPtr << endl;
numArrayPtr++;
cout << "Address " << numArrayPtr << " Value " << *numArrayPtr << endl;
// An array name is just a pointer to the array
cout << "Address " << badNums << " Value " << *badNums << endl;
// When you pass a variable to a function you are passing the value
// When you pass a pointer to a function you are passing a reference
// that can be changed
makeMeYoung(&myAge);
cout << "I'm " << myAge << " years old now" << endl;
// & denotes that ageRef will be a reference to the assigned variable
int& ageRef = myAge;
cout << "ageRef : " << ageRef << endl;
// It can manipulate the other variables data
ageRef++;
cout << "myAge : " << myAge << endl;
// You can pass the reference to a function
actYourAge(ageRef);
cout << "myAge : " << myAge << endl;
// When deciding on whether to use pointers or references
// Use Pointers if you don't want to initialize at declaration, or if
// you need to assign another variable
// otherwise use a reference
// ---------- CLASSES & OBJECTS ----------
// Classes are the blueprints for modeling real world objects
// Real world objects have attributes, classes have members / variables
// Real world objects have abilities, classes have methods / functions
// Classes believe in hiding data (encapsulation) from outside code
// Declare a Animal type object
Animal fred;
// Set the values for the Animal
fred.setHeight(33);
fred.setWeight(10);
fred.setName("Fred");
// Get the values for the Animal
cout << fred.getName() << " is " << fred.getHeight() << " cms tall and "
<< fred.getWeight() << " kgs in weight" << endl;
fred.setAll(34, 12, "Fred");
cout << fred.getName() << " is " << fred.getHeight() << " cms tall and "
<< fred.getWeight() << " kgs in weight" << endl;
// Creating an object using the constructor
Animal tom(36, 15, "Tom");
cout << tom.getName() << " is " << tom.getHeight() << " cms tall and "
<< tom.getWeight() << " kgs in weight" << endl;
// Demonstrate the inheriting class Dog
Dog spot(38, 16, "Spot", "Woof");
// static methods are called by using the class name and the scope operator
cout << "Number of Animals " << Animal::getNumOfAnimals() << endl;
spot.getSound();
// Test the toString method that will be overwritten
tom.toString();
spot.toString();
// We can call the superclass version of a method with the class name
// and the scope operator
spot.Animal::toString();
// When a function finishes it must return an integer value
// Zero means that the function ended with success
return 0;
}
bool Animal::compareTo(Animal& animal){
Animal* ap = &animal;
return this->weight == ap->getWeight();
}
