void TransportSolverTwophaseReorder::solve(const double* porevolume,
const double* source,
const double dt,
TwophaseState& state)
{
darcyflux_ = &state.faceflux()[0];
porevolume_ = porevolume;
source_ = source;
dt_ = dt;
toWaterSat(state.saturation(), saturation_);
#ifdef EXPERIMENT_GAUSS_SEIDEL
std::vector<int> seq(grid_.number_of_cells);
std::vector<int> comp(grid_.number_of_cells + 1);
int ncomp;
compute_sequence_graph(&grid_, darcyflux_,
&seq[0], &comp[0], &ncomp,
&ia_upw_[0], &ja_upw_[0]);
const int nf = grid_.number_of_faces;
std::vector<double> neg_darcyflux(nf);
std::transform(darcyflux_, darcyflux_ + nf, neg_darcyflux.begin(), std::negate<double>());
compute_sequence_graph(&grid_, &neg_darcyflux[0],
&seq[0], &comp[0], &ncomp,
&ia_downw_[0], &ja_downw_[0]);
#endif
std::fill(reorder_iterations_.begin(),reorder_iterations_.end(),0);
reorderAndTransport(grid_, darcyflux_);
toBothSat(saturation_, state.saturation());
}
void TransportSolverTwophaseReorder::solveGravity(const double* porevolume,
const double dt,
TwophaseState& state)
{
// Initialize mobilities.
const int nc = grid_.number_of_cells;
std::vector<int> cells(nc);
for (int c = 0; c < nc; ++c) {
cells[c] = c;
}
mob_.resize(2*nc);
props_.relperm(cells.size(), &state.saturation()[0], &cells[0], &mob_[0], 0);
const double* mu = props_.viscosity();
for (int c = 0; c < nc; ++c) {
mob_[2*c] /= mu[0];
mob_[2*c + 1] /= mu[1];
}
// Set up other variables.
porevolume_ = porevolume;
dt_ = dt;
toWaterSat(state.saturation(), saturation_);
// Solve on all columns.
int num_iters = 0;
for (std::vector<std::vector<int> >::size_type i = 0; i < columns_.size(); i++) {
// std::cout << "==== new column" << std::endl;
num_iters += solveGravityColumn(columns_[i]);
}
std::cout << "Gauss-Seidel column solver average iterations: "
<< double(num_iters)/double(columns_.size()) << std::endl;
toBothSat(saturation_, state.saturation());
}
void
VertEqImpl::downscale (const TwophaseState &coarseScale,
TwophaseState &fineScale) {
// assume that the fineScale storage is already initialized
if (!fineScale.pressure().size() == ts->number_of_cells) {
throw OPM_EXC ("Fine scale state is not dimensioned correctly");
}
// properties object handle the actual downscaling since it
// already has the information about the interface.
// update the coarse saturation *before* we downscale to 3D,
// since we need the residual interface for that.
pr->upd_res_sat (&coarseScale.saturation ()[0]);
pr->downscale_saturation (&coarseScale.saturation ()[0],
&fineScale.saturation ()[0]);
pr->downscale_pressure (&coarseScale.saturation ()[0],
&coarseScale.pressure ()[0],
&fineScale.pressure ()[0]);
}
/// Compute per-solve dynamic properties.
void IncompTpfa::computePerSolveDynamicData(const double /*dt*/,
const TwophaseState& state,
const WellState& /*well_state*/)
{
// Computed here:
//
// std::vector<double> wdp_;
// std::vector<double> totmob_;
// std::vector<double> omega_;
// std::vector<double> trans_;
// std::vector<double> gpress_omegaweighted_;
// std::vector<double> initial_porevol_;
// ifs_tpfa_forces forces_;
// wdp_
if (wells_) {
Opm::computeWDP(*wells_, grid_, state.saturation(), props_.density(),
gravity_ ? gravity_[2] : 0.0, true, wdp_);
}
// totmob_, omega_, gpress_omegaweighted_
if (gravity_) {
computeTotalMobilityOmega(props_, allcells_, state.saturation(), totmob_, omega_);
mim_ip_density_update(grid_.number_of_cells, grid_.cell_facepos,
&omega_[0],
&gpress_[0], &gpress_omegaweighted_[0]);
} else {
computeTotalMobility(props_, allcells_, state.saturation(), totmob_);
}
// trans_
tpfa_eff_trans_compute(const_cast<UnstructuredGrid*>(&grid_), &totmob_[0], &htrans_[0], &trans_[0]);
// initial_porevol_
if (rock_comp_props_ && rock_comp_props_->isActive()) {
computePorevolume(grid_, props_.porosity(), *rock_comp_props_, state.pressure(), initial_porevol_);
}
// forces_
forces_.src = src_.empty() ? NULL : &src_[0];
forces_.bc = bcs_;
forces_.W = wells_;
forces_.totmob = &totmob_[0];
forces_.wdp = wdp_.empty() ? NULL : &wdp_[0];
}
void
VertEqImpl::upscale (const TwophaseState& fineScale,
TwophaseState& coarseScale) {
// dimension state object to the top grid
coarseScale.init (*ts, pr->numPhases ());
// upscale pressure and saturation to find the initial state of
// the two-dimensional domain. we only need to set the pressure
// and saturation, the flux is an output field. these methods
// are handled by the props class, since it already has access to
// the densities and weights.
pr->upscale_saturation (&fineScale.saturation ()[0],
&coarseScale.saturation ()[0]);
pr->upd_res_sat (&coarseScale.saturation ()[0]);
pr->upscale_pressure (&coarseScale.saturation ()[0],
&fineScale.pressure ()[0],
&coarseScale.pressure ()[0]);
// use the regular helper method to initialize the face pressure
// since it is implemented in the header, we have access to it
// even though it is in an anonymous namespace!
const UnstructuredGrid& g = this->grid();
initFacePressure (UgGridHelpers::dimensions (g),
UgGridHelpers::numFaces (g),
UgGridHelpers::faceCells (g),
UgGridHelpers::beginFaceCentroids (g),
UgGridHelpers::beginCellCentroids (g),
coarseScale);
// update the properties from the initial state (the
// simulation object won't call this method before the
// first timestep; it assumes that the state is initialized
// accordingly (which is what we do here now)
notify (coarseScale);
}
/// \page tutorial3
/// \section commentedsource1 Program walk-through.
/// \details
/// Main function
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp main
/// \internal [main]
int main ()
try
{
/// \internal [main]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details
/// We define the grid. A Cartesian grid with 400 cells,
/// each being 10m along each side. Note that we treat the
/// grid as 3-dimensional, but have a thickness of only one
/// layer in the Z direction.
///
/// The Opm::GridManager is responsible for creating and destroying the grid,
/// the UnstructuredGrid data structure contains the actual grid topology
/// and geometry.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp grid
/// \internal [grid]
int nx = 20;
int ny = 20;
int nz = 1;
double dx = 10.0;
double dy = 10.0;
double dz = 10.0;
using namespace Opm;
GridManager grid_manager(nx, ny, nz, dx, dy, dz);
const UnstructuredGrid& grid = *grid_manager.c_grid();
int num_cells = grid.number_of_cells;
/// \internal [grid]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details
/// We define the properties of the fluid.\n
/// Number of phases, phase densities, phase viscosities,
/// rock porosity and permeability.
///
/// We always use SI units in the simulator. Many units are
/// available for use, however. They are stored as constants in
/// the Opm::unit namespace, while prefixes are in the Opm::prefix
/// namespace. See Units.hpp for more.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp set properties
/// \internal [set properties]
int num_phases = 2;
using namespace Opm::unit;
using namespace Opm::prefix;
std::vector<double> density(num_phases, 1000.0);
std::vector<double> viscosity(num_phases, 1.0*centi*Poise);
double porosity = 0.5;
double permeability = 10.0*milli*darcy;
/// \internal [set properties]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details We define the relative permeability function. We use a basic fluid
/// description and set this function to be linear. For more realistic fluid, the
/// saturation function may be interpolated from experimental data.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp relperm
/// \internal [relperm]
SaturationPropsBasic::RelPermFunc rel_perm_func = SaturationPropsBasic::Linear;
/// \internal [relperm]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details We construct a basic fluid and rock property object
/// with the properties we have defined above. Each property is
/// constant and hold for all cells.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp properties
/// \internal [properties]
IncompPropertiesBasic props(num_phases, rel_perm_func, density, viscosity,
porosity, permeability, grid.dimensions, num_cells);
/// \internal [properties]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details Gravity parameters. Here, we set zero gravity.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp gravity
/// \internal [gravity]
const double *grav = 0;
std::vector<double> omega;
/// \internal [gravity]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details We set up the source term. Positive numbers indicate that the cell is a source,
/// while negative numbers indicate a sink.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp source
/// \internal [source]
std::vector<double> src(num_cells, 0.0);
src[0] = 1.;
src[num_cells-1] = -1.;
/// \internal [source]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details We set up the boundary conditions. Letting bcs be empty is equivalent
/// to no-flow boundary conditions.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp boundary
/// \internal [boundary]
FlowBCManager bcs;
/// \internal [boundary]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details We may now set up the pressure solver. At this point,
/// unchanging parameters such as transmissibility are computed
/// and stored internally by the IncompTpfa class. The null pointer
/// constructor argument is for wells, which are not used in this tutorial.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp pressure solver
/// \internal [pressure solver]
LinearSolverUmfpack linsolver;
IncompTpfa psolver(grid, props, linsolver, grav, NULL, src, bcs.c_bcs());
/// \internal [pressure solver]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details We set up a state object for the wells. Here, there are
/// no wells and we let it remain empty.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp well
/// \internal [well]
WellState well_state;
/// \internal [well]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details We compute the pore volume
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp pore volume
/// \internal [pore volume]
std::vector<double> porevol;
Opm::computePorevolume(grid, props.porosity(), porevol);
/// \internal [pore volume]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details Set up the transport solver. This is a reordering implicit Euler transport solver.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp transport solver
/// \internal [transport solver]
const double tolerance = 1e-9;
const int max_iterations = 30;
Opm::TransportSolverTwophaseReorder transport_solver(grid, props, NULL, tolerance, max_iterations);
/// \internal [transport solver]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details Time integration parameters
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp time parameters
/// \internal [time parameters]
const double dt = 0.1*day;
const int num_time_steps = 20;
/// \internal [time parameters]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details We define a vector which contains all cell indexes. We use this
/// vector to set up parameters on the whole domain.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp cell indexes
/// \internal [cell indexes]
std::vector<int> allcells(num_cells);
for (int cell = 0; cell < num_cells; ++cell) {
allcells[cell] = cell;
}
/// \internal [cell indexes]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details
/// We set up a two-phase state object, and
/// initialize water saturation to minimum everywhere.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp two-phase state
/// \internal [two-phase state]
TwophaseState state;
state.init(grid.number_of_cells , grid.number_of_faces, 2);
initSaturation( allcells , props , state , MinSat );
/// \internal [two-phase state]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details This string stream will be used to construct a new
/// output filename at each timestep.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp output stream
/// \internal [output stream]
std::ostringstream vtkfilename;
/// \internal [output stream]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details Loop over the time steps.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp time loop
/// \internal [time loop]
for (int i = 0; i < num_time_steps; ++i) {
/// \internal [time loop]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details Solve the pressure equation
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp solve pressure
/// \internal [solve pressure]
psolver.solve(dt, state, well_state);
/// \internal [solve pressure]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details Solve the transport equation.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp transport solve
/// \internal [transport solve]
transport_solver.solve(&porevol[0], &src[0], dt, state);
/// \internal [transport solve]
/// \endinternal
/// \page tutorial3
/// \details Write the output to file.
/// \snippet tutorial3.cpp write output
/// \internal [write output]
vtkfilename.str("");
vtkfilename << "tutorial3-" << std::setw(3) << std::setfill('0') << i << ".vtu";
std::ofstream vtkfile(vtkfilename.str().c_str());
Opm::DataMap dm;
dm["saturation"] = &state.saturation();
dm["pressure"] = &state.pressure();
Opm::writeVtkData(grid, dm, vtkfile);
}
}
catch (const std::exception &e) {
std::cerr << "Program threw an exception: " << e.what() << "\n";
throw;
}
void
VertEqImpl::notify (const TwophaseState& coarseScale) {
// forward this request to the properties we have stored
pr->upd_res_sat (&coarseScale.saturation()[0]);
}
SimulatorReport SimulatorIncompTwophase::Impl::run(SimulatorTimer& timer,
TwophaseState& state,
WellState& well_state)
{
std::vector<double> transport_src;
// Initialisation.
std::vector<double> porevol;
if (rock_comp_props_ && rock_comp_props_->isActive()) {
computePorevolume(grid_, props_.porosity(), *rock_comp_props_, state.pressure(), porevol);
} else {
computePorevolume(grid_, props_.porosity(), porevol);
}
const double tot_porevol_init = std::accumulate(porevol.begin(), porevol.end(), 0.0);
std::vector<double> initial_porevol = porevol;
// Main simulation loop.
Opm::time::StopWatch pressure_timer;
double ptime = 0.0;
Opm::time::StopWatch transport_timer;
double ttime = 0.0;
Opm::time::StopWatch callback_timer;
double time_in_callbacks = 0.0;
Opm::time::StopWatch step_timer;
Opm::time::StopWatch total_timer;
total_timer.start();
double init_satvol[2] = { 0.0 };
double satvol[2] = { 0.0 };
double tot_injected[2] = { 0.0 };
double tot_produced[2] = { 0.0 };
Opm::computeSaturatedVol(porevol, state.saturation(), init_satvol);
*log_ << "\nInitial saturations are " << init_satvol[0]/tot_porevol_init
<< " " << init_satvol[1]/tot_porevol_init << std::endl;
Opm::Watercut watercut;
watercut.push(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
Opm::WellReport wellreport;
std::vector<double> fractional_flows;
std::vector<double> well_resflows_phase;
if (wells_) {
well_resflows_phase.resize((wells_->number_of_phases)*(wells_->number_of_wells), 0.0);
wellreport.push(props_, *wells_, state.saturation(), 0.0, well_state.bhp(), well_state.perfRates());
}
std::fstream tstep_os;
if (output_) {
std::string filename = output_dir_ + "/step_timing.param";
tstep_os.open(filename.c_str(), std::fstream::out | std::fstream::app);
}
while (!timer.done()) {
// Report timestep and (optionally) write state to disk.
step_timer.start();
timer.report(*log_);
if (output_ && (timer.currentStepNum() % output_interval_ == 0)) {
if (output_vtk_) {
outputStateVtk(grid_, state, timer.currentStepNum(), output_dir_);
}
outputStateMatlab(grid_, state, timer.currentStepNum(), output_dir_);
if (use_reorder_) {
// This use of dynamic_cast is not ideal, but should be safe.
outputVectorMatlab(std::string("reorder_it"),
dynamic_cast<const TransportSolverTwophaseReorder&>(*tsolver_).getReorderIterations(),
timer.currentStepNum(), output_dir_);
}
}
SimulatorReport sreport;
// Solve pressure equation.
if (check_well_controls_) {
computeFractionalFlow(props_, allcells_, state.saturation(), fractional_flows);
wells_manager_.applyExplicitReinjectionControls(well_resflows_phase, well_resflows_phase);
}
bool well_control_passed = !check_well_controls_;
int well_control_iteration = 0;
do {
// Run solver.
pressure_timer.start();
std::vector<double> initial_pressure = state.pressure();
psolver_.solve(timer.currentStepLength(), state, well_state);
// Renormalize pressure if rock is incompressible, and
// there are no pressure conditions (bcs or wells).
// It is deemed sufficient for now to renormalize
// using geometric volume instead of pore volume.
if ((rock_comp_props_ == NULL || !rock_comp_props_->isActive())
&& allNeumannBCs(bcs_) && allRateWells(wells_)) {
// Compute average pressures of previous and last
// step, and total volume.
double av_prev_press = 0.0;
double av_press = 0.0;
double tot_vol = 0.0;
const int num_cells = grid_.number_of_cells;
for (int cell = 0; cell < num_cells; ++cell) {
av_prev_press += initial_pressure[cell]*grid_.cell_volumes[cell];
av_press += state.pressure()[cell]*grid_.cell_volumes[cell];
tot_vol += grid_.cell_volumes[cell];
}
// Renormalization constant
const double ren_const = (av_prev_press - av_press)/tot_vol;
for (int cell = 0; cell < num_cells; ++cell) {
state.pressure()[cell] += ren_const;
}
const int num_wells = (wells_ == NULL) ? 0 : wells_->number_of_wells;
for (int well = 0; well < num_wells; ++well) {
well_state.bhp()[well] += ren_const;
}
}
// Stop timer and report.
pressure_timer.stop();
double pt = pressure_timer.secsSinceStart();
*log_ << "Pressure solver took: " << pt << " seconds." << std::endl;
ptime += pt;
sreport.pressure_time = pt;
// Optionally, check if well controls are satisfied.
if (check_well_controls_) {
Opm::computePhaseFlowRatesPerWell(*wells_,
well_state.perfRates(),
fractional_flows,
well_resflows_phase);
*log_ << "Checking well conditions." << std::endl;
// For testing we set surface := reservoir
well_control_passed = wells_manager_.conditionsMet(well_state.bhp(), well_resflows_phase, well_resflows_phase);
++well_control_iteration;
if (!well_control_passed && well_control_iteration > max_well_control_iterations_) {
OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error, "Could not satisfy well conditions in " << max_well_control_iterations_ << " tries.");
}
if (!well_control_passed) {
*log_ << "Well controls not passed, solving again." << std::endl;
} else {
*log_ << "Well conditions met." << std::endl;
}
}
} while (!well_control_passed);
// Update pore volumes if rock is compressible.
if (rock_comp_props_ && rock_comp_props_->isActive()) {
initial_porevol = porevol;
computePorevolume(grid_, props_.porosity(), *rock_comp_props_, state.pressure(), porevol);
}
// Process transport sources (to include bdy terms and well flows).
Opm::computeTransportSource(grid_, src_, state.faceflux(), 1.0,
wells_, well_state.perfRates(), transport_src);
// Solve transport.
transport_timer.start();
double stepsize = timer.currentStepLength();
if (num_transport_substeps_ != 1) {
stepsize /= double(num_transport_substeps_);
*log_ << "Making " << num_transport_substeps_ << " transport substeps." << std::endl;
}
double injected[2] = { 0.0 };
double produced[2] = { 0.0 };
for (int tr_substep = 0; tr_substep < num_transport_substeps_; ++tr_substep) {
tsolver_->solve(&initial_porevol[0], &transport_src[0], stepsize, state);
double substep_injected[2] = { 0.0 };
double substep_produced[2] = { 0.0 };
Opm::computeInjectedProduced(props_, state.saturation(), transport_src, stepsize,
substep_injected, substep_produced);
injected[0] += substep_injected[0];
injected[1] += substep_injected[1];
produced[0] += substep_produced[0];
produced[1] += substep_produced[1];
if (use_reorder_ && use_segregation_split_) {
// Again, unfortunate but safe use of dynamic_cast.
// Possible solution: refactor gravity solver to its own class.
dynamic_cast<TransportSolverTwophaseReorder&>(*tsolver_)
.solveGravity(&initial_porevol[0], stepsize, state);
}
watercut.push(timer.simulationTimeElapsed() + timer.currentStepLength(),
produced[0]/(produced[0] + produced[1]),
tot_produced[0]/tot_porevol_init);
if (wells_) {
wellreport.push(props_, *wells_, state.saturation(),
timer.simulationTimeElapsed() + timer.currentStepLength(),
well_state.bhp(), well_state.perfRates());
}
}
transport_timer.stop();
double tt = transport_timer.secsSinceStart();
sreport.transport_time = tt;
*log_ << "Transport solver took: " << tt << " seconds." << std::endl;
ttime += tt;
// Report volume balances.
Opm::computeSaturatedVol(porevol, state.saturation(), satvol);
tot_injected[0] += injected[0];
tot_injected[1] += injected[1];
tot_produced[0] += produced[0];
tot_produced[1] += produced[1];
reportVolumes(*log_, satvol, tot_porevol_init,
tot_injected, tot_produced,
injected, produced,
init_satvol);
sreport.total_time = step_timer.secsSinceStart();
if (output_) {
sreport.reportParam(tstep_os);
}
// advance the timer to the end of the timestep *before* notifying
// the client that the timestep is done
++timer;
// notify all clients that we are done with the timestep
callback_timer.start ();
timestep_completed_.signal ();
callback_timer.stop ();
time_in_callbacks += callback_timer.secsSinceStart ();
}
if (output_) {
if (output_vtk_) {
outputStateVtk(grid_, state, timer.currentStepNum(), output_dir_);
}
outputStateMatlab(grid_, state, timer.currentStepNum(), output_dir_);
if (use_reorder_) {
// This use of dynamic_cast is not ideal, but should be safe.
outputVectorMatlab(std::string("reorder_it"),
dynamic_cast<const TransportSolverTwophaseReorder&>(*tsolver_).getReorderIterations(),
timer.currentStepNum(), output_dir_);
}
outputWaterCut(watercut, output_dir_);
if (wells_) {
outputWellReport(wellreport, output_dir_);
}
tstep_os.close();
}
total_timer.stop();
SimulatorReport report;
report.pressure_time = ptime;
report.transport_time = ttime;
report.total_time = total_timer.secsSinceStart() - time_in_callbacks;
return report;
}